宏微观经济学HNDMicroandMa.ppt

MicroandMacroTheoryandApplication,FuGuijun,IntroductiontotheUnit,WhataretheOutcomesofthisUnit?1.Explaincostsandthemarketstructurewithinwhichafirmoperates.2.Evaluatetheimpactofunemploymentandinflation.3.Evaluategovernmentuseofrevenueandexpenditure.,ForOutcome1,youwillneedtobeableto,DemonstrateanunderstandingofcostineithertheshortorlongtermAssessthecharacteristics,priceandoutputbehaviouroftwomarketstructuresExplaintworolesofprofitmaximisationAnalysetwoalternativestoprofitmaximisation,ForOutcome2,youwillneedtobeableto,OutlineonetypeofunemploymentorinflationExplainapolicydesignedtodealwithunemploymentorinflationExplaintwoeffectsofunemploymentorinflationonindividualsandbusinessesAnalyseUKtrendsinunemploymentorinflationoverthelast20years.,ForOutcome3,youwillneedtobeableto,ExplaintheaimsoffiscalpolicyExplainfiscalpolicymethodswithintheUKEvaluategovernmentspendinganditseffectsExplainmonetarypolicywithintheUK,Somerules,1.Closeyourphoneoritssoundsplease.2.Presentmustbesure.3.youshouldcompleteeveryoutcomeintime.4.youshouldhappyeveryday!Itsveryimportant!,TopicstobeDiscussed,ThethemesofMicroeconomicsThethemesofMacroeconomicsWhatarethehouseholds?Whatarethefirms?WhatIsaMarket?,微观经济学的基本框架,供求理论,厂商理论,生产理论,成本理论,产品市场理论（交换）,消费者理论（效用论）,不完全竞争市场,完全竞争市场,要素市场理论（分配）,需求方面,供给方面,一般均衡理论,福利经济学,市场失灵和微观经济政策,Microeconomicsdealswith:BehaviorofindividualunitsWhenConsumingHowwechoosewhattobuy,Microeconomicsdealswith:BehaviorofindividualunitsWhenProducingHowwechoosewhattoproduce,Microeconomicsdealswith:Markets:Theinteractionofconsumersandproducers,Macroeconomicsdealswith:Analysisofaggregateissues:EconomicgrowthInflationUnemployment,TheLinkageBetweenMicroandMacro-economicsMicroeconomicsisthefoundationofmacroeconomicanalysis,5.1.1ObjectiveIneconomictheorywelookatthebehaviorofthreegroups.Theyare:HouseholdsFirmsCentralAuthorities,WhataretheHouseholds?,Composedofindividualslivingunderoneroofwhomakeindividualorjointdecisionstopurchasegoodsorservices.,WhataretheFirms?,Economicunitswhichusefactorsofproductiontoproducegoodsorservicesforsaletootherfirms,householdsorcentralauthorities.,Whatarethecentralauthorities?,Localandcentralgovernmentauthoritieswhichexertlegalandpoliticalpower.Theycanexertpowerandcontrolovermarketsandindividualsmakingdecisions.ItisworthyofnotethatthelargestpurchaserofgoodsandservicesintheU.K.istheCentralGovernment.,WhatisaMarket?,MarketsAgeographicallydefinedareawherebuyersandsellersinteracttodeterminethepriceofaproductorasetofproducts.,5.1.2WhatisaMarket?,Marketsvs.IndustriesIndustriesarethesupplysideofthemarket.,DefiningtheMarketThemarketparameters（参数）mustbesetbeforeananalysisofthemarketcantakeplace.,Arbitrage（套利交易）Buyingaproductatalowpriceinonelocationandsellingatahighpriceinanother,Competitivevs.NoncompetitiveMarketsCompetitiveMarketsBecauseofthelargenumberofbuyersandsellers,noindividualbuyerorsellercaninfluencetheprice.Example:Mostagriculturalmarkets,Competitivevs.NoncompetitiveMarketsNoncompetitiveMarketsMarketswhereindividualproducerscaninfluencetheprice.Example:OPEC,1960年，阿拉伯主要产油国家组成了石油输出国组织。石油输出国组织（TheOrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries，OPEC，欧佩克）是典型的卡特尔。卡特尔（Cartel）是生产相似产品的独立企业联合起来以提高价格和限制产量的一种组织。,MarketPriceCompetitivemarketsestablishoneprice.Noncompetitivemarketsmaysetmanypricesforthesameproduct.,MarketDefinitionTheseareentities（实体）thatallowbuyersandsellerstocometogethertobuyandsellgood.,Rememberthebasicpremise,TheLawofSupplyandDemand!Iftherearemoregoodssuppliedthanthereisdemandfor,thepriceofthegoodswillfall.Ifthesupplyisrestrictedanddemandisheavythepricewillrise.,微观经济学的基本假设,第一,市场出清微观经济学的基本假设第二,完全理性第三,完全信息,SupplyandDemand,TheSupplyCurveGraphically,Quantity,Price($perunit),SupplyandDemand,ThecostofrawmaterialsfallsAtP1,produceQ2AtP2,produceQ1SupplycurveshiftsrighttoSMoreproducedatanypriceonSthanonS,P,ChangeinSupply,Q,SupplyandDemand,Supply-AReviewSupplyisdeterminedbynon-pricesupply-determiningvariablesassuchasthecostoflabor,capital,andrawmaterials.Changesinsupplyareshownbyshiftingtheentiresupplycurve.,SupplyandDemand,Supply-AReviewChangesinquantitysuppliedareshownbymovementsalongthesupplycurveandarecausedbyachangeinthepriceoftheproduct.,SupplyandDemand,Price($perunit),P,Q,ChangeinDemand,SupplyandDemand,IncomeIncreasesAtP1,produceQ2AtP2,produceQ1DemandCurveshiftsrightMorepurchasedatanypriceonDthanonD,ShiftsinSupplyandDemand,Demand-AReviewDemandisdeterminedbynon-pricedemand-determiningvariables,suchas,income,priceofrelatedgoods,andtastes.Changesindemandareshownbyshiftingtheentiredemandcurve.Changesinquantitydemandedareshownbymovementsalongthedemandcurve.,TheMarketMechanism,Quantity,Price($perunit),TheMarketMechanism(机制),Characteristicsoftheequilibriumormarketclearingprice:QD=QSNoshortageNoexcesssupplyNopressureonthepricetochange,TheMarketMechanism,Quantity,Price($perunit),TheMarketMechanism,ThemarketpriceisaboveequilibriumThereisexcesssupplyProducerslowerpricesQuantitydemandedincreasesandquantitysupplieddecreasesThemarketcontinuestoadjustuntiltheequilibriumpriceisreached.,ASurplus,TheMarketMechanism,TheMarketMechanism,TheMarketMechanism,Themarketpriceisbelowequilibrium:ThereisashortageProducersraisepricesQuantitydemandeddecreasesandquantitysuppliedincreasesThemarketcontinuestoadjustuntilthenewequilibriumpriceisreached.,Shortage,TheMarketMechanism,MarketMechanismSummary1)Supplyanddemandinteracttodeterminethemarket-clearingprice.2)Whennotinequilibrium,themarketwilladjusttoalleviateashortageorsurplusandreturnthemarkettoequilibrium.3)Marketsmustbecompetitiveforthemechanismtobeefficient.,ChangesInMarketEquilibrium,Equilibriumpricesaredeterminedbytherelativelevelofsupplyanddemand.Supplyanddemandaredeterminedbyparticularvaluesofsupplyanddemanddeterminingvariables.Changesinanyoneorcombinationofthesevariablescancauseachangeintheequilibriumpriceand/orquantity.,RawmaterialpricesfallSshif