会计报表与现金流量 (3)

ChapterOutline,2.1TheBalanceSheet2.2TheIncomeStatement2.3NetWorkingCapital2.4FinancialCashFlow2.5SummaryandConclusions,SourcesofInformation,AnnualreportsWallStreetJournalInternetNYSE()Nasdaq()Text(,2.1TheBalanceSheet,Anaccountantssnapshotofthefirmsaccountingvalueasofaparticulardate.TheBalanceSheetIdentityis:,Whenanalyzingabalancesheet,thefinancialmanagershouldbeawareofthreeconcerns:accountingliquidity,debtversusequity,andvalueversuscost.,TheBalanceSheetoftheU.S.CompositeCorporation,Liabilities(Debt),Assets,20X2,20X1,andStockholdersEquity,20X2,20X1,Currentassets:,CurrentLiabilities:,Cashandequivalents,$140,$107,Accountspayable,$213,$197,Accountsreceivable,294,270,Notespayable,50,53,Inventories,269,280,Accruedexpenses,223,205,Other,58,50,Totalcurrentliabilities,$486,$455,Totalcurrentassets,$761,$707,Long-termliabilities:,Fixedassets:,Deferredtaxes,$117,$104,Property,plant,andequipment,$1,423,$1,274,Long-termdebt,471,458,Lessaccumulateddepreciation,-550,-460,Totallong-termliabilities,$588,$562,Netproperty,plant,andequipment,873,814,Intangibleassetsandother,245,221,Stockholdersequity:,Totalfixedassets,$1,118,$1,035,Preferredstock,$39,$39,Commonstock($1pervalue),55,32,Capitalsurplus,347,327,Accumulatedretainedearnings,390,347,Lesstreasurystock,-26,-20,Totalequity,$805,$725,Totalassets,$1,879,$1,742,Totalliabilitiesandstockholdersequity,$1,879,$1,742,Theassetsarelistedinorderbythelengthoftimeitnormallywouldtakeafirmwithongoingoperationstoconvertthemintocash.Clearly,cashismuchmoreliquidthanproperty,plantandequipment.,BalanceSheetAnalysis,Whenanalyzingabalancesheet,thefinancialmanagershouldbeawareofthreeconcerns:AccountingliquidityDebtversusequityValueversuscost,AccountingLiquidity,Referstotheeaseandquicknesswithwhichassetscanbeconvertedtocash.Currentassetsarethemostliquid.Somefixedassetsareintangible.Themoreliquidafirmsassets,thelesslikelythefirmistoexperienceproblemsmeetingshort-termobligations.Liquidassetsfrequentlyhavelowerratesofreturnthanfixedassets.,DebtversusEquity,Generally,whenafirmborrowsitgivesthebondholdersfirstclaimonthefirmscashflow.Thusshareholdersequityistheresidualdifferencebetweenassetsandliabilities.,ValueversusCost,UnderGAAPauditedfinancialstatementsoffirmsintheU.S.carryassetsatcost.Marketvalueisacompletelydifferentconcept.,2.2TheIncomeStatement,Theincomestatementmeasuresperformanceoveraspecificperiodoftime.Theaccountingdefinitionofincomeis,U.S.C.C.IncomeStatement,(in$millions),20X2,IncomeStatement,U.S.COMPOSITECORPORATION,Totaloperatingrevenues,Costofgoodssold,Selling,general,andadministrativeexpenses,Depreciation,Operatingincome,Otherincome,Earningsbeforeinterestandtaxes,Interestexpense,Pretaxincome,Taxes,Current:$71,Deferred:$13,Netincome,Retainedearnings:$43,Dividends:$43,Theoperationssectionoftheincomestatementreportsthefirmsrevenuesandexpensesfromprincipaloperations,$2,262,-1,655,-327,-90,$190,29,$219,-49,$170,-84,$86,(in$millions),20X2,IncomeStatement,U.S.COMPOSITECORPORATION,Totaloperatingrevenues,$2,262,Costofgoodssold,-1,655,Selling,general,andadministrativeexpenses,-327,Depreciation,-90,Operatingincome,$190,Otherincome,29,Earningsbeforeinterestandtaxes,$219,Interestexpense,-49,Pretaxincome,$170,Taxes,-84,Current:$71,Deferred:$13,Netincome,$86,Retainedearnings:$43,Dividends:$43,Thenon-operatingsectionoftheincomestatementincludesallfinancingcosts,suchasinterestexpense.,U.S.C.C.IncomeStatement,(in$millions),20X2,IncomeStatement,U.S.COMPOSITECORPORATION,Totaloperatingrevenues,Costofgoodssold,Selling,general,andadministrativeexpenses,Depreciation,Operatingincome,Otherincome,Earningsbeforeinterestandtaxes,Interestexpense,Pretaxincome,Taxes,Current:$71,Deferred:$13,Netincome,Retainedearnings:$43,Dividends:$43,Usuallyaseparatesectionreportsasaseparateitemtheamountoftaxesleviedonincome.,$2,262,-1,655,-327,-90,$190,29,$219,-49,$170,-84,$86,U.S.C.C.IncomeStatement,(in$millions),20 x2,IncomeStatement,U.S.COMPOSITECORPORATION,Totaloperatingrevenues,Costofgoodssold,Selling,general,andadministrativeexpenses,Depreciation,Operatingincome,Otherincome,Earningsbeforeinterestandtaxes,Interestexpense,Pretaxincome,Taxes,Current:$71,Deferred:$13,Netincome,Retainedearnings:$43,Dividends:$43,Netincomeisthe“bottomline”.,$2,262,-1,655,-327,-90,$190,29,$219,-49,$170,-84,$86,U.S.C.C.IncomeStatement,IncomeStatementAnalysis,Therearethreethingstokeepinmindwhenanalyzinganincomestatement:GAAPNonCashItemsTimeandCosts,GenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciples,GAAPThematchingprincipalofGAAPdictatesthatrevenuesbematchedwithexpenses.Thus,incomeisreportedwhenitisearned,eventhoughnocashflowmayhaveoccurred,IncomeStatementAnalysis,NonCashItemsDepreciationisthemostapparent.Nofirmeverwritesacheckfor“depreciation”.Anothernoncashitemisdeferredtaxes,whichdoesnotrepresentacashflow.,IncomeStatementAnalysis,TimeandCostsIntheshortrun,certainequipment,resources,andcommitmentsofthefirmarefixed,butthefirmcanvarysuchinputsaslaborandrawmaterials.Inthelongrun,allinputsofproduction(andhencecosts)arevariable.Financialaccountantsdonotdistinguishbetweenvariablecostsandfixedcosts.Instead,accountingcostsusuallyfitintoaclassificationthatdistinguishesproductcostsfromperiodcosts.,2.3NetWorkingCapital,NWCisusuallygrowingwiththefirm.,TheBalanceSheetoftheU.S.C.C.,Liabilities(Debt),Assets,20X2,20X1,andStockholdersEquity,20X2,20X1,Currentassets:,CurrentLiabilities:,Cashandequivalents,$140,$107,Accountspayable,$213,$197,Accountsreceivable,294,270,Notespayable,50,53,Inventories,269,280,Accruedexpenses,223,205,Other,58,50,Totalcurrentliabilities,$486,$455,Totalcurrentassets,$761,$707,Long-termliabilities:,Fixedassets:,Deferredtaxes,$117,$104,Property,plant,andequipment,$1,423,$1,274,Long-termdebt,471,458,Lessaccumulateddepreciation,-550,-460,Totallong-termliabilities,$588,$562,Netproperty,plant,andequipment,873,814,Intangibleassetsandother,245,221,Stockholdersequity:,Totalfixedassets,$1,118,$1,035,Preferredstock,$39,$39,Commonstock($1parvalue),55,32,Capitalsurplus,347,327,Accumulatedretainedearnings,390,347,Lesstreasurystock,-26,-20,Totalequity,$805,$725,Totalassets,$1,879,$1,742,Totalliabilitiesandstockholdersequity,$1,879,$1,742,HereweseeNWCgrowto$275millionin20X2from$252millionin20X1.,Thisincreaseof$23millionisaninvestmentofthefirm.,2.4FinancialCashFlow,Infinance,themostimportantitemthatcanbeextractedfromfinancialstatementsistheactualcashflowofthefirm.Sincethereisnomagicinfinance,itmustbethecasethatthecashfromreceivedfromthefirmsassetsmustequalthecashflowstothefirmscreditorsandstockholders.,FinancialCashFlowoftheU.S.C.C.,CashFlowoftheFirm,Operatingcashflow,$238,(Earningsbeforeinterestandtaxes,plusdepreciationminustaxes),Capitalspending,-173,(Acquisitionsoffixedassets,minussalesoffixedassets),Additionstonetworkingcapital,-23,Total,$42,CashFlowofInvestorsintheFirm,Debt,$36,(Interestplusretirementofdebt,minuslong-termdebtfinancing),Equity,6,(Dividendsplusrepurchaseof,equityminusnewequityfinancing),Total,$42,OperatingCashFlow:EBIT$219Depreciation$90CurrentTaxes($71)OCF$238,FinancialCashFlowoftheU.S.C.C.,(in$millions),20X2,FinancialCashFlow,U.S.COMPOSITECORPORATION,CashFlowoftheFirm,Operatingcashflow,$238,(Earningsbeforeinterestandtaxes,plusdepreciationminustaxes),Capitalspending,-173,(Acquisitionsoffixedassets,minussalesoffixedassets),Additionstonetworkingcapital,-23,Total,$42,CashFlowofInvestorsintheFirm,Debt,$36,(Interestplusretirementofdebt,minuslong-termdebtfinancing),Equity,6,(Dividendsplusrepurchaseof,equityminusnewequityfinancing),Total,$42,CapitalSpendingPurchaseoffixedassets$198Salesoffixedassets(25)CapitalSpending$173,FinancialCashFlowoftheU.S.C.C.,(in$millions),20X2,FinancialCashFlow,U.S.COMPOSITECORPORATION,CashFlowoftheFirm,Operatingcashflow,$238,(Earningsbeforeinterestandtaxes,plusdepreciationminustaxes),Capitalspending,-173,(Acquisitionsoffixedassets,minussalesoffixedassets),Additionstonetworkingcapital,-23,Total,$42,CashFlowofInvestorsintheFirm,Debt,$36,(Interestplusretirementofdebt,minuslong-termdebtfinancing),Equity,6,(Dividendsplusrepurchaseof,equityminusnewequityfinancing),Total,$42,NWCgrewfrom$275millionin20X2from$252millionin20X1.Thisincreaseof$23millionistheadditiontoNWC.,FinancialCashFlowoftheU.S.C.C.,(in$millions),20X2,FinancialCashFlow,U.S.COMPOSITECORPORATION,CashFlowoftheFirm,Operatingcashflow,$238,(Earningsbeforeinterestandtaxes,plusdepreciationminustaxes),Capitalspending,-173,(Acquisitionsoffixedassets,minussalesoffixedassets),Additionstonetworkingcapital,-23,Total,$42,CashFlowofInvestorsintheFirm,Debt,$36,(Interestplusretirementofdebt,minuslong-termdebtfinancing),Equity,6,(Dividendsplusrepurchaseof,equityminusnewequityfinancing),Total,$42,FinancialCashFlowoftheU.S.C.C.,(in$millions),20X2,FinancialCashFlow,U.S.COMPOSITECORPORATION,CashFlowoftheFirm,Operatingcashflow,$238,(Earningsbeforeinterestandtaxes,plusdepreciationminustaxes),Capitalspending,-173,(Acquisitionsoffixedassets,minussalesoffixedassets),Additionstonetworkingcapital,-23,Total,$42,CashFlowofInvestorsintheFirm,Debt,$36,(Interestplusretirementofdebt,minuslong-termdebtfinancing),Equity,6,(Dividendsplusrepurchaseof,equityminusnewequityfinancing),Total,$42,CashFlowtoCreditorsInterest$49Retirementofdebt73Debtservice122Proceedsfromnewdebtsales(86)Total36,FinancialCashFlowoftheU.S.C.C.,(in$millions),20X2,FinancialCashFlow,U.S.COMPOSITECORPORATION,CashFlowoftheFirm,Operatingcashflow,$238,(Earningsbeforeinterestandtaxes,plusdepreciationminustaxes),Capitalspending,-173,(Acquisitionsoffixedassets,minussalesoffixedassets),Additionstonetworkingcapital,-23,Total,$42,CashFlowofInvestorsintheFirm,