（京津鲁琼专用）2020版高考英语专题一阅读理解第二部分第三讲理解主旨要义——主旨大意题教案.docx

第三讲理解主旨要义主旨大意题主旨大意题是阅读理解中难度较大的一类题目，是拉开分数差距的一个重要考查点。因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类：标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。高考全国卷主旨大意题题量统计考纲解读年份卷别201920182017(1)主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。(2)它既考查细节理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力，难度较大。(3)有时从文章的第一个段落，甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义；有时，文章的主旨要义则需从文章的字里行间进行推断。全国卷2(段落大意、最佳标题)2(最佳标题、文章大意)1(最佳标题)全国卷2(文章大意、最佳标题)2(文章大意、最佳标题)2(段落大意、最佳标题)全国卷1(最佳标题)2 (文章大意、最佳标题)2(文章大意、最佳标题)【考查特点】.把握主旨大意题常见的命题方式：(1)What would be the best title for the text？/What is the topic of the text?(2)The main idea/The general idea/The main theme of this passage is _(3)The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on _(4)What is mainly discussed in the text?(5)Whats the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?(6)Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?(7)The passage mainly focuses on _.掌握主旨大意题的考查角度：(1)标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。(2)主题类(内容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意。标题归纳题概括凝练选标题该类题目要求考生在理解文章的基础上， 结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强(不改变原文的意义和感情色彩)；覆盖性强(能概括全文并体现文章的主旨)。常见的设问方式：The best title of the passage is _Which of the following is the best title of the passage?What would be the best title for the passage?The most appropriate title of the passage is _典例(2019全国卷B)For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.“Its no secret that China has always been a source(来源) of inspiration for designers，” says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at AE Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(时尚) shows.Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of Chinainspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics(美学) on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.“China is impossible to overlook，” says Hill. “Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashionthey are central to its movement.” Of course, not only are todays top Western designers being influenced by Chinasome of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese.“Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galliano, Albaz, Marc Jacobsand beating them hands down in design and sales，” adds Hill.For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. “The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers，” she says. “China is no longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about Chinaits influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways.”7What can be a suitable title for the text?AYoung Models Selling Dreams to the WorldBA Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New YorkCDifferences Between Eastern and Western AestheticsDChinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends第一步读文章，概括文意文章以国外视角报道中国文化及中国美学对国际时尚的影响，展现了中国对国际时尚和设计发展的引领作用。第二步析选项，斟酌判断A向世界推销梦想的年轻模特与文章内容不符无中生有，曲解文意B在纽约举办的一次中国艺术展本文提到了在纽约举办的一次中国艺术展，但这不是文章主要表达的内容以偏概全，主次不分C东西方美学的差异本文主要讲述的是中国引领国际时尚和设计发展，C项范围过大主题过大，范围太广D中国美学影响国际时尚的发展趋势此标题全面、精练地概括了文章内容涵盖性强，覆盖全文第三步对比选项，确定答案自主解答：D理解标题的三大特点，巧用三大方法确定文章标题一个好的标题应具备三大特点：1概括准确而又简短。2针对性标题外延正好与文章内容相符。3醒目能引发读者的阅读欲望。因此有必要掌握以下三大方法：1正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。2反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除不符选项。3研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。 文章大意题明确中心定选项主旨大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。常见的设问方式：Whats the main idea/point of the passage?The passage is mainly about _What is the text mainly about?The general/main idea of the passage is about _典例(2018全国卷B)Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million.But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野)But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30，000.Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snowcovered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warning. An avalanche(雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20，000 people who dug for gold, 4，000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and goto see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson Cityits present population is 762.27What is the text mainly about?AThe rise and fall of a city.BThe gold rush in Canada.CJourneys into the wilderness.DTourism in Dawson.第一步读文章，概括文意本文主要介绍了加拿大道森的历史、发展与现状。第二步析选项，斟酌判断A一个城市的兴衰本文主要以道森为例，讲述了城市的兴衰涵盖性强，覆盖全文B加拿大淘金热本文只在第二段提到了淘金热以偏概全，主次不分C荒野之旅本文没提到荒野之旅无中生有，曲解文意D道森的旅游业范围太小，不能涵盖道森的过去以偏概全，主次不分第三步对比选项，确定答案自主解答：A在寻找和归纳一篇文章的主题句时，应做到以下几点：1关注文章的首段和符合主题句特点的句子，留意下文是否对其有解释和支撑作用；2快速通读文章主体部分的每一段，结合每一段的主题句，判断各个段落是否与文章开头和结尾的主题句形成呼应关系；3注意文章的末尾，看此处出现的主题句和文章开头的主题句是否呼应。如果文章的首句语言精练，且在中间被从多角度来说明或论证，又与尾段的句子相呼应，则这个句子是全文的主题句。此处，如果文章中出现了两种及以上的不同观点，则文章最后作者的观点为文章的主要观点。此时要注意表示转折含义的词语如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等，因为这些词语之后的内容往往是作者的观点，也是文章的主旨大意。此外，利用逆向法也可以很快地排除错误选项，选出正确答案。段落大意题分析结构细揣摩每一个文段都要围绕一个特定的主题按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以，段落的结构也有一定的规律性。一般有如下四种结构：1总分式。作者在段落开头概括主题，然后再按照一定的逻辑顺序展开段落；有时候，作者也会在开头先用一个引子导入主题，从而使主题句出现在第二句，但从整体上看，段落仍然是总分式结构。2分总式。除了总分式外，还有很多段落在开头通过举例子或论述层层推进，直到最后才得出段落的主题句，这种结构叫分总式。分总式也是很常见的一种段落结构。3分总分式。一个段落也可以采用分总分的模式，往往在开头讲述一个具体的事例，通过事例得出一个结论，也就是这个段落的主题句，然后继续例证或拓展这个观点所包含的内容。4无主题句式。英语中也有少量的段落并没有主题句，犹如汉语中的散文一样，讲究用一个主题将表面互不相连的一些事例或者表述连接起来。段落虽然没有主题句，但读完整个段落，你仍能发现，这些表面不相连的内容却都指向了同一个主题，这些不明显的主题通过一些关键词或者相似结构表现出来。常见的设问方式：What does the author tell us in paragraph.?The main idea of the second paragraph probably is _The first paragraph is mainly about _Which of the following can best summarize para.1?典例(2019全国卷D片段)Popularity is a wellexplored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables playswellwithothers qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jumpstart interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then theres the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.33What is the second paragraph mainly about?AThe classification of the popular.BThe characteristics of adolescents.CThe importance of interpersonal skills.DThe causes of dishonorable behavior.第一步读文章，概括段意本段介绍了受欢迎的两类人：讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。第二步析选项，斟酌判断A受欢迎人的分类A项是对本段内容的精练总结和概括涵盖性强，覆盖全文B青少年的特征本文没有涉及青少年的特征，纯属无中生有无中生有，曲解文意C交际技能的重要性涉及交际技能，但是以偏概全，不是本段的主题以偏概全，主次不分D不光彩行为的原因涉及不光彩行为，但没有介绍其原因，不是本段的主题以偏概全，主次不分第三步对比选项，确定答案自主解答：A方法1：概括段落大意要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。如该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。方法2：揣摩段落大意有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。(2019全国卷D)Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? Its turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordons students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think theyre close to a solution(解决方案). “We dont give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers，” says Florence Gold, a project manager.“There are no tests，” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other thanAre you working towards your goal？ Basically, its Ive got to produce this product and then, at the end of the year, present it to NASA. Engineers come and really do an inperson review, and.its not a very nice thing at times. Its a hard business review of your product.”Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I dont teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.【解题导语】本文介绍了美国一所中学与NASA合作的联合科研项目，鼓励学生开发创新思维，培养实际生活技能。32What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?AThey are hard to get rid of.BThey lead to air pollution.CThey appear in different forms.DThey damage the instruments.A解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.”可知，细菌很难被清除掉。故选A。33What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?ATo strengthen teacherstudent relationships.BTo sharpen students communication skills.CTo allow students to experience zero gravity.DTo link space technology with school education.D解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.”可知，HUNCH项目的目的是把太空技术和学校教育结合起来。故选D。34What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?ACheck their product.BGuide project designs.CAdjust work schedules.DGrade their homework.A解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Engineers come and really do an inperson review.Its a hard business review of your product.”可知，NASA的工程师们会检查学生们的作品。故选A。35What is the best title for the text?ANASA: The Home of AstronautsBSpace: The Final Homework FrontierCNature: An Outdoor ClassroomDHUNCH: A College Admission ReformB解析：标题归纳题。本文讲述的是美国一所中学与NASA合作的联合科研项目，让学生完成与太空技术有关的任务。B项与此内容密切相关。故选B。找主题句的五个小窍门1段落中出现表转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually, while, on the contrary, in contrast等)时，其后的句子很可能是主题句。2首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是主题句。3作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容可能是主题句。5表示总结或结论的词语常有therefore, in short等。A(2019贵阳高三适应性考试)As parents, we walk a fine line between caring for our children and teaching them how to care for themselves. When theyre little, they need our help with everything. Over time, kids usually take the lead on things like feeding and dressing themselves, but it can be difficult to know when its time for them to start doing some basic things, such as packing their own lunches for school or solving problems with teachers without a parents help.Blogger Amy Carney recently shared a post about the things parents should stop doing for their teens. In it, Carney shared the basic skills that she expects her kids to master by the time they hit 13, such as waking themselves up in the morning, making their own breakfast and lunch, and finishing their own homework.Barb Harvey, a childhood behavior expert, gave me her answer：The age at which children learn to master certain skills will be different depending upon the maturity(成熟) and interest level of the child.I asked the same question among my friends. They gave all kinds of answers, which can explain Harveys opinion.Therefore, theres only one expert who can determine when your kids have the ability to deal with certain skills, and thats you. If your kids arent ready to pack their own lunchesdont sweat it. Help them learn the skills theyre ready to deal with and keep working towards the end goal of raising responsible and able adults. Because if theres one thing that we can all agree on as parents, its that time moves quickly when youre raising kids. One day you will wish they could just do things without you and the next day, you will feel upset that they do.【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了父母和孩子成长的关系。1What is Amy Carneys expectation when her children are 13?ATo be a skillful cook.BTo follow Harveys opinion.CTo be an expert.DTo have basic skills.D解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“In it, Carney shared the basic skills that she expects her kids to master by the time they hit 13, such as waking themselves up in the morning, making their own breakfast and lunch, and finishing their own homework.”可知，Amy Carney期望自己的孩子们在13岁时可以掌握一些基本技能。故选D。2Who can decide when the children will learn to care for themselves?AAmy Carney.BBarb Harvey.CThe children. DThe parents.D解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句“Therefore, theres only one expert who can determine when your kids have the ability to deal with certain skills, and thats you.”可知，孩子们什么时候可以照顾自己取决于父母。故选D。3Why will parents feel upset when their children grow up?ATheir kids can do nothing.BThey feel less important.CTheir children become able adults.DTheir kids disagree on anything.B解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“One day you will wish they could just do things without you and the next day, you will feel upset that they do.”和对第一段的整体理解可推知，当孩子们长大了，真的可以自己做自己的事情时，父母会觉得失落是因为父母觉得孩子们不再需要自己了，自己对他们来讲没有那么重要了。故选B。4What does the text mainly talk about?AWalking a fine line.BBlogger Amy Carney.CParents and their childrens growth.DA childhood behavior expert.C解析：主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句“As parents, we walk a fine line between caring for our children and teaching them how to care for themselves.”点题，并结合对全文的整体理解可知，本文主要讲述的是父母和孩子成长的关系。故选C。长难句分析In it, Carney shared the basic skills that she expects her kids to master by the time they hit 13, such as waking themselves up in the morning, making their own breakfast and lunch, and finishing their own homework.(第二段第二句)分析：本句是一个复合句。句中that she expects her kids to master是that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the basic skills。译文：在这篇文章里，Carney分享了一些她期望她的孩子们到他们13岁时应该掌握的一些基本技能，譬如早上自己醒来，自己做早餐和午餐，自己完成家庭作业。B(2019河北衡水中学高三调研考试)I recently spent a day clearing out my late mothers wardrobe. It has been two years since she died so it was time to move on. There were four wardrobes and two chests of drawers10 black bags full of clothes for charity, and seven large boxes of other pieces that I will wear myself, give to family and friends and sell to raise money for Kidney Research.What struck me as I sorted through the rails was first, what consistent taste my mother hadlots of black, lots of layersand second, how she never threw anything away. She didnt buy clothes excessively, rather accumulated them over a lifetime. And every piece she bought, whether it was from St Michael(a luxury brand), H&M or Helmut Lang(fastfashion brands), she treated as equals. A vintage kimono, a coat she made in the 80s from a Kenzo Vogue dressmaking pattern, the smart black jacket ordered from Asos(an online shop), or the 40yearold oversized Tshirt from Miss Selfridge was all perfectly kept, carefully hung up or folded, buttons all in one piece, not a stitch out of place. She did not differentiate between highstreet bargains and Sunday best. She cherished all her clothes, whatever the price tag.So, when Dr. Mark Sumner, a lecturer in fashion and sustainability at the University of Leeds, told MPs at the environmental audit committees investigation into the sustainability of the factfashion industry that highstreet clothes can be more durable than fastfashion ones, it rang true to me. “Theres no correlation to say that price will give you an indication to say which product will wear out，” he said.Some fast fashion is cheap and nasty and will fall apart after a few washes. The same can be true of designer clothing. It is a misconception that expensive in any way equates to sustainable, or, as Dr.Sumner says, durable(though its worth remembering that cheap clothes often mean labor exploitation). As my mothers wardrobe testifies, if you have a good eye for clothes that are stylish rather than fashionable, choose carefully: look for the bestquality fabrics you can afford, and treat the clothes you buy with the utmost respect, care and love. Your clotheswhatever the price tagwill repay you with years of service.【解题导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者在收拾已故母亲的衣服时，发现母亲的衣服保存得非常好，很耐穿，但这些衣服并不是时尚的衣服，后来作者想要通过Dr. Mark Sumner的话和自己的感悟告诉大家：昂贵的衣服不等于耐穿的衣服。5What do we know about the writers late mother?AShe was only fond of designer c