韩礼德三大纯理功能.ppt

Functionalgrammar-Threemetafunctions,1.Functionalgrammar2.TheIdeationalFunction3.TheInterpersonalFunction4.TheTextualFunction,1.Functionalgrammar,Basicviewpoints:Languageistheproductofsocialactivities.Languageiswhatitisbecauseithastoservecertainsocialfunctions.Socialdemandsonlanguagehashelpedtoshapeitsstructure.Hallidaydefinesafunctionalgrammarasessentiallyanaturalgrammar,inthesensethateverythinginitcanbeexplainedHeexploreslanguageintermsoftherelationsbetweenlanguageandsocialneeds,socialstructure,andsocio-culturalbackground.,1.Functionalgrammar,Hallidayviewslanguagedevelopmentinchildrenasthemasteryoflinguisticfunction,andlearningalanguageislearninghowtomean“语言功能的掌握”、“学习语言就是学习如何表达”,1.Functionalgrammar,Sevenfunctionsinchildrensmodeloflanguage:Theinstrumentalfunction(工具):tomeethismaterialneeds,goodsandservices;Theregulatoryfunction(控制):tocontrolothersbehavior;Theinteractionalfunction(互动):totalkwithothersThepersonalfunction(个人):toexpresshisfeelingsTheheuristicfunction（启发）:toknowabouthisownsurroundingsTheimaginativefunction（想象）:tocreatesurroundingsTheinformativefunction（告知）:toprovideinformationforothers,1.Functionalgrammar,Theadultslanguagehastoservemanyfunctions,senvenfunctionsofchildrenslanguagearegraduallyreducedtoasetofhighlycodedandabstractfunctions,whicharemeta-functions(纯理功能）:Ideationalfunction（概念功能）Interpersonalfunction（人际功能）Textualfunction.（语篇功能）,2.TheIdeationalFunction,Theideationalfunction(experimentalandlogical)istoconveynewinformationunknowntothehearer.Itisameaningpotential(意义潜势),usedinalllanguages.Itistorefertocategoriesofexperienceoftheworld.,2.TheIdeationalFunction,Theideationalfunctionmainlyconsistsoftransitivity（及物性）andvoice（语态）.,2.TheIdeationalFunction,Transitivityisthegrammaroftheclauseinitsideationalaspect.Itconsistsof6differentprocesses:material,mental,relational,behavioral,verbalandexistential.,2.1.Materialprocesses(物质过程),Materialprocessesarethoseinwhichsomethingisdone.(表示做某件事的过程)Process:anactionverbActor(logicalsubject):动作者Goal(logicaldirectobject):目标,2.1.Materialprocesses(物质过程),eg.Mybrotherbrokethevase.ActorProcessGoal,2.2.Mentalprocesses(心理过程),Mentalprocessesexpresssuchmentalphenomenaasperception感知,reaction反应andcognition认知.Sensor:感觉者Phenomenon：被感知的现象,2.2.Mentalprocesses(心理过程),eg.perception感知Johnsawthemurderer.sensorprocessphenomenoneg.reaction反应Mysisterlikestheskirt.sensorprocessphenomenoneg.cognition认知Iknowthatshewasabsent.sensorprocessphenomenon,2.3.Relationalprocesses(关系过程),Relationalprocessescanbeclassfiedintotwotypes:Attributive(归属)：某个实体具有何种属性Identifying（识别）:一个实体与另一个实体是统一的,2.3.Relationalprocesses(关系过程),eg.Attributive(归属)Thefilmlastedtwohours.carrier载体process过程attribute属性eg.Identifying（识别）Johnisourmonitor.identified被识别者processidentifier识别者token标记value价值,2.4.Behavioralprocesses(行为过程),Behavioralprocessesrefertophysiologicalandpsychologicalbehavioursuchasbreathing,coughing,smiling,laughing,crying.一般只有一个参加者，一般为人。,2.4.Behavioralprocesses(行为过程),eg.Theoldmansighedforthedaysofhisyouth.behaver行为者,2.5.Verbalprocesses(言语过程),Verbalprocessesarethoseofexchanginginformation.（say,tell,talk,etc.)sayer:讲话者receiver:受话者verbiage:讲话内容,2.5.Verbalprocesses(言语过程),eg.Mywatchsaysitisnine-thirty.sayerverbiage,2.6.Existentialprocesses(存在过程),Existentialprocessesrepresentthatsomethingexistsorhappens.(be,exist,etc.)eg.Thereisanewofficebuilding.existent存在物,2.7.summary,Processtype(过程类型)categorymeaning（意义）participants（参加者）Material:doingActor,GoalActiondoingEventhappeningBehavioralbehavingBehaverMental:sensingSensor,PhenomenonPerceptionseeingAffectionfeelingCognitionthinkingVerbalsayingSayer,TargetRelational:beingAttributionattributingcarrier,AttributeIdentificationidentifyingIdentified,identifierExistentialexistingExistent,2019/11/18,21,可编辑,3.TheInterpersonalFunction（人际功能）,Theinterpersonalmeta-functionembodiesallusesoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelations.Itisaboutthesocialworld,especiallytherelationshipbetweenspeakerandhearer,andisconcernedwithclausesasexchanges.,Intheinterpersonalmeta-functionsubject主语mood(语气)finiteelement限定成分Aclausemodality(情态),3.1Mood(语气),Moodprovidesuswiththespeechfunctions,suchaspersuading,enticing(诱骗),requesting,ordering,suggesting,asserting,insisting,doubting,andsoon.Subject:noun,nounphrase,shortsentence,etc.Finiteelementisanumberofverbaloperators(动词运算符)expressingtense(has,is)ormodality(must,can),MoodThosewhowishtoparticipateinthecontestmustputtheirnameshere.Toarguewiththecaptainisaskingfortrouble.Ignoringtheproblemwillnotmakeyourworkeasier.,3.2Modality(情态),Modality（情态）referstothejudgmentonachievementorientationandeffectivenessofspeakersproposition(命题),ortherequiredobligationinthecommand,ortheexpressedwillingnessintheproposal(提议).,assertion(断言)thisis命题(proposition)negation(否定)thisisnotprescribing(规定)doit提议(proposal)proscribing(禁止)dontdoit,命题（proposition）,在断言和否定之间有两种可能性:(1)不同量值的概率（如possibly,probably,certainly）(2)不同量值的频率（如sometimes,usually,always）,提议(proposal),在做此事与不能做此事之间也有两种可能性。哪一种起作用取决于小句的言语功能是命令(command)还是提供（offer）.命令句中，中介量值代表不同程度的义务(如allowedto,supposedto,requiredto)提供句中，中介量值代表不同程度的意愿(如willingto,anxiousto,determinedto),3.3SpeechFunction(言语功能),AccordingtoHalliday,ofthevariousspeechroles（言语角色）,twoarethemostbasic:giving(给予)andtaking(求取)。Ininterpersonalcommunications,thecommoditiesexchanged(交换物)canalsofallintotwokinds:goods-services（物品及服务）andinformation（信息）.Thus,speechrolesandcommoditiesexchangedmakeupfourprincipalspeechroles:offer,command,statement,andquestion.,4.TextualFunction,TextualFunctionreferstotheexistenceofamechanisminthelanguage,whichcanorganizeanystretchofverbalorwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedchaptersandmakealivinglanguagefragmentdistinguishfromarandompermutation.语篇功能是语言中的机制，语篇功能是指语言中存在一种机制，可以将任何的一段口头或书面的话语组织成连贯统一的篇章，使一个活的言语信息片段区别于一堆随机排列的句子。,Inourdailyuse,thebasicunitoflanguageisnotwordorsentence,butthetext“语篇”.Inordertomakeothertwofunctionswork,thespeakermustorganizethemtogether.Thisiscalledtextualfunction.languagemakeslinkswithitselfandwithfeaturesofthesituationwhichitisused.Thisenablesthespeakerorwritertoconstructatextthatisconnected.Thetextualmetafunctionenablestherealizationoftherelationbetweenlanguageandcontext,makingthelanguageuserproduceatextwhichmatchesthecontext.,TherelevantgrammaticalsystemsincludeTheme,GivenandNew,aswellasthesystemsofcohesion,suchasReference,Substitution,andEllipsis.ThreeRoutes:Thematicrelations主位结构Informationstructure信息结构Cohesion衔接,TheconceptofThemeisimportanttoinfunctionalapproachestosyntax.,Thematicrelations,theme主位,rheme述位,Theme主位,Thethemeisthefirstconstituent,anditdenote