英美文学期末复习资料所有作家作品流派总结.pdf

一、一、文学术语文学术语*4 1.Epic 叙事诗，史诗叙事诗，史诗 Along narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down. Two of the most famous epics of Western civilization are Homer s Iliad and Odyssey. The great epic of the Middle Ages is The Divine Comedy （神曲）by the Italian poet Dante. The two most famous English epics are the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf and John Milton s Paradise Lost, which employ some of the conventions of the classical epic. 2.Naturalism 自然主义（文学、艺术以反映现实为宗旨）自然主义（文学、艺术以反映现实为宗旨） Naturalism is a term of literary history, primarily a French movement in prose fiction and the drama during the final third of the 19th century, although it is also applied to similar movements or groups of writers in other countries in the later decades of the 19th and early years of the 20th cents. In France Emile Zola (1840-1902) was the dominant practitioner(习艺者，专业人员) of Naturalism in prose fiction and the chief exponent（鼓吹者，倡导者，拥护者；能手，大师） of its doctrines. The emergence of Naturalism does not mark a radical（彻底的） break with Realism, rather the new style is a logical extension of it. Broadly speaking, Naturalism is characterized by a refusal to idealize experience and by the persuasion that human life is strictly subjected to natural laws. The Naturalists shared with the earlier Realists the conviction that the everyday life of the middle and lower classes of their own day provided subjects worthy of serious literary treatment. Emphasis was laid on the influence of the material and economic environment on behavior, and on the determining effects of physical and hereditary factors in forming the individual temperament. Famous American Naturalistic writers would include Jack London, Stephen Crane and Frank Norris, who were deeply influenced by Charles Darwins evolution theory which believe that ones heredity and social situation limit ones character. 3. Modernism 现代派（盛行于现代派（盛行于 20 世纪的文学风格）世纪的文学风格） Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts, originating about the end of the 19th century and prosperity in the 20th century. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature,man and society, man and man, and man and himself. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public, more on the subjective than on the objective.They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. In their writings, the past, the present and the future are mingled（混合） together and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual. 4.Transcendentalism 超验主义超验主义 It was a reaction to the 18th century Newtonian concept of the universe. The major features of New England Transcendentalism can be summarized as follows:1.The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe.2. The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society.3. The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God s overwhelming presence. I. Major Literary Terms in The Anglo-Norman Period 1.Romance: Any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters. Originally, the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures of kings and queens, knights and ladies, and including unlikely or supernatural happenings. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the best of the medieval romances. John Keats s The Eve of St. Agnes is one of the greatest metrical（格律） romances ever written. 2. Ballad （民谣民谣， 叙事歌谣叙事歌谣） :A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung. In many centuries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature. Folk ballads have no known authors. They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung. The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people. The most popular subjects, often tragic, are disappointed love, jealousy, revenge, sudden disaster and deeds of adventure and daring. Devices commonly used in ballads are the the refrain（叠词）, incremental repetition （叠句） and code language（特定语言）.Alater form of ballad is the literary ballad which imitates the style of the folk ballad. The most famous English literary ballad is Samuel Taylor Coleridge s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner （老水手之歌）. 二、选择二、选择 Restoration 2.The Glorious Revolution took place in the year of _ 1688. 3.Paradise Lost tells how _ rebelled against God and how _ and _ were driven out of Eden. Satan;Adam, Eve. 4.Bunyan s most important work is _, written in the form old-fashioned medieval form of _ and dream. The Pilgrim s Progress; allegory 寓言 the 18th century literature 1.The image of an enterprising Englishman of the 18th century was created by Daniel Defoe in his famous novel_. Robinson Crusoe 2.The 18th century in English literature is an age of _. prose 3. Jonathan Swift s masterpiece is_. Gulliver s Travels 4. William Blake s work _ (1794) are in marked contrast with the Songs of Innocence 天真之歌. The Songs of Experience 经验之歌 5. The greatest of _ poets in the 18th century is Robert Burns. Scottish the 19th century literature 1. With the publication of William Wordworth s _ with S. T. Coleridge, _began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature. Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集, Romanticism 2.The Romantic Age came to an end in 1832 when the last Romantic writer _died. Walter Scott 3.The greatest historical novelist_was produced in the Romantic Age. Walter Scott 4.The glory of the Romantic age is in the poetry of _, _, _, _, _, and _. Scott, Wordsworth, Coleridge 科尔里奇, Byron, Shelley, Keats ,Moore, Southey 索西. 5.The English Romantic Period produced two major novelists.They are_. Scott andAusten 6. In his poems Wordsworth aimed at the _ and _ of the language. simplicity, purity 7.Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems, one is Childe Harold s Pilgrimage, and the other is_. Don Juan 8.“Ode to a Nightingale” was written by_. John Keats 9.JaneAusten s literary concern is about human beings in their_relationships. personal. VictorianAge 1.In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trend_appeared after the romantic poetry, and flourished in the time of _. Critical realism, 1840s and 1850s. 2.Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature. Here lies in the essentially _ and _ character of critical realism. Democratic, humanitarian 3.In A tale of Two Cities , the two cities are_ and _ in the time of revolution. London, Paris 4.In 1847, Thackeray published his masterpiece_, which marks the peak of his literary career. Vanity Fair 5.It is Robert Browning who developed the literary form_. Dramatic monologue 戏剧独白 20th century British Literature 1. _had its outstanding advocate in Kipling, who with drum and trumpet, called upon England to “take up the Whiteman s burden” by dominating all “lesser breeds without the law.” lmperialism 2.Those “novels of character and environment” by Thomas Hardy are the lost representative of him as both aand a critical realist writer. Naturalistic 3. It took Galsworthy twenty-two years to accomplish the monumental work, his masterpiece_ The Forsyte Saga福尔赛世家 4. Lawrence finished_, the autobiographical novel at which he had been working off and on for years, which was positively taken as a typical example and lively manifestation of the “Oedipus Complex”in fiction. Sons and Lovers 5. _ and _are the most outstanding stream of consciousness novelist. James Joyce， Virginia Woolf. 6. _ is generally regarded as Virginia Woolf s most remarkable work. To the Lighthouse Exercises onAmerican Literature 1.In the 17th century, the English settlements in _ and _ began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history. Virginia, Massachusetts 2.Washington Irving s_ became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic. Sketch Book 3.Cooper s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the_. Leatherstocking Tales 4._ was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New land. Ralph Waldo Emerson 5.A superb book entitled _ came out of Henry David Thoreau s two-year experiment at Walden Pond. Walden 6.The book_ is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale. Moby Dick Book twochapter one 1.In his cluster of poems called Leaves of Grass, _ gave America its first genuine epic poem. Walt Whitman 2.As the founder ofAmerican Critical Realism,_enjoys the fame as “ Lincoln ofAmerican literature”. Mark Twain 3._ was considered the founder of psychological realism in America. Henry James 4.The identification of potency（影响） with money is at the heart of Dreiser s greatest and most successful novel, _. An American Tragedy The 20th century 1.Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the“_ Movement” . Imagist 2.The most significant American poem of the 20th century was _. The Waste Land 3._ of the 1920s characterized by frivolity and carelessness is brought vividly to life in The Great Gatsby. The Jazz Age 4.Hemingway s novel_ painted the image of a whole generation, the Lost Generation. The Sun Also Rises 5._ wrote about the disintegration（瓦解） of the old social system in the American southern states, and the lives of modem people, both black and white. William Faulkner 三、三、True or False 1. In 1066,Alexander the Great led the Norman army to invade England. It was called the Norman Conquest. F (William the Conqueror） 2. The Story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination（顶点） of the romances about Charles the Great. F(King Arthur and his knights) 3.Robinson named Saturday to the saved victim.F(Friday) 4.“AModest Proposal” is made to Irish government to relieve the poverty of English people.F(Irish) 5.It was Henry Fielding and Tobias Gorge Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.T 6.Of all the romantic poets of the 18th century, Blake is the most in-dependent and the most original.T 7.George Eliot produced the remarkable novels includingAdam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner.(true) 8.The Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte.(true) 9.The Victorian Age was largely an age of prose, especially of the novel.(true) 10.David Copperfield is Thackeray s masterpiece.F(Dickens) 11.The title of the novel Vanity Fair is taken from Bunyan s Pilgrim s progress.(true) 12.In 1907, John Galsworthy received the Nobel Prize for “idealism” in literature. Kim is his long novel.F (Kipling) 13.George Bernard Shaw was strongly against the credo of “art for art s sake”.T 14.The Importance of Being Earnest is written by Oscar Wilde.T 15.Hester Prynne is the heroine in Nathaniel Hawthorne s novel The Scarlet Letter.T 16.In 1828, Noah Webster published hisAn American Dictionary of the English Language.T 17.Stirred by the teachings of transcendentalism, writers of Boston and nearby towns produced a New England literary renaissance.T 18.The Fall of the House of Usher is one of Edgar Allan Poe s poems.F(novels) 19.Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about man and nature.T 20.Emily Dickinson is a democratic poet.F(modernist) 21.“The Cop and the Anthem” was written by Jack London.F (O Henry) 22.While embracing the socialism of Marx, Jack London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel The Call of the WildF (Martin Eden) 23.Between the mid-19th and the first decade of the 20th century, there had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social id natural sciences, as well in the field of art in Europe, which played an indispensable role in bringing about modernism and the modernistic writings in the United States.T 24.The decade of the 1910s,American literature achieved a new diversity and reached its greatest heights.F(1920s) 25.John Steinbeck is a representative of the 1930s, when “novels of social protest” became dominant on the American literary scene.T 26.John Updike is considered to be a spokesman for the alienated youth in the post-war era and his The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as studentsclassic.F（Jerome David Salinger） ( J. D.Salinger） 四、四、连线题连线题 作家流派/文体作品Literature Style Chaucer heroic couplet 英雄双韵体 Romance of the Roses chiefly under the influence of French poetry of the Middle Ages The House of Fame -名誉堂 Troylus and Criseyde特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德 The Legend of Good women - 良妇传说 The Parliament of Fowls- 百鸟堂 under the spell of the great literary geniuses of early Renaissance Italy: Dante and Petrarch and Boccaccio The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集坎特伯雷故事集 Produced his works of maturity free from any foreign influence. William Langland Piers the Plowman农夫皮尔斯Alliteration(头韵) Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔 Humanism 人文主义 Utopia 乌托邦 Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根 The Advancement of Learning 学术的推进 Of Studies论读书;Of wisdom论智慧 Essay John LylyEupheus written in a peculiar style known as Euphuism Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特 first introduced the sonnet into English literature Earl of Surrey 萨利伯爵 created blank verse Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞 The Fairy Queen仙后Lyrical poetry Ben Jonson琼生 Every Man in His Humour; Volpone, or the Fox; The Alchemist; Bartholomew Fair. Christopher Marlowe 克里 斯托弗.马洛 Doctor Faustus; The Jew of Malta; TamburlainePlay Robert GreeneGeorge Green; the Pinner of Wakefield William Shakespeare 威 廉姆.莎士比亚 Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔 王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白) 37 plays; blank verse John Donne 约翰.多恩 “metaphysical” poets (玄学派诗 人) Death be not proud死神莫骄妄 Songs and Sonnets歌谣与十四行诗 The Relic AValediction: Forbidding Mourning 离别辞： 莫忧伤 1. Extraordinary frankness, penetrating realism, cynicism. 2. Novelty of subject matter and point of view. 3. Novelty of form. John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿 三个 John 都是 the Puritans 清教徒派 Defense for the English People为英国人辩护 Paradise Lost 失乐园 Samson Agonistes 力士参孙 Paradise Regained复乐园 Sonnet - On His Blindness 1. The use of blank verse. 2. Grand style. 3. Inheritance from traditional works such as 失明述怀 Sonnet - On His Deceased Wife 梦之妻 Bible. John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬 Pilgrims Progress The Holy War圣战 The Life and Death of Mr. Badman Grace Abounding丰盛恩惠 1. Written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream. 2. His language is chiefly plain, colloquial, and quite modern. Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福 realistic novel 现实主义小说 Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记 Jonathan Wild 乔纳森.威尔德 Moll Flanders摩尔.弗兰德斯 Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁 Father of modern fiction JosephAndrews约瑟夫.安德鲁斯 The History of Tom Jones, a foundling弃婴汤姆弃婴汤姆. 琼斯的故事琼斯的故事 The History of Jonathan Wild the Great 伟大的乔纳森王尔德 Humor “Eloise to Abelard, Samuel Richardson 塞 缪尔.理查森 epistolary novel(书信体小 说），English domestic novel(英 国家庭小说） Pamela帕美勒 Clarissa Harlowe 克拉丽莎 Sir Charles Grandison 查尔斯格兰迪森的历史 psychological analysis Richard B. Sheridan 理查 德.B.谢尔丹 comedy School for Scandal造谣学校 the Rivals (情敌) the only important English dramatist of the 18th century Oliver Goldsmith s 奥 利佛.哥尔德斯 密斯 The Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德的牧师，小说 novel She Stoops to Conquer委曲求全，欢乐喜剧 rollicking comedy The Deserted Village荒村，诗歌 The Traveller 旅行者 poems,诗歌 The Citizen of the World世界公民 essay 以上 6 位都是 18 世纪 Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、 beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说)的代表人物 Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷 Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard 墓园挽歌 William Blake 威廉.布莱克 Pre-romanticism Songs of Innocence 天真之歌 Songs of Experience经验之歌 Poetical Sketches 素描诗集 The Tiger 老虎老虎 Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯 My Hearts in the Highlands 我的心呀 在高原 JohnAnderson, My Jo 约翰安 徒生，我爱 ARed, Red Rose 一朵红红 的玫瑰 To a Mouse致小鼠 Auld Lang Syne友谊地久天长友谊地久天长 William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯 Lake Poets （湖畔派） Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣 The Prelude序曲 1.Leading figure of English romantic poetry 2.See this world freshly and naturally. 3.Changed the course of English poetry Lord Byron 拜 伦 Romanticism Childe Harold Pilgrimage 查尔德哈罗德游记 Don Juan（唐璜） Hours of Idleness闲散时刻 1.Renowned as the “gloomy egoist” 2.“Byronic Hero”（拜伦式英雄） 3.Devote himself into the revolution Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱 Idealism （理想主义） Prometheus Unbound解放的普罗米 修斯 Ode to the West Wind西风颂 The Cloud 云 1.Intense and original 2.Reflect radical ideas and revolutionary optimism 3.Rebel against English politics and conservative values John Keats 济 慈 Romanticism （浪漫主义） The Eve of St.Agnes 圣阿格良斯之夜 On a Greeian Urn希腊古瓮颂 To a Nightingale致夜莺 Ode on Melancholy（忧郁颂） Isabella（伊莎贝拉） 1.Epitaph: Here lies one whose name was written in water （此地长眠者，声名水 上书） 2. Early death from tuberculosis at the age of 25 3. He is characterized by sensual imagery Walter Scott 沃 特.斯科特 Famous Historical Novelist Ivanhoe（艾凡赫） The lady of the Lake （湖中夫人） Waverley（威佛利） 1.Historical novelist as well as playwright and poet. 2.He was an advocate, judge and legal administrator by profession Jane Austen 简. 奥斯丁 Female Novelist Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见 Sense and Sensibility理智与情感 Emma爱玛 1.Modern character through the treatment of everyday life 2. Virginia Woolf called Austen the most perfect artist among women. Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯 Essayist （随笔作家） Tales from Shakespeare （莎士比