初二下册英语语法+习题+总复习题.pdf

直接引语变间接引语 一、如何变人称 口诀一随主。二随宾第三人称不更新。 一随主是指在直接引语变间接引语时 如果从句中的主语是第一人 称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变 化如 She said. My brother wants to go shopping with me. She said her brother wanted to go shopping with her. “二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时若从句中的主语及宾语是 第二人称或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的 宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称如 He said to Kate. How is your sister now? He asked Kate how her sister was then。 第三人称不更新是指直接引语变间接引语时。 如果从句中的主语及 宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化 如 Mr Smith said, Jack is a good boy. Mr Smith said Jack was a good boy. 二、如何变时态 直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。 1) 一般现在时一般过去时态 She said: I am a student. She said (that) she was a student. 2)一般将来时过去将来时 She said, He will go to see his friend. She said he would go to see his friend。 Tom said, I am going to play basketball tomorrow. Tom said he was going to play basketball tomorrow. 3) 现在进行时过去进行时 She said ,I am reading a book. She said she was reading a book. 注意以下几种情况时态 不变 直接引语是客观真理。 The teacher said The earth moves around the sun . The teacher said me the earth moves around the sun earth. 直接引语是过去进行时时态不变。 Jack said. I was doing chores when Tom came to see me Jack said he was doing chores when Tom came to see him. 直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语 变为间接引语时时态不变。如 Jack said. I was born on April 2l, 1980. Jack said he was born on April 21, 1980. 直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作 变间接引语时态不变。如 He said, I get up at six every morning。 He said he gets up at six every morning. 如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式不再变 例could, should, would, might The doctor said, You should stay in bed for 2 days. The doctor said I should stay in bed for 2 days. 和已经是过去时的形式时 例 ought to had better, used to Peter said. You had better come here today. Peter said I had better go there that day. 三、如何变状语 直接引语变间接引语状语变化有其内在规律 时间状语由现在改为原来 例now 变为 then, yesterday 变为 the day before 1 today 变为 that day He said, I want to go swimming now. He said he wanted to go swimming then. 地点状语尤其表示方向性的 here 变 there The teacher said , You should come here at 7:00. The teacher said I should go there at 7:00. 指示代词修饰的状语由此改为彼 例this 改为 that He said, This books is mine. He said that book was his. 四、如何变句型 直接引语如果是陈述句间接引语应改为由 that 引导 的宾语从句。 She said, Our bus will arrive in five minutes. She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes. 直接引语如果是反意疑问句选择疑问句或一般疑问句 间接引语应改为由 whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句. He said, Can you swim, John? He asked John if he could swim. Do you go to school by bus or by bike? He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike. 直接引语如果是特殊问句间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑 问副词引导的宾语从句宾语从句必须用陈述句语序 。 She asked me, When do they have their dinner? She asked me when they had their dinner. She asked me, What was Jack doing when I come in? She asked me what Jack was doing when she came in. 直接引语如果是祈使句间接引语应改为 Tell (ask, order, beg 等) sb (not) to do sth.句型 。如 1.Dont make any noise, the teacher said to the students. She told (ordered) the students not to make any noise. 2.Open the door, please, said she. She asked him to open the door. 直接引语如果是以Lets开头的祈使句变为间接引语时通常用 suggest +动句词或从句如 He said, Lets go to the movies. He suggested going to the movies. 或 He suggested that they should go to see the movies. 1. Murphy: I can sleep late everyday. He said he _sleep late everyday. 2. Mrs. Kosky: My son will go bowling. She said her son _go bowling. 3. Iris: Erika is going to the dance. She said she _ _to the dance. 4. Lissa: Im excited about going on vacation. She said she _excited about going on vacation. 5. Homeroom Teacher: You can have a party. She said we _have a party. 6. Lana said, Im mad at Marcia. Lana said _ _ mad at Marcia. 7. He said to me, I will call you tomorrow. He _ me _ _ call _ the next day. 8. They said, We are having a meeting. They said _ _having a meeting. 9. She said, I go to school every Monday. She said _ _ to school every Monday. 10. My sister said to me, Im going to help you. My sister _ me _ _going to help _. 2 反义疑问句附加疑问句 它表示提问人的看法没有把握需要对方证实。反义疑问句 由两部分组成前一部分是一个陈述句后一部分是一个简短的疑 问句两部分的人称时态应保持一致。 1 陈述部分肯定式 疑问部分否定式 2 陈述部分否定式 疑问部分肯定式 They work hare, dont they? She was ill yesterday, wasnt she? You didnt go, did you? He cant ride a bike, can he? 请注意以下句型的反义疑问句的用法 1当陈述部分的主语是 I , everyone, everything, nobody 时 后面的疑问句应表示为 I am a student, arent I Everyone is in the classroom, arent they? Everything begins to grow in spring, doesnt it? Nobody will go, will they? 2. 当陈述部分有 neverseldom, hardlyfewlittlebarely, scarcely, nothing 等否定词时后面的疑问句则表示为 There are few apples in the basket, are there? He can hardly swim, can he? They seldom come late, do they? 3. 当陈述部分是 I think 加从句时疑问句应和从句的人称时态 保持一致。 I think chickens can swim, cant they? I think Lucy is a good girl, isnt she? I didnt think he was happy, was he? 4. 陈述部分有 had better 时疑问句应用 hadnt 开头 youd better get up early, hadnt you? 5. 当陈述部分是祈使句时疑问句要根据语气来表达 Lets go out for a walk, shall we? Let us go our for a walk, will you? Turn on the radio, will you? 6. 反义疑问句的回答用 yes no 但是当陈述部分是否定形 式时回答要按事实。如 They dont work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作是吗 Yes, they do. 不 他们工作努力。/No, they dont. 对 他们工作不努力。 一、反意疑问句的一般情况 1 当陈述部分的主语是 等 everyone, everybody, someone, no one, nobody, somebody 合成代词时附加疑问句的主语非正式文体 中往往 they 用。也可以按语法一致原则用单数。 2当陈述部分以 one 不定代词做主语时附加问句的主语在正 式常场用 one非正式场合用 he。 3当陈述部分的主语是不定式、动名词、从句、this 或 that 附加疑问句的主语用 it。是 those, these 则用 they 4当陈述部分的主语是表示物的不定代词 everything, anything, nothing 等附加问句的主语用 it。 5陈述部分带有否定词或半否定词例如never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, no, none, no one, rarely, nowhere, nothing, nobody, few, little 等附加疑问句的动词要用肯定形式。 6假如陈述部分中的否定词仅带有否定的前缀或后缀那么该 陈述句应作肯定句处理附加疑问句应用否定形式。 3 二、常见句型的反意疑问句 7 当陈述部分是 there be 存在句型时 附加疑问句的主语也用 there. 8感叹句的附加疑问句其谓语要求用否定句。 9祈使句后面的附加疑问句题目 A) 祈使句是否定形式附加疑问句只能用 will you。 B) 祈使句是肯定形式附加疑问句用肯定、否定均可。 C) Let 开头的祈使句要注意 1.Lets 在意义上包含谈话的对方在内表示提出建议或征求 对方意见其反意疑问句往往用 shall we。 2. Let us 在意义上一般不包含谈话的对方在内表示请求对 方允许做某事的含义let 有 allow 的意思。附加疑问部分用 will you。 3. Let me 开头表示请求附加疑问句用 will you或用 may I。 三、复合句的反意疑问句 10当陈述部分是一个带 that 引导宾语从句的主从复合句 时附加疑问句的主谓要和主句的主谓保持对应关系。但是当陈 述部分的主语是I suppose, I think, I believe, I imagine, I expect 等结构时附加疑问句的主语和谓语要和从句的主语谓语 保持一致关系。而且要注意到否定的转移题目。 11当陈述部分是 Im sure that,we are sureIm afraid thatWe are sure thatI feel sure that 等后面跟宾语从句时 反意疑问句与后面的宾语从句一致。 12当陈述部分是并列句时附加疑问句的主谓语要和离它最 近的句子的主谓保持对应关系。 四、关于情态动词的反意疑问句 13陈述部分中有 have 一词且表示“所有”含义时附加疑 问句部分既可用 have 也可用 do。 14陈述部分中有 have to附加疑问句部分用 do。 15含有 ought to 的反意疑问句陈述部分是肯定的疑问部 分用 shouldnt / oughtnt 主语。 He ought to know what to do, oughtnt he? / shouldnt he? 16 陈述部分有 used to 附加疑问句部分可用 used 也可以用 did 。 17陈述部分有 neednt 时附加疑问句部分用 need 但有时也可 用 must。 18 陈述部分有 must 且表示 “必须” 时 附加疑问句部分用 mustn t假如表示“必要”则用 neednt。 19 陈述部分中是 mustn t 表示 “禁止” 时 附加疑问句部分用 must。 陈述部分中的 must 表示“一定”、“想必”等推测意义时附加 疑问句部分而是根据陈述部分的谓语动词或其助动词来定。 20陈述部分是 I wish 表示询问或征求意见附加疑问部分用 may I。 21弄清陈述句中的d rather = would ratherd better = had better 附加疑问句部分前者用 would后者用 had。 其它特殊结构的反意疑问句 22陈述部分的主语是 each of.结构时附加疑问句在夸大整体 时用 they当作个别时用 he。 23陈述部分有 neither.nor.(either.or.)做并列主语 附加疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。 Neither you nor I am engineer, are we? 24陈述部分是Im .结构附加疑问句一般用 arent I? 25. 陈述部分有 had better v. 疑问句部分用 hadnt you? Youd better read it by yourself, hadnt you? 26. 陈述部分有 would rather v.疑问部分多用 wouldnt 主语。 He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldnt he? 27. 陈述部分有 Youd like to v. 疑问部分用 wouldnt 主语。 4 Youd like to go with me, wouldnt you? 28. 带情态动词 dare 或 need 的反意疑问句疑问部分常用 need (dare ) 主语。 We need not do it again, need we ? He dare not say so, dare you? 当 dare, need 为实义动词时疑问部分用助动词 do 主语。 She doesnt dare to go home alone, does she? 反意疑问句练习 1. Youd rather watch TV this evening, _? a. isnt it b. hadnt you c. wouldnt you d. wont you 2. I suppose youre not going today, _? a. are you b. do you c. dont you d. arent you 3. I wish to shake hands with you, _? a. shall b. may I c. do I d. will I 4. Three hours ought to be enough time, _? a. oughtnt three hours b. didnt they c. shouldnt it d. shouldnt three hours 5. They have to study a lot, _? a. dont they b. havent they c. did they d. hadnt they 6. When the car crashed, your brother escaped being hurt, _ ? a. didnt he b. did he c. did it d. didnt it 7. Im sure dirty, _? a. am I b. isnt I c. arent I d. am not I 8. You seem to be dissatisfied with your present post. I dont think you judged your ability objectively when you applied for it, _ you? a. do b. did c. dont d. didnt 9. Thats the sort of the book you want, _? a. is it d. isnt that c. is that d. isnt it 10. All these dictionaries are a great help to you, _? a. are they b. arent they c. are all these dictionaries d. arent all these dictionaries 11.The movie that we saw last week was quite interesting, _? a. wasnt it b. was it c. didnt we d. werent we 12.Tom has been writing letters all afternoon, but he should have finished them by now, _? a. hasnt he b. has he c. shouldnt he d. didnt you 13.David told me that you would take a trip to America, _? a. would you b. wouldnt you c. did you d. didnt you 14.There appeared to be no better way, _? a. was there b. were there c. did there d. didnt there 15. You has some trouble finding where I live, _? a. didnt you b. hadnt you c. do I d. dont I 16.He has his hair cut every month, _? a. has he b. hasnt he c. does he d. doesnt he 17.Your friend needs to come earlier, _? a. does he b. doesnt he c. need he d. neednt he 18.The little boy dare not go to church, _? a. dare he b. darent he c. does he d. doesnt he 19. Susand have worked abroad if shed had the chance, _? a. has she b. hadnt she c. would she d. wouldnt she 20. Everyones having a good time, _? a. is he b. isnt everyone c. does he d. arent they 21.Any one can join the club, _? a. can any one b. cant any one c. cant they d. can they 22.Tell me how to operate the electronic computer, _? a. will you b. shant you c. do you d. dont you 23.Magaret scarcely comes to visit you on Christmas Day, _? a. doesnt she b. does she c. do you d. dont you 24. Lets listen to the radio program that the teacher mentioned, _? 5 a. do we b. dont we c. shall we d. shant we 25.You think youre funny, _? a. didnt you b. are you c. dont you d. do you 26.Janet used to take part in labor in that village, _? a. used she b. did she c. didnt she d. should she 27.What beautiful weather, _? a. is it b. isnt it c. wont it d. doesnt it 28. He ought to go to Kwangchow by plane, _? a. should he b. shouldnt he c. would he d. wouldnt he 29. We never dared to ask him a question, _? a. did we b. didnt we c. dared we d. darent we 30. Nobody will believe how difficult his work has been _? a. will he b. wont nobody c. will they d. wont they 31.You must have made the mistake, _? a. mustnt you b. havent you c. didnt you d. hadnt you 32.Learning how to repair computers takes a long time, _? a. isnt it b. arent they c. doesnt it d. dont they 33.Jack has coffee with breakfast, _? a. hasnt Jack b. hasnt he c. doesnt Jack d. doesnt he 34.They must have stayed at hotel last night, _? a. mustnt they b. havent they c. didnt they d. hadnt they 35.There isnt anything wrong with the radio, _? a. is there b. is it c. does it d. does there 36.You must be hungry, _? a. must you b. mustnt you c. are you d. arent you 37.Lets do the exercises by ourselves, _? a. shall we b. shant we c. will you d. will we 38.Her daughter had the carpets and curtains cleaned, _? a. had she b. hadnt she c. didnt she d. didnt her daughter 39.The teacher had a talk with you, _? a. has you b. hadnt she c. did she d. didnt she 40.Somethingll have to be done about the air pollution, _? a. wont it b. will it c. has it d. does it 41. Linda ate nothing this morning, _? A. didnt she B. was she C. did she D. wasnt she 42. Theres hardly_ milk in the bottle, _there? A. no, isnt B. some, is C. little, isnt D. any, is 43. He has never ridden a horse before, _? A. does he B. has he C. hasnt he D. doesnt he 44. He seldom came here, _? Yes sir. A. didnt he B. does he C. doesnt he D. did he 45. Everything seems all right, _ ? A. does it B. dont they C. wont it D. doesnt it 46. Nobody was absent from the meeting, _ ? A. was it B. were they C. wasnt he D. werent they 47. One cant be too modest, can _ ? A. one B. he C. it D. we 48. No one failed in the exam, _ ? A. was he B. did one C. did they D. didnt he 49. Im a little late for class, _ I? A. amnt B. am not C. isnt D. aint 50. Neither you nor I am a artist, _ ? A. am I B. arent we C. are we D. aint I 51. He cant be her father, _ he? A. is B. isnt C. can D. cant 答案1C 2 A 3B 4C 5A 6 A 7C 8B 9D 10B 11A 12C 13B 14D 15A 16D 17B 18A 19D 20D 21C 22A 23B 24C 25D 26C 27B 28B 29A 30C 31B 32C 33D 34C 35A 36D 37A 38C 39D 40A 41C 42D 43B 44D 45D 46B 47A 48C 49D 50C 51A 6 形容词的比较级和最高级 一、比较级的定义 大多数的形容词都有三个级别原级、比较级、最高级。其中比 较级表示“更” 用于两者之间的比较用来说明“前者比后者 更” 比较级前面一般用 much, even, a little 修饰 其中 even, much 只能修饰比较级。 二、比较级的构成 1规则变化 单音节和部分双音节的形容词一般在词尾加-er Eg: calm-calmer tall-taller smart-smarter 以字母 e 结尾的直接在词尾加-r Eg: nice-nicer fine-finer large-larger 以“辅音+y 结尾的词变 y 为 i再加-er” Eg: early-earlier happy-happier busy-busier 以重读闭音节的单个辅音字母结尾的词双写辅音字母再加-er Eg: big-bigger thin-thinner hot-hotter 多音节或部分双音节的形容词在原级前面加 more Eg: popular-more popular important-more important 2不规则变化 少数形容词的比较级变化是不规则的 good-better bad/ill-worse many/much-more little-less far-farther/further old-older/elder 三、比较级的用法: (一)当两个人或事物 A 和 B 进行比较时 我们需要用到形容词 副 词的原级或者比较级 1 表达“A 和 B 一样”用 asas 的结构。 公式: A+be 动词+as+形容词原级+as+B A+实义动词+as+副词原级+as+B 例I am as tall as you. / He runs as fast as I. 2表达“A 不如 B”用 not asas 的结构。 公式: A+be 动词的否定形式+as+形容词原级+as+B A+助词的否定形式+动词+as+形容词原级+as+B 例I am not as tall as you.我没有你高。 He doesnt run as fast as I. 他没有我跑得快。 2 表达“A 大于 B”用“比较级+than”的结构。 公式: A+be 动词+形容词比较级+than+B A+实义动词+副词比较级+than+B 例I am taller than you. He runs faster than I. (二)关于形容词、副词比较级的更多用法 1 比较级前面可以加上表示“优劣程度”的词或短语 意思是“更” “得”。常见词有 much, a little, even, a lot, a great deal 等。 例He is much taller than I. I jump a little higher than he. 想一想这些词能修饰形容词或副词的原级吗 2.比较级前面可以加上表示具体数量差别的结构,表示具体“大多 少”“小多少”“长多少”“短多少”等。 例I am two years older than he. This building is 20 meters higher than that one. 3“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越”。 It is getting warmer and warmer He is running faster and faster 0ur country is becoming more and more beautiful 4“the more the more”表示“越就越” The morethe better.多多益善。 The more careful you are,the fewer mistakes you will make. 5“the moreof the two”表示“两个当中较。 。 。的一个” The taller of the two boys is my brother. 7 四、当三个或三个以上的人或事物进行比较时我们需要用到形容 词副词的最高级 1表达是中最的,用the+形容词副词的最高级的结构。 后面可以加上表示范围的介词短语或从句。 公式:主语+be 动词+the +形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的介词短语或从句 主语+实义动词+the +形容词最高级+表示范围的介词短语或从句 例He is the tallest (student) in our class. He jumps the highest of the three boys. This is the best book that I have ever read. 2表示最的中一个用one of +the +最高级+复数名词的结 构来表达。 例 He is one of the best students in our class. This is one of the most beautiful flowers in the garden. 注意(一) 形容词的最高级前面有定冠词 the , 而副词的最高级 前面定冠词 the 可以省略。但在形容词最高级前有物主代词时不能 要定冠词 the. 二常见的用来表示范围的介词有 in, of, among 五、运用形容词、副词比较级应当注意的问题 (一)、按语法规则than 后面的人称代词应当用主格但口语当中有 时会用宾格代替主格。 Eg He is more careful than I (me). (二)、只有同类的事物才能比较 e.g Her bag is bigger than mine. 不能说 Her bag is bigger than I. The weather of Kunming is much better than that of Shenyang. 不能说 The weather of Kunming is much better than Shenyang. 【语法专项练习题】 1、That boy looks as as a boxer. A. strong B. stronger C. strongest D. more strong 2、Then Summer Palace is than Zhong Shan park. A. biger B. more big C. the biggest D. bigger 3、Which do you like , apples or oranges? A. good B. better C. best D. well 4、-Oh, the food is bad. -I think so .And the service(服务) is _. Athe worst B. worse C. badder D. the worse 5、-You are the same coat as I. -Yes, Mine is , but not so as yours. A. better, expensive B. better, more expensive C. much better, more expensive D. good, more expensive 6、The experts think that Indias population may be than Chinas 2020. A. much, by B. more, in C. larger, by D. larger, on 7、This year our school is than it was last year. A. much beautiful B. the most beautiful C. beautifuler D. much more beautiful 8、 you work, knowledge you will get. A. The harder, more B. The harder, the more C. Harder, the more D. Harder, more 9、He has friends than I. A. much more B. many more C. very more D. too more 10、She draws better than . A. us all B. we all C. all us D. all we 11、Shanghai is larger than city in China. A. any B. any other C. the others D. any else 12、Im not sure whether Mary can sing Ann. A. as well as B. as good as C. as better as D. so good as 13、I have fewer apples than . A. he B. his C. hers D. mine 8 14、The news is surprising. A. much B. very C. more D. very much 15、The population of China is larger than . A. America B. the one of Americas C. that of