as在定语从句中的用法.doc

as在定语从句中是关系代词，可做句子成分。但在上述两个句子中，as只是在引导定语从句而已，不作句子成分。as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思 (1) As is known to all, China is a developing country. (2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. (3) John, as you know, is a famous writer. (4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I dont believe.=As 的用法例 1. the same as；suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如。 As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. As is known, smoking is harmful to ones health. As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语； 例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。 一、“as / which” 特殊定语从句的先行成分 1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分，如： My grandmothers house was always of great importance to me, as my own is. 在一定的语言环境里，有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是，在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后，引导定语从句的关系代词不能用who / whom. 2. 动词短语先行成分。 这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语，它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do和as / which一起代替。do可以出现，也可以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。 3. 句子作先行成分。 这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子，有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。 二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置 由于先行成分的构成成分不同，“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况： 1. 形容词做先行成分时：形容词或形容词短语（含具有形容词性质的名词）作先行成分，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。 2. 动词短语作先行成分时：动词短语作先行成分时，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是，当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时，“as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。 3. 句子作先行成分时：“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语，“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于“as”特殊定语从句具有这一特点，所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里，“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。 三、“as/which”特殊定语从句的语义功能 一般说来，as与which的语义功能相同，可以相互替换。但先行成分为句子时，它们的语义功能则有差异。 1. 表示结果 表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系，从句中往往使用有结果意义的词，如动词result, make, enable, cause和形容词interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等。 2. 表示评注 表示评注的特殊定语从句对其先行成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向，它通常与那些表示客观事实，普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用；从句中则常用一些表示“合乎自然规律”、“众所周知”或“经常发生”等意义的词语，如natural, known to all, usual等。 3. 有无状语意义 “as”特殊定语从句具有状语意义（主要是方式状语意义），而“which”特殊定语从句则无状语意义。“as”特殊定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一致，“which”特殊定语从句则不受这种限制。 四、关系代词as与which的句法功能 1. as / which 在特殊定语从句中作主语。 as作主语时，谓语动词常为连系动词（主要是be, seem），主语补语为usual、 a rule、 a matter of fact等时，系动词be习惯经常省略。行为动词作“as”特殊定语从句的谓语时一般用于被动语态（其中助动词be常略），不及物的行为动词在“as”特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少，常见的有happen一词。如： Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference. Which作主语时，谓语动词不限，主语被动皆可，只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词be省略。 2. as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。 3. as和 which在特殊定语从句中作补语。如： We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be. “as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装，“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。 如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语，关系代词用which而不用as。如： He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was. 4. which在特殊从定语句中作定语。 which可以在特殊定语从句中作定语，修饰fact, matter, thing 等名词。这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义，有时将其略去句义仍然完整。as不能作定语。如： I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed as定语从句的用法 及定语从句的主谓一致整理者：尹广兴一：as可以代替整个句子或一件事，引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，意为“正如，就像，据”；从句位置可置于主句之前或之后，有时也可作为插入语置于句中，一般用逗号和主句隔开。 as的这种用法常见于以下这些结构:as we can see, as can be seen, as we know, as is（well） known, as may be imagined, as often happens, as has been said before, as was mentioned above, as is often the case, as/indeed it is 例:As is well known，great changes have taken place in China. 或Great changes, as is well known, have taken place in China.众所周知，中国发生了巨大的变化。( as在定语从句中作主语。) This experiment is very simple，as indeed it is.实验非常简单，事实上也确实如此。(as在定语从句中作表语。) 注意： which在引导非限制性定语从句时，也有和as一样的功能，可以代替整个句子，但which只能用在主句之后。 在as所引导的非限制性定语从句中，如果运用的是被动语态结构，be动词可以省略；但which没有此用法，be动词不可省。例如:She married him，which was unexpected.She married him as（was） unexpected.她嫁给了她，这一点大家都没有料到。（作主语，代替前面的句子；用which时was不可省。） 二 as除了代替整个句子，也可以代替主句中一个特定的词。as在它引导的定语从句（限制性或非限制性）中可以充当主语，宾语和表语；在这种用法中它经常和such, so, the same等词搭配使用；且当先行词中有such, so, the same等词修饰时，关系代词通常必须用as。 例如:1. They were satisfied with this decision，as was agreed beforehand.他们对这个决定都满意，这事先已经经过他们同意了。( as在定语从句中作主语，其先行词是this decision) 2. I never heard such stories as he tells.我从未听过他讲的这类故事。( as在定语从句中作宾语，先行词是such stories.) 3.The place doesnt look the same as it was before liberation.这个地方看上一去和解放前大不一样了。( as在定语从句中作表语，先行词是same) 4.Have you bought the same book as I referred to yesterday?你有没有买我昨天说的那本书啊？( as在定语从句中作宾语，先行词是book) 注意:先行词中有the same修饰时，定语从句也可用that引导，但意思上有区别，as表示与此同类； that表示就是那一个，同物。 as ，which 引导定语从句的辨析与练习2010/04/19 15:48 as 与 which都可以引导一个没有先行词的定语从句，as和which用来代替整个主句或主句中的一个短语。 它们的区别是： as 引导的从句可以放在主句的前、中、后。对主句起补充说明的作用，解释主句的依据，强调主句确定性等，译为：“正如；由.而知”。从句动词多表示消息来源，如：see，know，expect。结构形式多为：as we know 或 as is known。 which 引导的从句一般都放在主句的后面。说明主句产生的结果，或对主句的内容作出判断，译为：“这.”= and this or but this。从句动词多表示使让、或结果，如：make，break。结构形式多为：which makes me sad或 which is a plan。以上内容列表如下： 项目 as which 相同点 没有先行词，代替整个主句或主句中的一个短语。 区别 位置 在主句的前、中、后。 在主句的后面。 语境 补充说明依据，证明主句的确定性。 主句产生的结果，对主句作出判断。 翻译 正如；由.而知 这= and this/ but this 动词 see,know，expect，imagine，believe make,cause,encourage,break,reach 结构 as we know ; as is supposed which made us sad; which is sad. 1. He said that he was invited, _ was a lie.2. _ can see from the letter he wrote, she is a talented journalist.3. _ was expected, he performed the task successfuly.4. Where there is smoke, there is fire, _ you know.5. He said that he lost the book, _ was untrue.6. It was raining hard, _ kept us indoors.7. Harry is unusaually tall, _ are his brothers.8. _ all his friends agree, he was unusually warm-hearted, loving and generous.9. They rely on themselves, _ is much better.10. Whenever I met him, _ was fairly often, I like his sweet and hopeful smile.11. He invited us to dinner, _ was very kind of him.12. I am _ you can imagine short enogh of money.13. He changed his mind, _ made me angry.14. Rats ran about the attic(阁楼) all night, _ kept her awake.15. There is great disorder, _ the newspaper will have told you.16. He has to work on Sundays, _ he doesnt like.17.Shelley,_ we had seen, had met her through his uncle.18. Jack drove too fast , _ was reckless(不计后果的).19.Anyway, that evening, _ Ill tell you more about later, I survived the traffic accident.A. when B. where C. what D. whichKeys: 1 which 2 As 3 As 4 as 5 which 6. which 7as 8 As 9 which 10 which 11 which 12 as 13 which 14 which 15 as 16 which 17 as 18 which 19D 例如:Have you brought the same book that I gave you yesterday? 你有没有把我昨天给你的那本书带来啊？( that在定语从句中作宾语，先行词是book。体会：本句中所指的书是同一本，上句中指的是同一类书，而并不就是那一本。)介词+关系词怎么用？介词加关系词分别等于什么？ 答：一、“介词关系代词”的用法当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，我们通常用“介词关系代词”引导定语从句。如果指“人”，用“介词whom”；如果指“物”，用“介词which”。例如：Do you know the lady with whom our manager is talking in the office?Where is the supermarket in which you bought the laptop last week?使用“介词关系代词”要注意以下几点：(一)选用介词的依据：(1) 根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯(即固定短语)。例如：Yesterday we visited the West Lake for which Hangzhou is famous.(2) 根据先行词的搭配习惯(约定俗成，不一定是短语)。例如：The old woman with whom you talked just now is a famous artist.(3) 根据句子的意思来选择。例如：The naughty boy made a hole in the wall through which he could see what is happening outside.(4) 表示“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时，通常用介词of。例如：I have about 20 books, half of which were written by Bing Xin, the famous writer.(二)在定语从句中，含介词的短语动词不可拆开使用(短语拆开后含义发生变化)，如look after, look for等。例如：The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.(正)The babies after whom the nurses are looking are very healthy.(误)(三)“of which / whom”有时可以用“whose名词”结构来改写。例如：The building whose roof was damaged in the earthquake has been repaired.The building of which the roof was damaged in the earthquake has been repaired.(四)当先行词为way并且定语从句中缺少状语时，通常用in which或that引导定语从句(in which或that可省略)；如果定语从句中不缺少状语，则用关系代词引导(that 或which 可省略)。例如：All of us disliked the way(in which / that)Tom settled the maths problem.I dont understand the way(that/which)the teacher explained to me.(五)in that不可以引导定语从句，但可以引导原因状语从句。例如：She didnt attend the meeting in that / because she was seriously ill.二、“介词关系代词”与关系副词的转化(1)当先行词表示地点，定语从句中缺少地点状语时，通常用关系副词where引导，此时也可选用表示地点的介词which来代替关系副词where。例如：I visited the village where many children couldnt go to school because of poverty.I visited the village in which many children couldnt go to school because of poverty.(2) 当先行词表示时间，定语从句中缺少时间状语时，通常用关系副词when引导，此时也可选用表示时间的介词which来代替关系副词when。例如：Wed better fix a date when we will practice speaking English next week.Wed better fix a date on which we will practice speaking English next week.(3) 当先行词为reason，定语从句中缺少表示原因状语时，通常用关系副词why引导，此时也可以用for which来代替关系副词why。例如：Can you tell me the reason why you were late for school?Can you tell me the reason for which you were late for school?介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句主要用于正式文体中，这儿的关系代词主要是which和whom，介词的选用要根据句意或一些固定搭配来确定。 “介词+关系代词”(关系代词一般指的是which/whom)引导的定语从句，有以下几种情况: 1.“介词+which”在定语从句中作时间地点原因状语，相当于关系副词。如: (1)This is the reason for which(=why) he left the company. 这就是他离开公司的原因。 (2)He will never forget the day on which (=when) he went there. 他永远忘不了去那儿的那一天。 (3)Is this company the one in which (=where) you worked half a year ago?这就是半年前你在那儿工作的公司吗? 2.“介词+which/whom”在定语从句中作目的方式状语。如: (1)Can you tell me for whom you are working? 你能告诉我你现在为谁工作吗? (2)There is a big hole on the wall through which he can see whats happening inside. 墙上有一个大洞，通过这个洞他能看到里面所发生的一切。 (3)The train by which he is travelling is arriving. 他乘坐的那辆火车就要到了。 (4)In the dark street， there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.在漆黑的街上，没有一个人她可以求助。 3.“不定代词数词或名词+of which/whom”在定语从句中充当主语。如: (1)There are sixty students in our class， all of whom are working hard. 班上有60 名学生，他们都在努力学习。 (2)He paid the boy ten yuan for cleaning the windows， most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. 他给了那个男孩十元钱擦那些至少一年未擦的窗户。 4.“形容词最高级+介词+关系代词”在定语从句中充当主语。如: (1)There are sixty students in the class， the tallest of whom is Li Ming. 班上有六十名学生，其中最高的是李明。 (2)There are seven continents in the world， the largest of which is Asia. 全球有七大洲，最大的是亚洲。 5.“the+n.+of+which”引导的定语从句，相当于whose引导的定语从句。如: (1)We took a photo of a rocket， the length of which was about 30 meters.=We took a photo of a rocket， whose length was about 30 meters. 我们给火箭拍了照，火箭大约长30米。 (2)Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase， the price of which was very reasonable.=Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase， whose price was very reasonable. 最近我买了一个中国古代花瓶，价格非常合理。 6.“介词+whose”修饰后面的名词。如: He is the very man in whose pocket I found my lost money. 他就是那个我在他的口袋里找出我丢掉的钱的人。 7.“介词+which+不定式”此结构相当于一个简化了的定语从句。如: (1)He found something about which to write(=he could write). 他发现有些事是可以写的。 (2)The poor man has no house in which to live.=The poor man has no house in which he can live. 这个穷人没有房子住。 8.介词的选用要根据句意或一些固定搭配决定。其中的介词可以是in， on， about， from， for， with， at， of， without， to。如: (1)Galilia built a telescope through which he could study the sky. 伽利略建起了望远镜，通过望远镜他可以研究天空。 (2)The cloth of which this coat is made is produced in Shanghai. 这件外套的布料是由上海制造的。 (3)He wrote many articles in which he expressed his love forhis motherland. 他写了许多文章，在文章中他表达了对祖国的热爱。 但有些含介词的短语动词一般不能拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面。如:listen to， depend on， take care of， pay attention to， look at等。 This is the boy whom she has taken care of. 这就是那个她照顾的非常好的男孩。 That is a problem we should pay close attention to. 这是一个我们应该密切关注的问题。强调句与定语从句的区别是：在定语从句中一般使用关系代词that, which，who, whom或关系副词when, where，why等,先行词(中心词)一般是名词或名词短语，而在强调句中，可以用副词、介词短语或从句来作被强调的内容。；而在强调句中则主要使用that，who；有时强调句在形式上和定语从句、状语从句很相似。我们除了从意思上进行区分外，还能根据强调句的结构特点来进行判断，如能去掉It was.that.后，句子仍然通顺，就是强调句。这一点很重要.试比较：It is a question that needs careful consideration.It is novels that Miss Williams enjoys reading.简析：句是含有定语从句的句子，在此It是指示代词，It is a question是个主语+系动词+表语结构，如果去掉It is.that,句子结构就不完整了。句是强调句，在此It是个引导词，没有具体含义，如果去掉It is.that，把语序稍加调整，句子结构仍然是完整的。区分定语从句与强调句 区分定语从句和强调句可用还原法，因为强调句的基本句式为 It is (was)+被强调部分+that+句子的其余部分，因此只需将it is(was) 后面的部分还原到原来的句子中，如果成份完整，则为强调句，如果成份不完整则为定语从句。 1) It is this street _I happened to meet him. It is in this street _I happened to meet him.AthatBwhereCwhichDfrom which 首先，我们看到主句部分为 it is结构，可能是定语从句可能是强调句，利用还原法，将两部分分别还原，得出1I happened to meet him this street.