CET-4-大学英语四级备考-作文.doc

V作文篇【题型概述】四级考试中作文占试卷总分的15%，旨在考察学生运用英语进行书面表达的能力。要求考生在30分钟内写出一篇不少于120词的短文，做到“内容切题，表达清楚，意义连贯，文理通顺，语言正确”。作文内容涉及日常生活、科技、社会、文化等方面的一般知识，通常由汉语提纲、图表、关键词等形式加以限定。四级作文评分标准：四级作文采用总体评分(Global Scoring)方法，从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判，既考虑作文是否切题和充分表达思想，也考虑语言错误是否造成理解障碍。阅卷人员就总的印象给出分数，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。13-15分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。（几乎全对）10-12分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。（对中有错）7-9分：基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。（对错相当）4-6分：基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差，有较多严重的语言错误。（错中有对）1-3分：条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。（几乎全错）0分：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想。注： 字数不足应酌情扣分。【解题思路】作文是整个考试过程中要求考生首先完成的题目，因此考生须注意把握好答题节奏。考虑到时间紧张，不推荐考生打草稿再誊写的答题方式，建议考生采用以下答题步骤：1) 在1分钟内完成审题，确定文章思路。2) 在头脑里大致拟出文章提纲。3) 下笔成文。此外，考生须注意以下事项：l 审题细致：内容紧扣主题，涵盖提纲要点。l 表达清楚：结构一目了然，句子完整，句子间逻辑明朗、层次清晰。l 语法正确：用词得体、恰当，句法结构正确，避免重大语言错误。l 定位合理：79分只需切题和大致正确；1012分需少犯语法错误，且具备一定的句式变化；1315分需要内容丰富，语言准确，有亮点。l 卷面整洁：字迹清楚，尽量避免错误连笔、草书或涂改。一定使用黑色字迹的钢笔或中性笔书写。【考点剖析】很多时候，真题最能显示命题规律和趋势。回顾历年四级作文真题，其话题侧重考生熟悉的校园热点和社会热点，题型大至可分为以下5类：A、 观点对比型此类作文题目要求学生针对某一事物或现象从正反两面分析其利弊，或通过比较两种不同观点来阐明自己的观点，表明自己对该事物或现象的看法。如：Spring Festival Gala on CCTV (2006年12月CET-4)1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会3. 我的看法Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourism? (2005年12月CET-4)1. 名校校园正成为旅游新热点 2. 校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同 3. 我认为Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? (2000年6月CET-4)1. 很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是2. 也有人持不同意见3. 我的看法和打算Reading Selectively or Extensively (1999年6月CET-4)1有人认为读书要有选择2. 有人认为应当博览群书3. 我的看法B. 问题阐释型 (model test 7,8)该类型作文的基本模式是，提出一种现象，要求对其加以分析、或阐释该现象带来的问题，并提出解决方法。重心通常在对现象的分析这一环节，要求对问题的成因或后果做比较详细的阐释。如：Creating a Green Campus (2009年12月CET-4)1. 建设绿色校园十分重要2. 绿色校园不仅指绿色环境3. 为了建设绿色校园我们应该Free Admission to Museums (2009年6月CET-4) 1. 越来越多的博物馆免费对外开放的目的是什么2. 也会带来一些问题3. 你的看法Limiting the Use of Disposal Bags (2008年12月CET-4)1. 一次性塑料袋曾被广泛地使用2. 造成的问题3. 限制使用的意义What Electives to Choose (2007年12月CET-4)1. 各大学开设了各种各样的选修课2. 学生因为各种原因选择了不同的选修课3. 以你自己为例C图表描写型 (4,9)四级写作要求单纯描写的可能性不大，但完全可能结合说明、议论等多种体裁进行考查。图表描写型作文题目要求学生看懂图表含义，描写图表呈现的内容，分析图表所表现出的问题或规律；最后得出结论或对其趋势做出预测。如：Student Use of Computers (2002年6月CET-4)1. 上图所示为某校大学生平均每周使用计算机的时间：1990年（2 hours）、1995年（4 hours）、2002年（14 hours），请描述其变化；2. 请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；3. 你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。D图片描述型这一类型的作文首先要求考生首先要简短描述图片内容，找出图片中的重点。其实，要求考生能就突出的这一重点发表自己的见解。如model test 2 的作文题：根据要求，可以列出如下Outline：第一段：简短描述图片内容，引出主题：学习基本技能重要第二段：多角度出发，论述为什么要学习基本技能。第三段：再次呼应主题，强调其重要性。E. 分析型（model test 6）这一类考题，要求考生能理解某一观点及其引申出的主题，做出进一步的阐述。其特点通常为on sth. 如6中 On maintaininig trust 翻译成中文为：论建立信任。审题的步骤应该是：为什么要建立信任？因为要维持一段良好的人际关系。也就是建立信任的重要性。如何才能建立信任？这就是本文的主体部分how 要求考生能从多角度出发，论述自己的对于如何建立信任的看法。最后，总结全文，再次突出其重要性。【谋篇布局】写作文，谋篇布局非常重要：怎样提出问题，怎样说明前因后果，怎样承上启下，又怎样下结论，提建议，表达自己的看法。每一种类型的作文都有相对固定的论证方式及句型。这就像画一棵大树。整体的框架句型好比一棵树的大树干和大树枝；段落中用于扩展句子的连接用语，好比大树枝上的小枝条（如举例说明、逐项阐释、描述图表等）；而文章的具体内容就是叶子、花或果实。如果能把握四级作文的基本命脉，熟记几套不同的框架句型，应试时就能花更多心思在内容上，使其丰富、充实，并尽量避免语言错误。尽管添加的叶子可能有枯萎的，花也不很漂亮，但掌握了文章谋篇布局的规律，有了框架句子作底，好比一棵大树的枝干已竖于眼前，写作时就能从被动到主动，把“望而生畏”的作文变成轻松愉快的“填空练习”。基于上述对作文题型的划分，以下分别对每种题型的常用句式予以归纳，并给出了模版示例，供参考：l 观点对比型作文常用句式开篇句型：1) Recently the problem of _ has caused wide public concern. Opinions vary from person to person.2) There is much disagreement / a raging debate / an argument among people concerning / over / as to / on _.3) Nowadays, there is a growing concern over_, while people are divided on the question as to whether4) When asked about _, different people will offer different answers.5) The issue of whether _ has been widely argued / debated currently.6) In recently years, the issue of _ has been brought to public attention, but attitudes towards it differ from person to person.陈述正方观点的句型：1) Obviously, to the general public / to the majority of people, _. 2) Some people argue / suggest / appreciate / maintain that _.3) Some people are inclined to / tend to think that_. 4) Those who advocate / are in favor of_believe that_. 5) There can be no doubt that _ has its advantages / positive effects.6) It goes without saying that this benefits us in many ways / aspects. Firstly, _; secondly, _; lastly, _. 陈述反方观点的句型：1) However, not everyone shares the opinion. Those who criticize / object to / oppose _ deem that _. 2) However/But/Yet/Nevertheless/While other people hold a different point of view. They insist/argue/prefer/claim/believe that _.3) On the contrary / In contrast, there are still many people who do not agree, and they think _is a better choice.4) But while we admit the advantages of _ we can not ignore its disadvantages. For one thing, _; for another, _. 5) Meanwhile, superior as _ is, there exist some side-effects which we should pay close attention to / be aware of.6) However, the negative aspects of _ are also apparent/obvious/evident. To begin with, _. To make matters worse, _. Worst of all, _. 结论句型：1) In my opinion / As for me / From my point of view /As far as I am concerned, both sides are partly right / there is some truth in both sides.2) To me, the former (/latter) opinion is more attractive in that _.3) For my part, I think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.4) Taking into account all these factors, I am in favor of / on the side of_.5) From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably come to / draw the conclusion that _.6) In spite of all the problems, I still hold _ has more advantages than disadvantages.模版示例：For many years, theres growing concern over_,. People hold different ideas from different angles. Even among those _ there is no complete agreement as to whether _.For some, it is _. Others seem to believe that it is _, and stress the influence of _ upon _. They maintain that _.As far as my opinion is concerned, only after we have taken into consideration all aspects of the problem can we make the right decision. If those who argue against _ are correct, the problems they mention cannot be ignored. To find a solution, _ must pay close attention to these problems.l 问题阐释型作文常用句式开篇句型：1) Currently, the problem of _ has aroused/captured/drawn/caught worldwide attention.2) It is undeniable / There is no denying the fact that _ has become the utmost concern among people nowadays.3) In the past decade / few years there has been a growing tendency that _.4) Nowadays, an increasing number of people come to realize the importance of _. 5) In recent years, many cities/nations/people have been faced/troubled with the serious problem of_. 6) _is very commonly seen in our life, and more and more attention has been focused upon the problem of _. 阐释原因或后果的句型：1) It is no easy job to find out the reasons for the problem, which involves several different factors. On the one hand, _. On the other hand, _. Finally, _. 2) A number of factors could account for the change/decrease/increase/success /failure/development in_. First, _. Moreover, _. Last but not least, _. 3) The reasons behind this phenomenon can be listed as follows. For one thing, _. For another, _.4) The most primary reason is that _, and _ is also partly responsible for the problem.5) Clearly, if we are blind to / turn a deaf ear to the problem, the consequences of _would be serious. 6) The immediate result it produces is _, and any person who ignores it would pay a heavy price.结论句型：1) It is high time that we figured out ways to deal with the problem. Here are some measures that might be taken immediately.2) By and large, there is no easy approach to this issue, but _ might be helpful/beneficial/of some help.3) As this problem is very complicated, people can hardly rely on one way to solve it completely. But only when we _can we _. 4) It is hoped that great efforts should be made to control/promote the growth of _. For example, by doing _, we can not only_, but also_. 5) There is no denying that considerable attention must be paid to the shortage /decrease/change/decline of _. 6) All in all, we do not have a perfect solution at present, but as long as we do it with our brains and hands, we will resolve the problem eventually. 模版示例：_ has become a serious problem we have to face. Although it has brought convenience to us, many people have begun to realize that it is the source of trouble as well. The causes for that are complex. Some attribute it to _. Others place the blame on _. Still others complain of _. In my opinion, perhaps the principal reason is that _. However, it seems to me that no quick solution can be at hand to tackle the problem, but the general awareness of the significance of it might be the first step in the right direction towards changing the situation.l 图表描述型常用句式开篇句型：1) As can be seen from / is shown in the chart/picture/diagram /graph/table, _. 2) The purpose of this chart/picture/diagram /graph/table is to show that _.3) From the chart, we can see in the survey/poll, _. 4) The bar chart shows/indicates/displays/reflects/reveals that_.5) It is clear/apparent from the pie chart that_. 6) According to the figures/statistics/data given in the chart, _. 描写数据的句型：1) On the top of / At the bottom of the list is_, which accounts for / takes up 50%.2) _ is ranked first, followed by _ at 20% and _ at 15%.3) The figure reached the highest/lowest point in_. 4) During 2000-2010, there was a sudden/rapid/dramatic/substantial/sharp/considerable rise in the number of _ from _ to _. 5) The ten years from 2000-2010 witnessed/saw a steady growth of _ from _ to _.6) The number/rate of _was about/approximately/almost doubled/tripled, as against / compared with that in 2000. 7) The number of _ increased/rose/fell/dropped/declined/decreased by 15%.8) The number of _ in 2010 was 3 times more than that in 2000. 结论句型：1) From the analysis above, we can conclude that_. 2) From the data we gathered from the above chart, we can reach the conclusion that _. 3) According to the information gathered above, we may come to the conclusion that _. 4) We can draw a conclusion from the above that _. 5) Judging from all evidence offered, we may reasonably/safely arrive at the conclusion that _.6) The analysis we have made confirms/supports the view that _.模版示例：According to the chart, an investigation conducted by _ indicates that _ has reached _ in the past 10 years compared with _ in 2000. Especially in recent 3 years, the number rose dramatically from _ to_. In my opinion, there are at least three reasons for these remarkable changes. To begin with, _. Secondly, _. Lastly _.All these result in _.From the above discussion, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future. The trend in the chart will continue for quite a long time and we can imagine that _. 【错误示例】四级应试作文可以没有什么华丽的词藻，但一定不能有严重的语言错误。作文评分标准注重语言的准确性，某些看似可原谅的错误累积起来也会直接影响最终得分。因此，考生在力所能及的范围内应尽可能地避免语言错误，拿到本该属于自己的分数。下面所选的语料均源于考生们在作文中中常犯的基本语言错误，望大家引以为戒。l 时态错误 I studied English for more than 10 years. 正 Ive been studying English for more than 10 years. 误 When the accident happened, there was almost no other cars on the road, so the driver must be drunk. 正 When the accident happened, there was almost no car on the road at the time, so the driver must have been drunk. 错误解析：随意使用时态，如将过去时与表示一段时间的词连用，或用现在时描述过去发生的事情，使得句意不合逻辑，令人费解。 l 语态错误 She was very angry at not telling the truth when she listened to his account. 正 She was very angry at not being told the truth when she listened to his account. 误 The book has to return at the end of the week.正 The book has to be returned at the end of the week.错误解析：混淆被动语态和主动语态的使用。l 词性错误 Fresh air is benefit to our health. 正 Fresh air is beneficial to our health. 误 The old man was knocked down by a car when he across the street.正 The old man was knocked down by a car when he was crossing the street.错误解析：混淆词性。l 代词错误 So long as you have the Internet access, anyone can receive education wherever he lives in. 正 So long as you have the Internet access, you can receive education wherever you live in.误 If the humans want to leave a good impression on others, wed better follow these rules.正 If the humans want to leave a good impression on others, theyd better follow these rules.错误解析：代词指代不明或随意转换。 l 介词错误 Despite of advanced years, he is learning to drive.正 Despite advanced years, he is learning to drive.误 In the other hand, science and technology can also bring about some disasters.改 On the other hand, science and technology can also bring about some disasters.错误解析：介词或介词短语的搭配错误。l 比较级错误 With the advancement of science and technology, I believe that we will become more and more happier.改 With the advancement of science and technology, I believe that we will become happier and happier.误 China is larger that any country in Asia.改 China is larger than any other countries in Asia.错误解析：重复使用比较级，或将主语含在比较对象中。 l 从句错误 If anyone wants to go back to ancient times, which had no electricity, cloth and room, almost everyone would say he is crazy.正 If anyone wants to go back to ancient times, in which there was no electricity, cloth or room, almost everyone would say he is crazy.误 Its the major thing affects peoples friendship.正 Its the major thing that affects peoples friendship.错误解析：关系代（副）词漏用或误用。l 赘述句误 For the people who are diligent, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need. 正 Diligent people use money only to buy what they need.误 We had a serious crisis at school yesterday when our chemistry laboratory caught fire.误 We had a crisis at school yesterday when our chemistry laboratory caught fire.错误解析：表达不简洁，语意冗长累赘。l 悬垂句误 To do well in college, good marks are essential.正 To do well in college, a student needs good marks.误 To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase.正 To get ready for the trip, she put all the things she needed into a suitcase.错误解析：句首短语和后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。l 连动句误 There are some people think one should never hesitate to say no.正 There are some people who think that one should never hesitate to say no.误 The most import reason is they lost their stuff chose to keep silent. 正 The most import reason is that those who lost their stuff chose to keep silent. 错误解析：简单句中连续使用两个或以上的谓语动词，如there be句型后直接跟动词原形。 l 破碎句误 They object to changing job frequently. Because frequent job-hopping will go nowhere.正 They object to changing job frequently, because frequent job-hopping will go nowhere.误 But clone is also a two-edge sword, if uses improperly will be destructive to human being.正 But clone is also a double-edged sword, which might be destructive to human being if used improperly.错误解析：句子缺乏主语或谓语，如用because引导独立句子等。l 流水句误 With the development of economy, the cost of a car is lowering down in recent years, many families could afford a private car.正 With the development of economy, the cost of a car is lowering down in recent years so that many families could afford a private car. 误 There are many books poisonous to our mind, we should not read them.正 There are many books poisonous to our mind. We should not read them.错误解析：两个或以上的独立句子用逗号相连。l 汉式句误 The main reasons for this car crash have two points.正 There are two main reasons for this car crash. 误 It made me can not forget my grandmother.正 It made me unable to forget my grandmother.误 At college, we should learn as much knowledge as possible so that we can be well prepared for our future career.正 At college, we should acquire as much knowledge as possible so that we can be well prepared for our future career.误 Left alone in the jungle at night, she felt very dangerous.正 Left alone in the jungle at night, she felt t that she was in great danger.错误解析：受汉语表达习惯影响而出现的不规范英语或不符合英语文化习惯的英语。过关练习A. 观点对比型1. Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Should Universities Lower Admission Requirements for Celebrities? You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1) 近年来很多大学降低标准招收名人学生2) 人们对此现象看法不一3) 你的观点【参考范文】Should Universities Lower Admission Requirements for Celebrities? Nowadays, there are more and more universities lowering admission requirements for celebrities. Many celebrities, especially sports stars, have been admitted to renowned universities even without an entrance examination. This phenomenon has aroused widespread controversy.Some people think it acceptable. They say that these celebrities deserve this privilege because they have proved their abilities in their field and set a good model for other young people. However, still other people object to it. They insist that its simply not fair. Also, if a person who has not enough academic