B宫东风精讲英语37(2011年12月5日周一)——43(2011年11月29日周二)翻译.doc

宫东风精讲英语37（2011年11月29日周二）宫东风精讲英语38（2011年11月30日周三）请反复阅读并翻译下列文章。Climategate scientists DID collude with government officials to hide research that didnt fit their apocalyptic global warmingMore than 5,000 documents have been leaked online purporting to be the correspondence of climate scientists at the University of East Anglia who were previously accused of massaging evidence of man-made climate change.Following on from the original climategate emails of 2009, the new package appears to show systematic suppression of evidence, and even publication of reports that scientists knew to to be based on flawed approaches.And not only do the emails paint a picture of scientists manipulating data, government employees at the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) are also implicated.One message appeared to show a member of Defra staff telling colleagues working on climate science to give the government a strong message.The emails paint a clear picture of scientists selectively using data, and colluding with politicians to misuse scientific information.Humphrey, said to work at Defra, writes: I cannot overstate the HUGE amount of political interest in the project as a message that the government can give on climate change to help them tell their story.They want their story to be a very strong one and dont want to be made to look foolish.Professor Phil Jones, director of the Climatic Research Unit at the centre of the affair, said the group findings did stand up to scrutiny.Yet one of the newly released emails, written by Prof. Jones - who is working with the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)- said: Any work we have done in the past is done on the back of the research grants we get and has to be well hidden.Ive discussed this with the main funder (U.S. Dept of Energy) in the past and they are happy about not releasing the original station data.In another of his emails, he wrote: Ive been told that Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is above national Freedom of Information Acts.One way to cover yourself and all those working in AR5 would be to delete all emails at the end of the process.Other scientists are clearly against such a policy, but some seemed happy to collude with concealing and destroying evidence.One nervous scientist wrote: The figure you sent is very deceptive.I also think the science is being manipulated to put a political spin on it which for all our sakes might not be too clever in the long run, wrote another.The lead author of one of the reports,Jonathan Overpeck, wrote, The trick may be to decide on the main message and use that to guide whatsincluded and what is left out.A weak performance by Environment Secretary Chris Huhne on Question Time has helped to inflame the row over the second leak of private UEA emails - now described as Climategate 2.0.Former Chancellor Nigel Lawsons Global Warming Policy Foundation warned against ignoring shortcomings in a letter strongly critical of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.It said: The BBC, in determining its policy towards the coverage of global warming, which is of course not simply a scientific issue but an economic and a political issue, too, ought to shred that section of the Jones review and revert to the impartiality laid down in its charter.He was also strongly critical of sections of the media who lent support to the scientists.Andrew Orlwowski, UK science site The Registers science correspondent comments on one email that says, What if climate change turns out to be a natural fluctuation? Theyll kill us allOrlowski says, That wont be necessary.Clive Crook, a commentator for the Atlantic, who described the earlier inquiries into the Climategate emails as ineffectual and mealy mouthed, reportedly said,The closed-mindedness of these supposed men of science, their willingness to go to any lengths to defend a preconceived message, is surprising even to me.The stink of intellectual corruption is overpowering.There is other correspondence from scientists such as Prof Michael Mann, director of the Earth System Science Centre at Penn State University, some of which have a distinct feel of PR spin.The release of the information echoes the Climategate leaks of hacked private emails two years ago ahead of crunch climate talks in Copenhagen that referred to ways to hide the decline in global warming.A series of independent reviews cleared the East Anglia researchers of impropriety, but they were told they had been too secretive.Todays leak may also be timed to disrupt the next session of the UNs Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change next week in South Africa.The emails have been released in the form of quotes carefully chosen to show bias, or that scientists were pursuing a particular agenda in their research.The unnamed individuals who released them chose the 5,000 emails from keyword searches, saying, We could not read every one, but tried to cover the most relevant topics.The emails were posted on a Russian server - Sinwt.ru - as a downloadable ZIP file inan apparent attempt to cause disruption in advance of next weeks climate change conference in Durban.They were rapidly reposted on climate-sceptic blogs such as The Air Vent.It is not clear, though, whether they are new, or indeed whether they indicate any kind of conspiracy.The release of the data was accompanied by a press release in the form of a readme file, which said, Over 2.5 billion people live on less than $2 a day.Poverty is a death sentence. Nations must invest $37 trillion in energy technologies by 2030 to stabilise greenhouse gas emissions at sustainable levels.Todays decisions should be based on all the information we can get, not on hiding the decline, said the file.The identity of the people who posted it was not revealed - although the clear political statement is new.The file also contains more than 200,000 other emails, which are encrypted, and no password is provided.Presumably, this is to protect the individuals involved - or simply because the material is so non-controversial or boring that its not worth releasing.The University of East Anglia has not confirmed whether the material is genuine.None of the material appears to be new, either: it seems to date from the first release in 2009.It also occurs against a rather different scientific background, after theBerkeley Earth Surface Temperaturereview of climate-science data by prominent climate sceptic Richard Muller, which analysed 1.6 billion temperature records, and concluded that global warming was a genuine effect.It is still unclear what effect - or combination of effects - is causing the current warming of the atmosphere, which has risen around one temperature in the past 50 years.Professor Mann, speaking to the Guardian, described the release as truly pathetic.Well, they look like mine but I hardly see anything that appears damning at all, despite them having been taken out of context.I guess they had very little left to work with, having culled in the first round the emails that could most easily be taken out of context to try to make me look bad.A police investigation is ongoing.德班大会前夕再爆“气候门”有人在互联网上发布了5000 封电子邮件，声称这些是英国东英吉利大学气候科学家之间的邮件记录。这些科学家先前曾被指控“篡改”科研证据，突出气候变化的人为因素。作为2009年“气候门”邮件的后续，最新一批邮件似乎显示，一些人曾经有组织地隐藏证据，甚至在明知研究方法存在缺陷的情况下发表了相应的研究报告。此外，这批邮件不仅反映了科学家操纵数据的情况，而且表明英国环境、食品与农村事务部的政府雇员同样卷入其中。有一封邮件似乎显示一名该部门的工作人员要求负责气候科学工作的同事向政府传达出“很有分量的信息”。这些邮件清楚地表明科学家在有选择地使用数据，并与政客合谋滥用科学信息。据称在环境、食品与农村事务部工作的“汉弗莱”在邮件中写道：“你无论怎样夸大这件事所包含的政治利益都不过分。政府可以借此传达出有关气候变化的信息，帮助他们自圆其说。他们希望自己的说法显得有分量，不想让人觉得很白痴。”有些科学家显然对这种政策表示反对，但也有人似乎很乐于串通一气，并隐藏和毁灭证据。之所以选择现在披露这批邮件，可能是为了干扰即将于下周在南非德班召开的气候大会。这些邮件是以节选的方式公开的。发布者精心“挑选”了一些段落，要么是为了表现出一定的倾向性，要么是想证明科学家在研究过程中遵循了特定的计划。没有透露姓名的发布者通过检索关键词的方式挑选了5000封邮件，并声称“我们无法阅读完每一封邮件，但努力涵盖了最具相关性的话题”。这批邮件里还包含了一篇“新闻稿”，其中写道： “超过25亿人每天的开支不超过两美元。贫困就是被判死刑。到2030年，各国必须在能源技术上投入37万亿美元，才能把温室气体排放稳定在可持续的水平。今天的决策应当以我们获取的所有信息为基础，而不应掩盖气温的下降。”发布者的身份并没有公布，不过这份明确的政治声明是个新亮点。压缩包还包含了20多万封其他邮件，但都经过加密，压缩包也没有提供密码。东英吉利大学尚未确认上述材料的真实性。而且，貌似所有材料都不是很新：似乎可以追溯到2009年第一次公布“气候门”邮件的时候。目前警方正对此事展开调查。宫东风精讲英语39（2011年12月1日周四）请反复阅读并翻译下列文章。The Thatcher gene: Scientists discover secret of internal alarm clock that allows some to get by on just four hours sleepA gene that controls how long we sleep has been discovered by scientists explaining why some people have their own internal alarm clock.Scientists identified a gene called ABCC9 that can reduce the length of time we sleep. The same gene has previously been linked to heart disease and diabetes.The discovery could explain why light sleepers, such as Margaret Thatcher, are able to get by on just four hours shut-eye a night.Light sleeper: Margaret Thatcher famously said in her prime she could get by on just four hours sleep a nightThe Europe-wide study saw 4,000 people from seven different EU countries fill out a questionnaire assessing their sleep habits.Scientists then analysed their answers, as well as participants genes. They discovered that people who had two copies of one common variant of ABCC9 slept for significantly shorter periods than people with two copies of another version. Having already established that the ABCC9 gene was also present in fruitflies, the team were able to modify it in the animal and shorten the length of time for which it slept. Study author Dr Karla Allebrandt, from the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich said: Apparently the relationships of sleep duration with other conditions such as heart disease and diabetes can be in part explained by an underlying common molecular mechanism.The ABCC9 gene is evolutionarily ancient, as a similar gene is present in fruitflies. Fruitflies also exhibit sleep-like behaviour.When we blocked the function of the ABCC9 homolog in the fly nervous system, the duration of nocturnal sleep was shortened.Co-author Professor Till Roenneberg added: It is very encouraging for us that ABCC9 also affects the nocturnal sleep period in flies.This tells us that the genetic control of sleep duration may well be based on similar mechanisms in a wide range of highly diverse species.特殊基因决定睡眠时间 科学家发现了一种控制我们睡眠时间的基因，它能够解释为什么有的人会拥有自己特殊的生物钟。 科学家发现，一种名为A BCC9的基因能够缩短我们的睡眠时间。这种基因此前曾被认为与心脏病和糖尿病有关联。 这一发现也许能够解释，为什么像撒切尔夫人这样睡得不沉的人可以每晚只睡4个小时就够了。 在这项覆盖全欧洲的研究中，共有来自7个欧盟国家的4000人填写了一份睡眠习惯调查问卷。 之后，科学家对问卷结果以及调查对象的基因进行了分析。 他们发现，拥有两个同一种变异版本ABCC9基因副本的人与拥有两个另一种版本A BCC9基因副本的人相比，前者的睡眠时间要“短得多”。 在确定果蝇体内也有ABCC9基因后，研究团队得以对其体内的这种基因进行修改并缩短了它们的睡眠时间。 该研究报告作者、来自德国路德维希-马克西米利安大学的卡拉阿勒布兰特博士说：“显然，一种内在的共同分子机制能够在一定程度上解释睡眠时间与心脏病、糖尿病等疾病的关系。” 阿勒布兰特博士说：“ABCC9基因在进化学上很古老，因为果蝇体内也有类似的基因。果蝇也会表现出类似睡眠的行为。当我们阻止果蝇神经系统中类似ABCC9的基因发挥作用时，它们的夜间睡眠时间就变短了。” 报告合著者蒂尔伦内贝格教授说：“这令我们更加确信，ABCC9也会影响果蝇的夜间睡眠时间。这说明，很多迥异物种体内的类似机制很可能是基因控制睡眠时间的基础。” 宫东风精讲英语40（2011年12月2日周五）请反复阅读并翻译下列文章。Astronomers Take a Photograph of the Youngest Supernova Right After Its ExplosionThe University of Valencia and the Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia took part in this research. The results will be published this week in the journalAstronomy & Astrophysics. The telescopes participating in the research were NASAs telescopes at Robledo de Chavela (Madrid) and those of the National Geographic Institute in Yebes (Guadalajara).Barely at 23 million light years from Earth, in the constellation of Llebrers, Galxia El Remol can be the scene of one of the most violent phenomena in the universe, despite its beautiful appearance: the death of a star in the shape of a supernova explosion. Several combined telescopes spread over Spain, Sweden, Germay and Finland, and the data processing by means of a supercomputer in The Netherlands, enable to have the capacity of a telescope measuring thousands of kilometres. Thus, a really clear image has been obtained, with a detail a hundred times greater than that of the space telescope Hubble. This technique, known as radio interferometry, has allowed Ivn Mart and his team to take a photograph of the supernovova SN2011dh just some days after its explosion.This experiment is beating a record: this is the earliest high resolution image of a supernova explosion. From this photograph, we can define the expansion velocity of the shock wave created in the explosion, states Ivn Mart from the Institut Max Planck of Radio Astronomy in Bonn (Germany). The full professor in Astronomy and Astrophysics from the University of Valencia, Jon Marcaid, argues that with this precision, we can look for the previous star on the earlier galaxy photographs, as well as weigh up better our future observations.Supernovas are one of the most spectacular phenomena in the universe. Antxon Alberdi, from the Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia states that if we are lucky, like we were this time, we can obtain really clear and high resolution images of the supernovas, thanks to the VLBI technique (Very Long Baseline Interferometry).The international team that achieved this photograph is already working on new observations. The European VLBI network is a collaboration of radio astronomy institutes around Europe, China and South Africa, and sponsored by the respective national research bodies.天文学家为刚爆发的最年轻超新星拍照天文学家得到了一张前所未有的最年轻超新星的射电天文学照片。今年6月，在涡状星系(M 51星系)中的一颗恒星爆发14天后，欧洲各地的望远镜合作为这场宇宙中的爆炸拍摄了一张非常清晰的照片相当于能看到月球表面的一个高尔夫球。巴伦西亚大学和安达卢西亚天体物理学研究所参与了这一研究。研究结果将刊登在本周的天文和天体物理学周刊上。参与研究的望远镜包括位于罗夫莱多-德查韦拉(马德里)的美国航天局的一些望远镜和位于耶韦斯(瓜达拉哈拉)的西班牙国家地理研究所的一些望远镜。在距离地球将近23 0 0万光年、位于猎犬座的M 51星系中，出现了宇宙中最剧烈的现象之一，虽然这种现象看上去很美：以超新星爆发的形式所展现的恒星之死。分布于西班牙、瑞典、德国和芬兰的数架望远镜联合起来，并利用位于荷兰的一台超级计算机处理的数据，获得了一张非常清晰的图像，其清晰度甚于哈勃太空望远镜100倍。一种被称为射电干涉测量法的技术使伊万马蒂和他的团队在这颗名为SN2011dh的超新星爆发数天后就拍摄了它的照片。这一实验创下了一个纪录。位于德国波恩的马克斯普朗克射电天文学研究所的伊万马蒂说：“这是超新星爆发后最早拍摄的一张高清晰度照片。根据这张照片，我们能够确定爆发导致的冲击波的膨胀速度。”巴伦西亚大学天文学和天体物理学教授乔恩马尔凯德称，“凭借这一精确度，我们能够在以前的星系照片中寻找爆发前的这颗恒星，以及对未来的观测作出更准确的估计”。超新星是宇宙中最令人叹为观止的现象之一。安达卢西亚天体物理学研究所的安特克森阿尔韦迪称：“如果我们运气能像这次这么好，我们就能够获得真正清晰和高清的超新星图像，这要归功于甚长基线干涉测量法。”超新星SN2011dh爆炸两周后，通过欧洲工作组的射电望远镜观测到的银河系与SN2011dh。 宫东风精讲英语41（2011年12月3日周六）宫东风精讲英语42（2011年12月4日周日）请反复阅读并翻译下列文章。Delhi Journal: Who Wants to Be a Bureaucrat?What would you do if you became a millionaire? If sitting through a year of grueling exams is at the top of your to-do list, youve rather surprisingly got company.After his victory this month, Mr. Kumar told journalists he would move to north Delhis Mukherjee Nagar neighborhood and use his winnings to prepare for the Indian Administrative Service exam. The call of Mukherjee Nagar is as strong for Mr. Kumar, it appears, as it is for Indias tens of thousands of aspiring bureaucrats who head there for months of intensive cramming at one of a dozen of mostly hole-in-the-wall tutoring centers.“Money is not everything; power as a bureaucrat is also important for bringing in a positive change,” Mr. Kumar told the Sunday Guardian earlier this month.Its a refrain you hear echoed all over Mukherjee Nagar, the first experience of the capital for future babus from all over India. There are three very good reasons for joining the IAS it seems: Power, power, and, lets not forget, power.Parampreet Singh, who has been teaching here for years and set up his own coaching center, Creations, in the neighborhood last year, said the lure of power is particularly strong in states that he describes as “feudal,” such as Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.“They have seen the importance of power the kind of respect that the powerful enjoy,” he says.The ground around the Batra Cinema complex, where most of these coaching outfits are located, is littered with flyers bearing names like Effort, Evolution, Creations, Success Point and Pinnacle. An institute with the intriguing name of Real Macoy used a giant board to advertise law classes, but proved impossible to find. They may not look like it, but these centers trace their roots to London, to the “crammers” that prepped boys for a year to enter the Indian Civil Service. One of the best-known was Wren & Gurney, founded by Walter Wren.If he does pursue his dream, Mr. Kumar is in for a long haul. This month, students are signing up for a five-month course that runs up to the 2012 spring preliminary exam. The exam includes questions on current affairs, the Indian Constitution, science, mathematics and decision-making.Students that make it through will sit another grueling two weeks of exams in November involving specialty subjects of their choice, such as sociology, geography, economics or botany.All this is followed by a personal interview in the spring of 2013.The lucky thousand or so who get through the interview will finally begin studying at the civil services training institute in the hill town of Mussoorie at the end of 2013.All told, even for those who get through at the first attempt, it takes two years from arriving in Mukherjee Nagar to the start of civil servant training proper. Most are allowed to take the exam at least four times up to the age of 30, while people who fall into special categories such as particular caste or tribal groups can take it as many as seven times up to age 35. If you want it really, really badly, you could find yourself spending a good chunk of your twenties on this endeavor.But all that studying isnt wasted if you dont make it through. Those who fail, teach. Many of the directors and teachers around here have taken the exam several times; some have even made it to the interview stage. They say theres no better preparation for teaching for the IAS exam than having failed it.“Only a failed candidate can teach this because only that person understands the rigor and the pain,” said Jojo Mathews, who teaches the Indian Constitution and political theory to students at a tutoring center called Alternative Learning Systems