lesson-7.doc

否定意义的理解一否定的对象1. 部分否定All this is not necessary. 所有这一切并非全都必要。所有这一切都没有必要。I dont remember all /none of their names. 2. 否定的范围否定有时延伸到句末，被否定的实际上是主语补足语或状语。She did not work hard to make money.她不努力工作赚钱。They dont come to see you killed. Not to误译：他们不来看你死。 正译：他们到这儿来并不是要看你死亡的。 He said, Now, look, I didnt come here to get along with you guys. Youre going to have to get along with me.他说：喂, 老弟们, 我到这儿来不是来听你们的, 该是你们来听我的。 They did not part good friends.We have not called the meeting to discuss this question.3. 否定转移1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。I dont think I know you.我想我并不认识你。I don t believe he will come.我相信他不回来。I hope you werent ill. 我想你没有生病吧。注意：若谓语动词为hope, 宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。2) 将seem, appear 等后面的从句的否定转移到前面。It doesnt seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。3) 有时将动名词、介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。I dont remember having ever seen such a man. Its not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street. 4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. She had not been married many weeks when that mans younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty.我记得从未见过这样一个人。在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。(anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)(否定状语)蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。(否定状语many weeks)她结婚还不到几个月，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。二否定含义的辨别否定副词：never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, 否定连接词：neither, nor, 表示消极意义的词 1）某些动词：deny, neglect, fail, refuse,The last person on earth would only think that the money he has in his wallet has value if he fails to appreciate his situation.It is one of the most barbarous customs in the world that we deny the advantages of learning to women.2）某些抽象名词absence, ignorance, exclusion，failure, the last thing / personThe almost total absence of any US sway with the parties directly involved in such a dangerous situation is sobering to say the least. 事态如此严重而美国对直接参与的国家却丝毫不起影响，这个情况至少也应该使人们头脑清醒过来了。A leading member should never concentrate all his attention on one or two problems, to the exclusion of others. 领导者不能把全部注意力只集中在一两个问题上而不顾其他问题。We are in complete ignorance of his plans. 对他的计划我们完全不知情。3）某些形容词free of, far from, inferior to, minimum interest, least important, few, littleShe was worried that Emma “might appear inferior in wit” to Pride and Prejudice.4) 某些介词短语 but, against, out of, instead of, prefertoHe reiterated the administrations counterargument that the defenses were still needed as insurance against cheating.The man seemed to know his way about and he soon slipped silently out of sight through the door.5) 各种特定的词语搭配 too to, rather than, more than, have yet to, Japan has begun offering high-definition TV on a limited basis. The US, yet to choose an official HDTV system, might lag slightly. In fact, the willingness to experiment is one of the most striking features of China today, and it seems to be rooted in confidence rather than security.三双重否定1意义：强调，委婉，方法：汉语的肯定句，否定句（不，无，非）Not a day passed without shooting and bombardments between these two countries in Europe.He is too sensitive not to notice that.His theory is not unobjectable. I was not unprepared.This is a matter of no small consequence.You can not be too careful.One such major breakthrough occurred late in 1956, although it was not until later that we were filled in on its ramifications. No word is meaningless.Cease-fire in the Mideast have an unhappy habit of becoming unstuck.Says a Pentagon officer with undisguised delight: “I think its great. It tickles me to death.”She told me, as I departed, that she would hate to be in my position.There is no doubt that the novel stands distinctly apart from her other novels in tone and moral message, though not in theme. 主体未改，但口吻和道德标准却迥然不同。Simply: 仅仅- 不过 It is simply a matter of time.Unique: the government remained unperturbed was due in great part to a unique service provided by the BBC.英语词语的意思，汉语需要引申后用否定词语或成语翻译They must do something about that man, and soon. 不要再拖了。I am always tongue-tied in her presence. At the sight of it, I stood confused.That sort of thing was so much in the air that I didnt question it.Helicopter blazed away as elusive guerrillas. 神出鬼没/行踪不定/行踪飘忽It would be reasonable to estimate that Homers Iliad has been read by at least 25 million people in the last 3000 years.一、反译法英语和汉语中往往均可用肯定形式或否定形式表达同一概念。英汉翻译时也常常采用正译法，即以肯定译肯定、以否定译否定（也就是用汉语里的“不”、“非”、“无”、“没（有）”、“未”、“否”等译成英语中的no或not以及一些带有否定词缀的词dis-,un-, in, -less）。譬如，尽管说话的语气常常不尽相同，但人们既可以说某次考试“相当难”(quite difficult), 也可以说是“不很容易”( not very easy)。但是，由于英汉表达习惯的巨大差异，正译法有时并非切实可行。这时，英语中的肯定形式可以甚至必须译成汉语中的否定形式，而英语中的否定形式却适宜译作汉语中的肯定形式，这就是“反译法”，既肯定译成否定，否定译成肯定的翻译方法。例如，英语中的标志用语”Wet Paint!”译作“湿的油漆！”就不符合汉语表达习惯，而应译成“油漆未干！” I have read your articles, but I expected to meet an older man., 没想到你这么年轻。反译法适用范围很广，它可以应用于动词、形容词、副词、名词、介词、连词、词组、及从句。1.动词（短语）I unwrapped the hamburger and surveyed the surrounding scenery.2.副词1)Time is what we want most, but what many use worst.2)Lost weight safely and forever.3)There is little question that the House of Windsor has lost much of its luster since the death of Princess Diana in 1997.3.形容词1)The explanation is pretty thin.2)chain-smoking responsible for this cancer is far from being clear.3)A judicious North Europe family cultivated friendships both for their own sake and because a large group of people loyal to one another was less vulnerable than a small one.4.介词（短语）It will generally be found that the man who are habitually behind time are as habitually behind success.5.名词Politeness is not always the sign of wisdom, but the want of it always leaves room for the suspicion of folly.6.某些固定词组1)There is no want of opportunities these days.2)Mental cultivation is nothing else than the satisfactory way in which the mind will function when it is poked up into activity.3)Nothing illustrates his selfishness more clearly than his behavior to his wife.Nothing more than 转换为more than anything含有否定意义的词汇英语表示否定意义的方式比汉语丰富得多，下列词汇常常译成汉语的否定：1.名词：failure, lack, free, far from, omission, absence, ignorance, exclusion, scarcity2.形容词（短语）missing, ignorant, free from, far from, short of , blind to 3.连词：unless, before, until, than, or, but that, more than4.介词（短语）but, without, except, beyond, instead of, anything but采取诅咒和感叹的方式表示否定往往语气非常强烈，常用词汇有：devil, the hell, damn, dead1)I will be damned if I go.2)Ill see you dead before that happens！双重否定双重否定就是在一个句子中同时使用两个否定词，或者使用一个否定词和一个含有否定意义的词或短语。双重否定的语言现象在汉语和英语中都存在，如：*No one who returned from the front failed to express admiration for Doctor Bethune whenever his name was mentioned and none remained unmoved by his spirit.凡是从前线回来的人，提起白求恩的名字，没有一个不佩服，没有一个不为他的精神所感动。（毛泽东“纪念白求恩”）有时译成肯定句更符合汉语的表达习惯，如：1)Mild edema is not uncommon in normal pregnancy2)No one who strolls through the Egyptian galleries of a museum can fail to be struck by multitude of divinities who attract attention of all sides. Unit 5 Translation SkillOmission(减词法)减词法与增词法相对。原文中有些词语在译文中不必显示出来，因为译文中虽无此词，但已有其意。换言之，减词法是减去一些可有可无的，或者有了反而啰嗦，或违背译文语言习惯的词语。减词法一般用于以下两种情况：一是从语法角度进行减省；二是从修饰角度进行减省。The time-keeping devices of electronic watches are much more accurate than those of mechanical ones.I.从语法角度进行减省由于英汉句法上的差异，英语句法上所必需的一些表达某种句法关系或语法功能的词语，其表意作用不大或无表意作用，译成汉语时往往省译。1.省略连词1)If the rise of blood pressure occurs with some other diseases, it is called secondary hypertension.2)The most valuable advice which can be given to a patient with a cold is that he should keep warm and take much water and go to bed if the fever is high.注意当and连接句子时，不仅可翻译成汉语的并列句：并且、而且、还可翻译成汉语的偏正复句：因而、所以、虽然但（是）等1)The pulse is rapid, the temperature may be as high as 39, and there may be shortness of breath.2)In the other two cases, operation was refused and it was impossible to decide whether cancer was the cause of death.*They loved each other and there is no love lost between them.*Anthrax was not known in the area at the time, or if it was, wasnt thought to be of any consequence by the local tribes, and went unmentioned.2.省略代词1)Dr. Stevenson resumed this experiment as soon as he came into the laboratory.I washed my face.2)He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.* 汉语物主代词的使用往往有特殊的含义，可以表示其他所属关系，强调或不耐烦、不满情绪等。她开他的车去。（其他所属关系）让他们散布他们的谣言去。（不满情绪）当one、 we、 they、 you用作泛指代词时infinitive pronoun，通常可以省略。3)To really appreciate Italian painting, one should see it in Italy.4)It is dead quiet and pitch dark in the outer space.5)It was Pasteur who discovered that diseases are caused by living germs.6)Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers.3.省略介词省略表示时