国际经济学基础Cha.ppt

1,PARTTHREEInternationalTradeandInvestmentRelationsChapter7to9,Chapter7EconomicIntegration,2,Contents,7.1Introduction7.2FormsofEconomicIntegration7.3TradeCreationandTradeDiversioninCustomsUnions7.4DynamicBenefitfromCustomUnions7.5HistoryofAttemptsatEconomicIntegration,3,7.1Introduction,Economicintegrationrefersthecommercialpolicyofdiscriminatelyreducingoreliminatingbarrierstotradebetweenaselectgroupofcountries.,4,7.2FormsofEconomicIntegration,PreferentialtradearrangementsProvideslowerbarrierstotradeamongparticipatingnationsthanontradewithnon-participatingnations.Theloosestformofeconomicintegration.,5,Formsofeconomicintegration,PreferentialtradearrangementsFreetradeareasRemovesallbarrierstotradeamongmembers,buteachnationretainsitsownbarriersontradewithnon-members.TheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)isafreetradearea.,6,Formsofeconomicintegration,PreferentialtradearrangementsFreetradeareasCustomsunionRemovesallbarrierstotradeamongmembersandharmonizestradepoliciestowardtherestoftheworld.,7,Formsofeconomicintegration,PreferentialtradearrangementsFreetradeareasCustomsunionCommonmarketRemovesallbarrierstotradeamongmembers,harmonizestradepoliciestowardtherestoftheworld,andallowsfreemovementoflaborandcapitalamongmembernations.TheEuropeanUnion(EU)isanexampleofacommonmarket.,8,Formsofeconomicintegration,PreferentialtradearrangementsFreetradeareasCustomsunionCommonmarketEconomicunionRemovesallbarrierstotradeamongmembers,harmonizestradepoliciestowardstherestoftheworld,allowsfreemovementoflaborandcapitalamongmembernations,andunifiesmonetary,fiscal,andtaxpoliciesofmembers.,9,Formsofeconomicintegration,PreferentialtradearrangementsFreetradeareasCustomsunionCommonmarketEconomicunionDutyfreezonesAreasestablishedtoattractforeigninvestmentsbyallowingrawmaterialsandintermediateproductsindutyfree.,10,7.3TradeCreationandTradeDiversioninCustomsUnions,Tradecreationoccurswhensomedomesticproductioninanationthatisamemberofthecustomsunionisreplacedbylower-costimportsfromanothermembernation.Atrade-creatingcustomsunionincreasesthewelfareofMembernationsgreaterspecializationNonmembersrealincomeandimports,11,Trade-DivertingCustomsUnions,Tradediversionoccurswhenlower-costimportsfromoutsidethecustomsunionarereplacedbyhighercostimportsfromaunionmember.Tradediversionbyitself,reducewelfarebecauseProductionAllocationofresources,12,Trade-DivertingCustomsUnions,Atrade-divertingcustomsunionresultsinbothtradecreationandtradediversion,increaseorreducethewelfareofunionmembers,dependingontherelativestrengthofthesetwoopposingforces,andwillreducethewelfareoftherestoftheworld.,13,FIGURE7-1ATrade-CreationandTradeDiversioninaCustomsUnion,14,OtherStaticWelfareEffectsofCustomsUnions,TheadministrationsavingsAtrade-divertingcustomsunion,improvementinthecollectivetermsoftradeofthecustomsunion;andAnycustomsunion,muchmorebargainingpowerthanallofitsmembersseparately.(EU),15,7.4DynamicBenefitfromCustomUnions,IncreasedcompetitionCompetitivepressurestendtospurmorerapidinnovationandgrowthExternalcompetitionlimitstheabilityofadomesticproducertoexerciseitsmonopolypower,16,Dynamicbenefitsfromcustomsunions,IncreasedcompetitionEconomiesofscaleinproductionBybeingamemberofacustomsunion,producershaveaccesstolargermarketsthatallowthemproduceonalargerscaleandexploitanyavailableeconomiesofscale.,17,Dynamicbenefitsfromcustomsunions,IncreasedcompetitionEconomiesofscaleinproductionStimulustoinvestmentProductionwithinacustomsunionmaybesoldwithinthecustomsunionwithouttariffs.Thisadvantagemayinduceinvestorsoutsidethecustomsuniontoinvestinproductionfacilitieswithinthecustomsunion.,18,7.5HistoryofAttemptsatEconomicIntegration,EUEuropeanFreeTradeAssociationU.S.FreeTradeAgreementsandtheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreementEconomicIntegrationamongDevelopingCountriesEconomicIntegrationinCentralandEasternEuropeandintheFormerSovietRepublics,19,EUROSTAT,20,EU,TheEUdevelopedfromtheEuropeanEconomicCommunitythatwasinitiallyestablishedin1958.TheEUformallycanintoexistencewithpassageoftheTreatyofMaastrichtin1992.TheTreatyofMaastrichtalsolaidthefoundationfortheintroductionofaunifiedEuropeancurrency:theeuro.,21,InstitutionsoftheEU,EuropeanCommissionCourtofJusticeCourtofAuditorsEuropeanEconomicandSocialCommitteeCommitteeoftheRegionsEuropeanCentralBankEuropeanOmbudsman,22,InstitutionsoftheEU,EuropeanParliamentEUlegislativebodyCounciloftheEuropeanUnionRepresentsthegovernmentsofthememberstatestotheEUgovernmentEuropeanCommissionTheexecutivebranchofEUgovernmentCourtofJusticeJudicialbranchofEUgovernment,23,InstitutionsoftheEU,CourtofAuditorsBudgetingauthorityofEUgovernmentEuropeanEconomicandSocialCommitteeConsultativebodyoflabor,social,andenvironmentalissuesthatcommentsontheimplicationsoflegislativeactions.EuropeanCentralBankCentralbankoftheEUEuropeanOmbudsmanResponsibleforaddressingcitizencomplaintsaboutmaladministrationbyanyEUbody,24,StepsTowardsEconomicUnification,Internaltariffsanddutieshavebeenremoved.Impedimentstothefreemovementoflaborandcapitalhavebeenremoved.Corporatelawpracticeshavebeenharmonized.Environmentalregulationshavebeenharmonized.Laborstandardshav