初中高中定语从句.doc

学生定语从句详细讲解一、英语中的定语从句与汉语中的定语位置不同。在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。英语中的定语从句始终要放在被修饰的词之后，而汉语中的定语则放在被修饰词之前。如：The man who / that I saw at the school gate yesterday is my English teacher.先行词 定语从句2.只用that，不用which的情况。（1）前有序数词修饰时。如：This is the tenth gift that I received for my birthday.这是我收到的第十个生日礼物。（2）前有形容词最高级修饰时。如：That is the most exciting game that I have ever watched.那是我曾经看过最令人兴奋的比赛。（3）先行词是all, little, few, something, anything, everything等不定代词时。如：All that he told me is true. 他告诉我的一切是真实的。（4）先行词被the only修饰时。如：The only thing that I can get is a pen. 我唯一能得到的东西就是一支钢笔。（5）先行词既指人，又指物时。如：We talked about the people and the things that we were interested in.我们谈论了我们感兴趣的人和事。3. 只用which，不用that的情况。（1）定语从句是物时，定语从句由“介词+关系代词which”引导。如： The thing about which the teacher is talking is very important. 老师正在谈论的那件事非常重要。（2）先行词本身是that, those时，如：Whats that which is flying in the sky? 在天空中飞的那是什么？总之，我们作为初中英语教师要把初中英语中的定语从句讲解清楚，帮助学生理解课文和阅读理解中的定语从句，帮助学生用定语从句进行正确的书面表达，为以后更进一步的学习定语从句打下坚实的基础。高中英语定语从句用法讲解（1）一、概述在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词，用作定语的从句叫做定语从句(attributive clause)。被定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词(antecedent)。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词who、whom、whose、which、that和关系副词when、where、why等。二、关系代词和关系副词的功用能关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词可作定语从句的一个成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语；关系副词可作状语。5、关系代词that和which的区别（1）相同点这两个关系代词引导定语从句时，都可以指物；在从句中都可作主语或宾语；作宾语时都可省略。The train that ( which ) has just left is for Shanghai.刚开的那列火车是去上海的。(作主语)The film that(which) we saw last night is wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的电影好极了。(作宾语，可省略)（2）用that，不用which的情况当先行词是不定代词或被它们修饰时。all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little等不定代词时（something之后也可用which）。To get the job started, all that I need is your permission.要开始工作，我所需要的是你的许可。Is there anything that I can do for you?有什么要我做的事吗?He answered few questions that the teacher asked.他几乎没有回答老师的那些问题。当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store. 这是这家书店售出的最有趣的书之一。The first thing that should be done is to get some food.该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。当先行词有the very，the only，the same等修饰时。Thats the only thing that we can do now.目前我们只能这样了。Those are the very words that he used.那就是他的原话。当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时。They were talking about the persons and things that they saw in the factory. 他们在谈论在工厂里看到的人和事。They talked for about half an hour of things and persons that they remembered in the school.他们聊起他们所能记得起的学校里的人和事来，聊了约半个钟头。当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。China is not the country that it was.中国已经不是过去的中国了。当要避免与疑问词which重复时。高中英语定语从句用法讲解Which is the car that was made in Beijing?哪辆车是北京制造的?当先行词为the way, the time, the period等时，关系代词常用that，但通常被省略。I dont like the way(that)you speak to her.我不喜欢你对她说话的方式。（3）用which，不用that的情况引导非限制性定语从句。Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球，它是一项有趣的运动。Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubt very much.卡罗尔说这项工作将在十月前做，对此我个人表示怀疑。Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which ,of course, made the others unhappy.桃乐茜总是吹嘘她在戏剧中的角色，这当然使别人不高兴。直接放在介词后作宾语时。Language is the most important tool without which people cant communicate with each other.语言是最重要的工具，没有它，人们便无法交流。巧记that和which的区别：that，which可互换，下列请况勿照办；that情况比较多，不妨对你说一说；不定代词这路货，全用that准没错；先行词前被限制，千万不要用which；要用which别着急，介词提前逗隔离。6、关系代词who与that的区别（1）当先行词是he、people、those等时，引导词常用who。He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉。Those who are for me, put up your hands.同意我的人请举手。Ill never forget the people who have helped me.我将永远不会忘记那些帮助过我的人。（2）当引导词作定语从句的表语时常用that。She isnt the little girl that she used to be.她再也不是过去的那个小姑娘了。He is the man that I asked for help yesterday.他就是我昨天求助的人。7、as的用法（1）as引导限制性定语从句通常构成such.as或the same.as固定搭配，as在从句中可作主语、表语或宾语。I should like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那种工具。(作宾语)Many of the sports were the same as they are now.过去的许多运动项目同现在的一样。(作表语)Dont read such books as are not worth reading. Read such books as you can understand.不要读那些不值得读的书，只去读那些你能读懂的书就可以了。He lent me as much money as he had.她把所有的钱借给了我。Repeat this as often as is necessary.根据需要反复这样做。(作主语)（2）suchthat与suchas“suchthat”表示“如此以致”的意思，用来引导一个结果状语从句；而“suchas”表“像这样的”的意思，用来引导定语从句，as在从句中充当主、宾或表语等。高中英语定语从句用法讲解He is such an honest man that we respect him.他是一个如此诚实的人以至于我们都尊敬他。He is such an honest man as we respect.他像我煤泥烘干机们所尊敬的这种诚实的人。（3）the samethat与the same as“the samethat”表同一人或物，而“the sameas”表同种类的东西。试比较下列两个句子：This is the same book that I lost.这就是我丢失那本书。（指同一本书）This is the same book as I lost.这本书跟我丢失那本书一模一样。（并不是原来的那一本）（4）as 引导非限制性定语从句as作关系代词，还可用来引导非限制性定语从句，可以用来代替一个句子或单词，as引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。The moon, as is known to everybody, travels round the earth once every month. As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.The moon travels round the earth once every month, as is known to everybody. 众所周知，月球一月绕地球一周土工格栅。8、but 的用法but既可指人，又可指物，常在定语从句中充当主语。but 本身含“否定”的意思，其作用相当于“that/which/whonot”。它前面的主句必须有“否定”的词(如no, not, little, few, hardly等)。but引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连用，通过双重否定达到强烈肯定的效果。There is no mother but loves her own children.(=There is no mother that/who doesnt love her children.)没有不爱自己子女的母亲。There were few people but were hurt.(= There were few people who/that were not hurt.)几乎没有人不受伤。四、关系副词英语中的关系副词有where，when，why等。五、“介词关系代词”用法注意： 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 这是我正在找的手表。 This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正) 那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误）若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。 The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) 你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误)“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如： He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。（四）关系副词引导的定语从句注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况1当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等不定代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如：Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？ There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。There is little that I can do for you. 我不能为你干什么。He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：Any man that / who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing. 任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。2当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。3当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。4当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。如：This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。5当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？6当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的 毛驴。（二）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时， 其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如： He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实， 这一点我们看得出来。2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是发展中国家。 He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知， 约翰是个著名作家。Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I dont believe. 张华已去过巴黎十多次了，这一点我不相信。注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 这些桌子是金属的，这使得这些桌子很重。1. 当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。 如：Ive never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。 He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。 注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。(三) 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。如：The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。I dont like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你冲她的样子。（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择（五）but 有时也用作关系词引导定语从句。如：There are very few but admire his talents. 很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。（but = who dont）（六）定语从句与同位语从句的区别1定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. （定语从句） 刚刚起飞的那架飞机是开往巴黎的。The fact that he has already died is quite clear. （同位语从句） 他已经去世了，这个事实很明了。2定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that 引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。The news that he told me is true. （定语从句） 他告诉我的消息是真的。The news that he has just died is true. （同位语从句） 他刚刚去世了，这个消息是真的。The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. (定语从句) 我们现在面临的问题是如何筹集这么多资金。3同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子, 而定语从句则不能。如：A. The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. （同位语从句）我们可以向老师请教，这个主意不错。The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. （同位语从句） 地球围绕太阳转，这个事实人人皆知。The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. （同位语从句） 请注意如何保护野生动物这个问题。The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.Exercises:1.There are three bedrooms in the house,_ is Marys.A the smallest of which B the smaller of whichC the smallest of them D the smallest one2.The Greens will move into the new house next Monday,_ it will be completelyfinished.A by the time B by which time C by that time D by this time3.Alice has a large collection of phone,_ was taken in london.A none of them B no one of which C all of which D none of which4.With the fast development of agriculture, the people _ village I taughtbefore lived a happy life.A who B whose C in whose D in which5.There is a moutain _ the top is always covered with snow.A whose B of which C its D that6.She may have missed her train, in _ case she wont arrive for another hour.A what B that C which D this7.1)I have three children,and two of _ are doctors.2)I have three children, two of _ are doctors.8.There two thousand students in our school,_ are girls.A two-thirds in which B two-thirds in them C two-thirds of them D of whom twothirds9.I have bought two ballpens,_ writes well.A neither of them B none of them C neither of which D none of which特殊结构定语从句点击1. These houses are sold at such a low price _ people expected.A. like B. as C. that D. which2. Ive never heard so interesting a story _ you told me.A. as B. that C. of which D. about which3. Ive seen the same film _ you saw yesterday.A. that B. which C. as D. like4. Ill buy the same coat _ you wear.A. that B. which C. as D. like5. He made another wonderful discovery, _ of great importance to science.A. which I think isB. which I think it isC. which I think itD. I think is6. _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once everymonth.A. It B. As C. That D. What7. This is the first time _ he has been here.A. that B. when C. at which D. which8. I dont like _ you speak to her.A. the way B. they way in that C. the way which D. the way of which定语从句1This is the best factory _we visited last year .A. where B. which C. in which D. that2.Is this the factory _computers are built ?A. that B. which C. in which D. in that3.please pass me the dictionary _cover is red .A. whose B.its C. which D. which of4.The man _has arrived .A. whom I told you B. that I told youC. whom I told you about him D. I told you about5. Do you know the comrade _we are talking ?A. to whom B. to who C. whom D. to that6. They visited the house _the great writer was born .A. from where B. in which C. which D. in where7. The comrade _is speaking at the meeting is my teacher .A. whom B. which C. who D. whose8. He asked us to watch carefully everything _he did in class .A. who B. that C. what D. where9. Ill visit the professor tomorrow ,_he will be back from Shanghai .A. who B. that C. when D. which10.The school _I study is a new one .A. on which B. at where C. on that D. at which11. China has many islands,_the largest is Taiwan .A. in which B. at which C. which D. of which12. The city _my mother grew up is not far from here .第19 / 21页A. what B. where C. that D. which13. Our teacher lives in the house _door faces to the north .A. which B. his C. that D. whose14. Do you know the man _your father nodded ?A. whom B. to whom C. to who D. about whom15.Wrestling is a sport in _people easily get hurt .A. that B. when C. which D. what16. I told you _I know .A. all that B. all which C. all what D. all whom17.China has a lot of famous writers ,one _is Lu Xun .A. of which B. of whom C. of who D. of them18. Is this factory _we visited last year ?A. in which B. around that C. whom D. the one19. Who is the man _was there ?A. who B. which C. that D. whom20. Is there anything _I can do for you, sir ?A. that B. which C. whose D. who21. I still remember the day _she first wore that green dress .A. which B. in which C. on that D. on which22. The knife _we used to cut the bread is very sharp .A. with which B. with it C. with that D. which23. The games _the young men competed in were difficult .A. in which B. which C. it D. who24.It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.A. that B. which C. as D. it25. George Mallory was an English school teacher _ loved climbing.A. who B. whom C. he D. which历届高考英语单项选择题定语从句精选26.His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _ family was poor.A.of whom B.whom C.of whose D.whose27.She heard a terrible noise, _ brought her heart into her mouth.A.it B.which C.this D.that28.In the dark street , t