关于英语句子成分整理.ppt

句子成分概述:一个句子的各个组成部分,叫做句子成分.句子成分有主语(Subject)、谓语(Predicate)、宾语(Object)表语(Predicative)、定语(Attribute)、状语(Adverbial)、补语(Complement)和同位语(Appositive).,句子除了上述几种基本成分外,一些独立成分,如插入语(Parenthesis)、呼语(DirectAddress)和感叹语(Interjection)等.,e.g.Sandy,bequick.,呼语,Oh,myGod!,感叹语,Itstooexpensive,Ithink.,插入语,主语(1)主语成分主语是句子所叙述的主体,说明句子讲的人或事物.可作主语的有:名词ShanghaiisintheeastofChina.Tomworksveryhard.,b.代词Iboughtanewbook.Thatisapictureofourschool.Whoknowstheanswer?c.数词Threeplusfourisseven.Thefirstisthebest.,d.动词不定式Toseeistobelieve.ItisimportanttolearnEnglish.e.动名词短语Smokingisharmfultothehealth.f.名词化的形容词或分词Theoldshouldberespected.Thedisabledwillreceivemoremoney.,g.名词性短语Amanwithabookiscomingtowardsus.h.主语从句Whathesaidisnottrue.,(2)形式主语,形式主语(FormalSubject)是代词it的一种用法.当句子的主语是动词不定式、动名词短语或从句时,为使句子平衡,一般用it作形式主语放在句首,而将真正的主语当在谓语动词之后.,It+谓语+动词不定式短语Itisagoodhabittodomorningexercises.Itisdifficultforhimtogiveupsmoking.b.It+谓语+动名词短语(主要用在以nogood/use,useless,worthwhile,dangerous等词作表语的句子中)Itisnouselearningwithoutthinking.Itisdangerousplayingwithfire.,c.It+谓语+名词性从句(真正的主语是that引导的名词性从句),Itisapitythatyoudidntcometotheparty.Itissaidthatnobodyknowswherehelives.,2.谓语谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态,由动词承担,一般放在主语之后.Heisamiddleschoolstudent.Thenewtermwillbeginonthe1stofSeptember.HisnovelhasbeentranslatedintoEnglish.,3.宾语(1)宾语成分宾语用来表明动作的对象或结果,是动作的承受者.宾语常用于及物动词之后,称为动词宾语.介词后面的名词或代词,称为介词宾语.,名词Helosthisparentsinhischildhood.b.代词(人称代词用宾格)Everybodylikesher.c.数词-Howmanychairsdoyouwant?-Iwantfour.,d.名词化的形容词和分词Thedoctorisoperatingontheinjured.e.动词不定式短语Idliketohavesomecoffee.f.动名词短语Ihaventfinishedreadingyourbookyet.,g.名词性短语或从句Ilikecoffeewithsomesugar.Ithinkyouareright.Note:Ireallydontknowwhattodonext.,(2)双宾语有些及物动词可以有两个宾语:直接宾语(DirectObject)和间接宾语(IndirectObject),称为双宾语.这两个宾语往往一个指人(一般为间接宾语),另一个指物(一般为直接宾语).间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前.Hegavemeabook.,间接宾语,直接宾语,有时为了强调间接宾语,也可将间接宾语后置,并在其前加上介词to或for.Hegaveabooktome.Heboughtthisbookforme.注意:如果直接宾语是人称代词,则间接宾语必须后置,并在其前加上介词to或for.Heresyourreport.Dontforgettoshowittoyourparents.,(3)复合宾语有些及物动词,除了接一个直接宾语外,还接宾语补足语(ObjectComplement),用来说明宾语的动作、状态或特征.宾语+宾语补足语叫做复合宾语(ComplexObject).其各种形式如下:,名词或代词宾格+名词HisfathernamedhimJohnny.b.名词或代词宾格+形容词Youllfindourwashing-powderexcellent.c.名词或代词宾格+介词短语Atlast,hefoundhimintrouble.,d.名词或代词宾格+分词或动词不定式短语Mumaskedhimtobuysomebread.Icanseesomestudentsplayingbasketball.,注意:在let,make,watch,see,hear,feel等词后,接动词不定式作宾补,则须省去不定式符号to.Weheardhimsinginthenextroom.,如果复合宾语中的宾语是动词不定式、动名词短语或从句,常用it来代替宾语,将真正的宾语置于宾语补足语之后,it则被称为形式宾语(FormalObject).,Wefounditdifficulttosolvethisproblem.,形式宾语,宾语补足语,真正宾语,Ithinkitnecessarythatweshouldvoteonit.,形式宾语,宾语补足语,真正宾语,4、定语定语的作用是修饰和限定名词或代词.可作定语的有:形容词Newtonisafamousscientist.b.名词Letslistentotheweatherforecastfirst.,c.动名词Ourschoolisgoingtobuildaswimmingpool.d.分词短语或动词不定式短语Sheisreadinganinterestingbook.Ihavenopentowritewith.,e.介词短语或副词Ihaventgotthesolutiontotheproblem.Iusedtoliveintheroomabove.f.从句ThemanwhoiscomingtowardusismyEnglishteacher.,5、同位语在一个句子中,一个名词或代词,或相当于名词的短语或从句,放在另一个名词或代词之后,用以说明它的性质或情况,被称为同位语(Appositive).可作同位语的通常有:,名词Thisismybestfriend,Tom.b.代词Weallgotasurprise.c.数词Thisprizeisforyoutwo.d.从句Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.,6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方向、程度、方式或伴随情况的句子成分,被称为状语(Adverbial).可充当状语的有:,副词Whocanwritebeautifully?b.介词短语Weregoingtospendtheholidayattheseaside.c.分词短语Notknowingwhattodo,Idecidedtogiveup.,d.动词不定式短语Hismotheroftencomestoseehim.e.名词Pleasecomethisway.f.从句Assoonastheteachercamein,allthestudentsstoodup.,7、表语表语(Predicative)是用来说明主语的身份、特征或状态的,一般用在连系动词be,或半系动词如become,look,turn,seem,appear等之后.可充当表语的有:,名词Hisfatherisateacher.b.代词Thisbookismine.c.形容词或分词短语Theleavesturnyellowinautumn.Theteacherwassatisfiedwithyourwork.Thestoryisveryinteresting.,d