外语学科学术研究的特点与论文写作.ppt

ResearchMethods英语教研室刘泉厚2010.12.14,FromholisticresearchtopartialstudiesSyntheticapproachvsanalyticapproach,holisticresearchtopartialstudies综合法分析法整体部分整体观成分观面向内部结构面向外部结构了解过程了解结果,InductiveapproachVsDeductiveapproachExamplesforthese,InductiveapproachvsDeductiveapproach归纳法-演绎法1.以数据为出发点以假设为出发点2.没有事先形成的看法进行预示3.可以生成假设检验假设4.成果:描述或提出假设成果:理论,Qualitativeapproach定性VsQuantitativeapproach定量Whatarethey?,Onceuponatime,anextraterrestrial外星人paidavisittoabigcityinChina.DwellingNarrowness,QualitativeapproachincludesObservationparticipant参与者Itincinterview,taperecording,diary,camerashooting，videono-participantobservation（judgeinacontest）Verbalreporting口头自述Eg,atthattime,IwasjustgoinghomeQuestionnaire;dataanalysis.etc,蜗居,Quantitativeapproach1.statisticalmethod(randomsampling)Rockteatowhitemouse,2.experimentalmethodExperimentalgroupvscontrollinggroup,Variables(independentvariablevsdependentvariable)MethodasivWhilescores,performanceasdvModeratevariable(moretimeforlearning)Controlvariableas(sameteacher,andbook),QualitativeapproachquantitativeapproachParticipationtoacquireexperienceexperiencetoacquiredata只有通过个人主观经验才能认识人类行为只有摆脱主观状态才能了解社会现象的因果关系了解就是移情了解要保持距离依赖定性数据依赖定量数据,Researchasystematicprocessofinquiry：,1）aquestion,problem,orhypothesis2)data;3)analysisandinterpretationofdata.,创新的几个要素,新问题新材料新数据新方法新观点新理论,1.确定方向、选好课题,有价值、有持续发展的可能符合自己的兴趣爱好自己力所能及,两种不同目的的研究,（1）用国外理论解决中国（中文）的问题（2）用中国（中文）的事实解决国际学术领域的问题,6.理论联系实际,教学理论：联系教学实际语言理论：联系语言实际文学理论：联系具体作家、文本和作品翻译理论：联系具体译作应用英语：联系实际工作、业务；业务素质、能力等,2.论文题目的确定,大处着眼，小处入手题目尽量反映具体的研究内容和方法,例：ClassroomInteractivePracticesforDevelopingL2Literacy:AMicroethnographicStudyofTwoBeginningAdultLearnersofEnglish,ANewApproachtoAssessingStrategicLearning:TheCaseofSelf-RegulationinVocabularyAcquisitionTheRoleofFormulaicLanguageinSecondLanguageAcquisition:AReviewTheConstructionofStanceinReportingClauses:ACross-disciplinaryStudyofTheses,3.摘要的撰写,例1:,Abstract:ThreecomponentsofSLAresearch,input/output,internal/externalfactorsandinterlanguagesystem,havecloserelationwithcognitivelinguistics,anddoingresearchontheprocessofSLAperspectivesisofguidingimprotanceandofpracticalvaluetoSLAandcollegeEnglishteaching.,例2：ModellingLearningDifficultyandSecondLanguageProficiency:TheDifferentialContributionsofImplicitandExplicitKnowledgeRodEllisUniversityofAuckland,Thisarticlere-examinesthequestionofwhatmakessomegrammaticalstructuresmoredifficulttolearnthanothers,arguingthatthisquestioncanonlybeproperlyunderstoodandinvestigatedwithreferencetothedistinctionbetweenimplicitandexplicitknowledgeofasecondlanguage.UsingabatteryofteststhatweredesignedtomeasureimplicitandexplicitL2grammaticalknowledgeofseventeengrammaticalstructures(Ellis2005),learningdifficultyinrelationtothesetwotypesofknowledgewasinvestigated.,Theresultsshowedthatstructuresthatwereeasyintermsofimplicitknowledgewereoftendifficultintermsofexplicitknowledgeandsometimesviceversaandthat,overall,therewasnocorrelationbetweentherankordersofdifficultyofseventeengrammaticalstructuresforthetwotypesofknowledge.Acorrelationalanalysisshowedthatthestructuresvariedastowhetheritwasimplicitorexplicitknowledgeofthemthatwasrelatedtoameasureofgenerallanguageproficiency.Aregressionanalysisdemonstratedthatbothtypesofknowledgepredictgenerallanguageproficiency.,例3：The“you(have)”ConstructioninChinese:aCognitiveAnalysis,InChinese,the“you(have)+(neutral)n.”constructioncanbeusedasanadjectivedenotingpositivedegreesorproperties.Forexample,(1)Lixiaojieyouliandan，youshencai.MsLihasfacehasbody.MsLihasabeautifulfaceandagoodfigure.,Previousresearches(Zhang,2002,Shi,2004)havefoundthatnotallnounsusedinthisconstructioncanleadtoanadjectivalinterpretation.Shi(2004)pointsoutthatthenouninthisconstructionreferstoasocialaverage,andthewholeconstructionmeanssomethinglike“havingsomethingbetter(ormore)thanaverage”.Forexample,“youliandan”(haveaface)actuallymeans“havingabetterthanaverageface”,or“lookingpretty”.,Butwhatspecialsemanticpropertiesdothenounsusedintheconstructionshave?Whydosuchconstructionsusuallysuggestapositive(orbetter-than-average)interpretation?Whatarethecognitivebasesfortheinterpretation?Whathavepromptedthespeakertouseaconstructionlikethisinsteadofexplicitlyusingapositiveadjectivebeforethenoun?Thesearethequestionsthepresentpapertriestofocusonfromacognitiveperspective.,Usingdatafrom“AdictionaryofModernChinese”(2005),theauthorfindsthatnounsthatcanbeusedinthisconstructionarerestrictedinnumberandhavethefollowingproperties:(1)havingtodowithbodyparts,e.g.:三围(threemeasurements:thebosom,thewaistandthebottom);脸蛋(face),脑袋(head),身材(figure),胸脯(bosom),etc;（2）denotinghumanproperties,e.g.:地位(position),见解(opinion),价值观(value),觉悟(consciousness),礼数(manners),力气(strength),品格(personality),etc;（3）measurementsandquantity,e.g.:尺度(measurements),水平(level),年纪(age),etc.,Thesenounsareneutralwithrespecttothedegreesofthemeasurementsorquantities(socialaverage),butwhenusedinthe“you”(have)constructiondenotingpossession,theyimplyaspecialdegree,usuallyapositiveone,orabetter-than-averagevalue.Iarguethatthepositiveinterpretationofthistypeof“you”constructionistheresultofaninteractionbetweentheconstructionandthenouninquestion.Asthenounsmostlydenotepropertiesthatpeopledesire,theynormallyleadtoapositiveinterpretationwhenusedwith“you”(have).,Cognitivelyspeaking,bymakingsomecommonpropertyasalient,prominentpossessionofsomeoneconcerned,thepropertyimmediatelybecomesthefigureandthepropertiesthatother(average)peoplehavebecomethebackground.Thefigurethusachievesspecialprominenceincontrasttothebackgroundaverage.Usinganeutralnouninthe“youconstruction”andomittingapositiveadjectiveincreasescognitiveprocessingeffortbutachievestheeffectofbrevity,indirectnessandfuzziness.Suchconstructionsarealsousedveryofteninparallelsforrhythmandforcefulness.,修改意见,Thanksforthis,andapologiesforthedelay.Letmesaysomethingsabouttheabstract,thatIhopeareuseful.Onyourtitle,IthinkIwouldsayTheyou(have)constructioninChinese.IthinkIwouldalsoaddaChinesecharacterandanumbersuperscriptonyoutoindicatethetone.That,tomyeyes,wouldmakeitlookalittlemoreserious.,Firstline,Iwouldchangethescarequotes.Idsaysomethingliketheyou(have)+(neutral)n.etc.(Samepointasfortitle,really.)Inexample(1),IwouldembellishtheChinesesentencewithtonesandcharacters,justtomakeitlookmoreserious.ChangePreviousresearchestoPreviousresearchandhavetohasSameremarksforyouexampleinthelastlineofthisparagraph.,Typically,onedoesntputquestionsinanabstract.IdontknowwhetherIamoldfashionedbutitseemstomethatabstractsshouldonlycontaindeclaratives.Maybeyoucouldfindanalternativewayofexpressingparagraphtwo.,Thesearejustafewthoughtsabouttheabstract.Ithinkabstractsareincrediblyhardthingstowriteandtheyalwaystakemedaysanddaystogetright.Ithinkabstractreaders(selectioncommittees)likepreciseexamplessothattheycanseethegeneraldriftoftheanalysis,ifnottheanalysisitself,andpersonallyIlikeabstractsthatcontainmaterialthatchallengessomesignificantpieceoftheory,thatis,thatdonotjustpresentdescriptionsofthings.Itsnicetohaveagoodargumentsometimes.,4.关键词的选择,社科学术论文中关键词的标引关键词关键词;关键词标引;规范标引TheMarkofKeyWordsinSocialAcademicArticlesKeywordskeywords;themarkofkeywords;criterion马克思劳动价值论争50年(王璐,思想战线,200516),关键词:马克思;劳动；价值观;争论,:经济学怎样成了一门“数学科学”经济思想史的一种简要考察(贾根良、徐尚,南开学报哲社版,200515),关键词:数学形式主义;数学;本位论;实在论,例1：,第二代认知科学与概念范畴关键词：范畴；具身哲学；动态构建；启示Keywords:category;embodiment;dynamicconstrual