专八人文知识总结

1 / 59 专八人文知识总结 今天下午 4点刚回到北京，回到家看到很多同学发来关于专8 的邮件，在这几天我会与大家交流人文，听力和改错的技巧。下周一北京的同学可以来听我专八考前终极技巧以及串讲课，外地的同学可以留意校内。每年 10 分的人文知识，很多同学没法取得高分，其实文学是最容易拿分的， 10分至少取得 6 分以上才有希望通过，下面是我在部分高校教专八的部分文学和语言学的讲义，请同学们必须全背下来 。 1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens. 2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学 ; 在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学 , 音系学 3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成2 / 59 分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科 4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学 5. acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如， NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但 VOA是 Initialism。 6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power. 换喻或转喻，一种 ,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美 =或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个 “ 红领巾 ” 也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。 7. Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as 3 / 59 food to life (Shakespeare).明喻 , 一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由 like 或 as 引导的短语中，如 “ 我的离开好象是冬天来临 ” 或 “ 你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要 ” 8. Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the worlds a stage(Shakespeare) 隐喻一种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示它们之间的相似之处，如 “ 忧愁之海 ” 或 “ 整个世界一台戏 ”( 莎士比亚 ) the ship of desert 沙漠之舟 9. Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist. 矛盾修饰法 , 一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在 震耳欲聋的沉默和悲伤的乐观 cruel kindness 10. The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben. 4 / 59 11. John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve s expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost. Paradise Regained was also written by him. 12. Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes. 十四行诗体 , 一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式，通常有一种传统的押韵形 式 , 莎士比亚用过此诗体。 13. Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect. 俚语主要出现在非正式的、游戏性的话语中的一种语言，基本由存在时间很短的派生词和修辞构成 ，它们被故意地用来取代标准的词语以达到生动、幽默、无礼或其它效果 14. Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as a slogan for a group or 5 / 59 movement. 警句，妙句，吸引人的词句广泛使用的或流行的用语，尤指用作集团或运动的口号的用语。 15. Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group. 行话 , 一个行业、职业或类似的团体中使用的专业的或技术的语言 . terminology 16. Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant. 陈腔滥调 , 陈腐的或平庸的评论或陈述，尤指某人表述它时好象它是新颖的或有意义的 17. Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton. 夸张法 ,一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在我能睡一年或这书有一吨重 18. onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. 象声词 , 词6 / 59 的构成或用法，例如 buzz 或 nurmur 模仿事物或行动的声音 . 19. hypotaxis: 从属关系 20. parataxis: 并列结构，指 短语或分句间不用连词， 如： I came, I saw, I conquered. 21. Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. 超验主义 , 一种文学和哲学运动，与拉尔夫 ?沃尔多 ?爱默生和玛格丽特 ?富勒有关，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握 22. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter. 美国 23. Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including 7 / 59 inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.词法，词态学，形态音位学 , 语言或某一语言中对于单词的结构和形式的研究，包括词尾变化、派生和合成词的构成 24. affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant 辅音 followed by a fricative 摩擦 ; for example, the initial sounds of child and joy. 塞擦音由闭塞音伴随着摩擦音而形成的复杂的语音；例如 child和 joy 的第一个音 Also called: affricative. 25. Vanity Fair 名利场 was written William Makepeace Thackray 26. Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon. Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins 尼尔阿姆斯特朗、埃德温奥尔德林、迈克尔柯林斯 27. The title of the national anthem 国歌 of Canada is O Canada. 此种类型题同学们可自己多找几个国家。 28. Henry David Thoreau s work, Walden, has always 8 / 59 been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism. 29. etymology: the history of a word. 词源学 30. The dominant accent in the United States is General American. 除纽约市 、南方、新英格兰 31. John Lennon is a member of the band of Beatles 披头士或甲壳虫乐队 in the 1960s. 32. In Gulliver s Travels格列佛游记 , Jonathan Swift describes the island of the Houyhnhnms as the worlds most perfect society. 有理智和人性的马 Houyhnhnms are horses in fact. 33. Ceoffrey Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales in fourteenth century. 34. morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller 9 / 59 meaningful parts. 词素 , 一种含有一个单词的有意义的语言单位，如 -ed在单词 walked中，不能被划分为更 小的有意义单位 35. The name of the famous stadium 露天体育场 in the north of London is Wembley. 36. Wimbledon 温布尔登 英国英格兰东南部城市 (位于伦敦附近 , 是著名的国际网球比赛地 ) 37. Toad in the hole is a Traditional English recipe食谱 , originating from Yorkshire, a county in the north of England. 烤面拖牛肉，面拖烤香肠 38. Boycott: To act together in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with as an expression of protest or disfavor or as a means of coercion. 联合抵制 , 联合起来拒绝使用、购买或经销以示抗议、不满或作为强制的手段 39. Segregation: The policy and practice of imposing the social separation of races, as in schools, housing, and industry, especially so as to practice 10 / 59 discrimination against people of color in a predominantly white society. 种族隔离 , 强制实行种族的社会分离政策及实践，如在学校、居住和工业中，尤指在白人居多的社会中实行有色人种歧视的政策 40. Apartheid: An official policy of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of South Africa, involving political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites. 种族隔离制 , 南非共和国实行的一种官方的种族隔离政策， 包括在政治、法律和经济诸方面对非白色人种的歧视 . 41. Integration: The bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization; desegregation. 种族或宗教融 合 , 在社会或组织中，使不同的种族或宗教派别的人处于无限制的平等的关系中；取消种族隔离 42. The majority of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec. 11 / 59 43. Sir Thomas More coined the word “Utopia”, it means nowhere land in Greek. 44. The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible spirit. 45. Phoneme: any one of the set of smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language that distinguish one word from another 音位，音素 , 语言中最小的语音单位，如英语里 mat中的 m 和 bat中的 b 46. polysemy: 一词多义 47. patron saint：保护圣徒 , 守护神 48. Parentese: 父母语 49. back formation: 逆构词 脱落一词的词缀以构成新词 typewriter typewrite 50. allomorph: Any of the variant forms of a morpheme. For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and 12 / 59 z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme. 语素变体 , 语素的一种变体形式，如语音学的中之 s 在 cats中， z在 dogs中，和 iz在 horses 中，还有 en 在 oxen 中都是英语复数语素的语素变体 . Part 1 英语国家概况 第一章 英国 第一节 概述 1 英国四部分首都 英格兰 (England)首都 London， 苏格兰首都 爱丁堡， 威尔士首都 加的夫 北爱尔兰首都 贝尔法斯特 13 / 59 2 英格兰占地面积为整个岛屿的 60% 3 南面的的英吉利海峡与东面的的北海将英国与欧洲其他部分隔开。 4 爱尔兰的官方语言是 Irish，第二语言是 English 5 Scotland 位于北部 6 主要作物是大麦和小麦 7 最佳农业区是英格兰的东南部 8 70%的劳动力集中在服务业 9 农民仅占人口 2%，管理 70%的土地。 10 运输业，家庭取暖系统，食品供应很大程度上依赖于 石油 11 在 19世纪造船业中世界领先 14 / 59 12 England 的人口最多 第二节 地理 1 本尼维斯山是英国最高的山 2 斯克菲尔峰是英格兰最高峰 3 塞文河是英国最长的河 4 泰晤士河是英国第二大河和最重要的河流 5 内伊湖是英国最大的湖，位于北爱尔兰 6 英吉利海峡是分隔 England 和 France 的狭窄海道，连接大西洋 与北海 7 英国是海洋性 气候，由于受墨西哥湾流的影响， 比同纬度其他地方温度高，温和适中，冬天温和，夏天凉爽，15 / 59 天气多变， 有时会在一天经历四季变化。 第三节 历史 1 伊比利亚人是英国最早的居民 2 罗马两次入侵英国，第一次由朱利尤斯 凯撒 (Julius Caesar)领导，第二次由克劳迪斯大 帝领导。 3 5th century，日尔曼部落，盎格鲁人，撒克逊人 , 朱特人入侵英格兰，他们发明了庄园制，罗马帝国陷落。 4 1066，诺曼底公爵威廉渡海征服英格兰。建立封建制度，并在 英国建立一个强大的君主政体。 16 / 59 5 大宪章召集了大议会， 后来发展成为上议院和下议院 7 1337-1453 英法百年战争，英国战败，大大减少 了英国人口。 8 1455-1485 玫瑰战争，以红玫瑰为象征的的兰开斯特大家族 和以白玫瑰为象征的约克家族，战争本 质是王权争夺 玫瑰战争最后一场战役中，亨利 都铎 9 1642-1651 英国内战是英王查尔斯与议会 之间的战争，最终以查尔斯失败告终。 1948年 第二次内战，查尔斯于 1649 年被处死，克伦威尔建立英伦三 17 / 59 岛共和国，成为英格兰共和国护公 10 克伦威尔儿子理查德继位， 1660 年，国会让 King Charles II继位，被 称为王朝复辟夺取王位，被称为光荣革命 ,威廉和玛丽登上王位，签署了权利法案，君主立宪制 开始了。 安娜于 1707 年签署联合法，将英格兰和苏格兰统一。 12 1780-1830 工业革命， 1830，英国成为世界工厂 13 1836-1848 宪章运动，目的是给议会施压以接受人民宪 章，是第一次全国范围的工人阶级运动，占世界人 口和面积的 25%。 18 / 59 15 一战期间，英国损失 100万人口，经济社会 均受影响。 16 二战期间损失 1/4财富，遭受前所未有的经济危机，加速了大英帝国 瓦解 17 英国文艺复习始于 1485 年 18 18 世纪晚期，英国占领了加拿大，澳大利亚和新西兰的大部分人烟稀少的地区。 第四节 政治 1 英国政体是 君主立宪政体，现任英国女王是伊丽莎白二 世 2 行政权归政府，立法权 归政府和国会，伦敦警察署直接接受内政大臣管辖 19 / 59 3 是世界上仅有的两个没有成文宪法的国家之一 4 英国议会由女王，上议院，下议 院组成 5 上议院成员 是世俗议员和神职议员 6 下议院 651 名成员由选举产生，选举至少五年一次，拥有最终立法权 7 首相由君主，内阁成员要么是国会成员，要么是上议院的贵族 9 自 1920s，英国是多党制，最大的两党是保守党 -现领袖是 David Cameron 和工党。 10 英国第三大党是自由民主党。 11 英联邦建于 1931年，取代了大英帝国，由 53个独立国家组成，大多数是大英帝国前殖民地 . 20 / 59 12 英国是君主立宪制国家，国家首领是 king or queen。 13 英国地方政府的消费的 25%。 第五节 教育 1 政府对教育付主要责任，地方教育局为公立学校 提供资金，实行 5-16岁的义务教育制度 2 学校分为两类，公立学校和私立学校 3 England 和 Wales，基础教育从 5 岁开始， Northern Ireland，从 4岁开始。 4 学生在 11 岁时接受中学教育或文法中学 -由 11 岁优选制选拔学生 5 准备上大学的学生在中学之后继续接受两年教育，然 后参加 A-level考试，大学招生很大程度上取决于 A-Level考试的成绩 6 不准备上大学的学生可接受职业培训 21 / 59 7 大学教育主要资金来源于政府，学生通常三年之后可拿到学士学位 8 英国著名大学包括，牛津格拉斯哥大学爱丁堡大学阿伯丁大学 第六节 社会 1 NHS 为每一个公民提供全面的医疗保险服务。 2 个人社会服务主要援助老年人，残疾人，学习能力欠缺和智力障碍的人 .儿童以及遇到特殊困难的家庭 . 3 社会保险 (social Security），近 1/3的政府开支用于社会保险。 4 英国是个宗教自由是最主要的 宗教。 5 英格兰国教是基督教，国王是英格兰国教的最高管理者坎布雷大主教，英格兰国教有两大辖区，坎布雷克和约克 6 苏格兰教会，由牧师和长老管理，国王是苏格兰教会的22 / 59 一员。 7 自由教，包括新教和卫理公会教在英国各地各有教会，所以没有单一的等级限制被认为是所有运动中最英式的运动。 2 足球是英国和欧洲最热门的运动 3 橄榄球在威尔士的某些地方，橄榄球比英式足球于 19th后期发源于英格兰。 5 高尔夫始于苏格兰 6 BBC 成立于 1926 年， 1936年成为世界第一家正规的电视台 7 英国四个电视频道 BBC1， BBC2， ITV， channel 4 8 泰晤士报 9 观察家报，使得它成为世界上最早的全国性报纸 10 英国报纸主要分为两类，日报和星期日报，旁观者，新政治家 23 / 59 12 圣诞节是最盛大的基督教节日，庆祝耶稣的诞生 13 复活节是盛大的基督教的节日，庆祝耶稣的复活，孩子们会收到由巧克力制成的复活节彩蛋，是春分月圆后的第一个星期日。 14 对苏格兰人来说， New years day 比christmas 要更重要 15 篝火之夜 /盖伊 .福克斯之夜是苏格兰节日， 17 威尔士诗人大会，威尔士拥有最悠久和最丰富的文化，每年的八月举办威尔士诗人大会。 18 苏格兰人每年都要庆祝他们深爱的诗人罗伯特，彭斯的生日。 第二章 美国概况 第一节 概述 1 美国绰号山姆大叔，由北美大陆上的 48个洲以及阿拉斯加和夏威夷群岛组成， 24 / 59 3 美国人口世界第三 4 新英格兰是美 国的发源地，美国独立战争，哈佛麻省理工大学都坐落于此。 5 美国中部濒邻大西洋各州，华盛顿和纽约坐落于此。 6 美国中西部地区是美国农业和重工业中心，芝加哥是工商业中心，底特律是汽车之都。 7 美国南部有丰富的矿产资源 8 科罗拉多市被称作西部钢城 9 黄石国家公园，落基山国家公园和冰川国家公园 10 太平洋沿岸诸州包括华盛顿，俄勒冈以及加利福尼亚三个洲，其中洛杉矶是最大的商业都市，旧金山是加利福尼亚州的第二大城市 11 夏威夷首都是火奴鲁鲁，热带湿润气候， 专八人文知识复习总结 25 / 59 美国概况 1. The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is the Mississippi River.(密西西比河也是美国最长最为重要的河流，被美国人 “ 众河之父 ”Father of Waters) 2. Non-Hispanic white is the largest racial group in the whole population of A. 3. Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is African Americans. 2000 年前美国黑人是美国人数最多的少数民族， 2000 年后 Hispanics/Latinos也就是拉丁裔的美国人成为美国人数最多 的少数民族。 4. America has the world s oldest written constitution and political party. 5. As to roles of American president, which is NOT precisely defined in the U. S. Constitution? 26 / 59 A. He is the head of the state B. He is the chief executive of the U. S. C. He is the commander in chief of the armed forces D. He is the head of his political party 6. The economic problems caused by the depression in 1929 were eventually solved by the New Deal. (proposed by F. D. Roosevelt) 7. The New England region s cultural character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit. 8. California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America. 9. Which of the following is NOT America s newspaper? A. Wall Street Journal B. USA today 27 / 59 C. Guardian (英国卫报 ) D. The Milwaukee Journal 10. ABC, CBS, NBC, PBS, CNN, MTV, HBO 等都是美国主要的新闻与有线电视网络 (News and Cable Networks) 11. To the west of mainland America lies the Pacific Ocean. 美国大陆东部则是大西洋。 12. Detroit, a U. S. city bordering Lake Erie, is famous for its automobile industry. 13. New York City is the largest city and the chief port of the United States. 14. Washington D. C. is named after both George Washington and Christopher Columbus. 15. The U. S. Congress has the power to make these laws except of _. 28 / 59 A. defense B. citizenship and naturalization C. marriage D. the regulation of foreign trade 16. The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was Abraham Lincoln. 17. Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area is Rhode Island. 18. The national flag of the United States is known as the Star-Spangled Banner. 19. The number of the Representatives from each American state depends on the population. 20. The statue of liberty was given to American people by France as a gift in 1884. 21. Franklin D. Roosevelt s presidential term is the longest. (12 years) 22. American Civil War broke out in 1861 and finished 29 / 59 in 1865. 23. Thomas Jefferson prepared the draft of the Declaration of Independence. 24. In 31 October Halloween is celebrated. 25. The US was rated fourth in the world in terms of land area. 26. The seats in the Senate are allocated to different states equally. (two for each state) 27. Hollywood, the center of American movie industry, is closest to Los Angeles. 28. The first Puritans came to America on the ship May Flower. 英国概况 1. Which of the following does not belong to the 30 / 59 Island of Great Britain? A. England B. Scotland C. Ireland D. Wales 2. Modern football game began in England. 3. In Britain education is compulsory for children between(来自 : 海达 范文 网 :专八人文知识总结 ) the ages of 5 to 16. 4. The longest river in Britain is the Severn River. 5. The general election in Britain is held every five years. 6. “God Save the Queen” is the national anthem of Britain. 7. In 1588 the English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada and established the supremacy over the sea. 8. Big Ben is a famous clock in London. 31 / 59 9. In 1066 William the Conqueror led the Norman army in invading and defeating England. 10. The Times is the British oldest daily newspaper. 11. The Industrial Revolution started in the Great Britain. 12. Margaret Thatcher is the first female Prime Minister in the history of Great Britain. 13. The capital of Wales is Cardiff. 14. There are two major national parties in Britain: the Conservative party and the Labor party. 15. The new agency Reuterswas founded in London. 16. The Anglo-Saxons were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England. 32 / 59 17. Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. 18. The British Parliament consists of three elements: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. 加拿大概况 1. Maples are always used to symbolize Canada. 2. Canada was originally one colony of England. 3. The official languages of Canada are English and French. 4. The largest city in Canada is Toronto. 5. Canada was rated second in the world in terms of land area. 澳大利亚概况 33 / 59 1. Australia, as the world s smallest continent and largest island, has a small population in relation to its size. 2. The national day of Australia is January 26, the date of the first European settlement of the continent in January 26, 1788. 3. The capital of Australia is Canberra. 4. The largest city in Australia is Sidney. 新西兰概况 1. The largest city in New Zealand is Auckland. 2. The Maoriare the indigenous people of New Zealand, and have a rich and varied culture. 3. James Cook claimed that Australia and New Zealand belonged to Britain in 1770. 34 / 59 美国文学 1. Captain John Smith usually was regarded as the first American writer. 2. “God help those who help themselves” is a citation from the work of Benjamin Franklin. 3. As a philosophical and literary movement, Transcendentalism flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War. 4. The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. 5. The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism is Ralph Waldo Emerson. 6. The American Scholar written by Emerson was regarded as “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”. 35 / 59 7. Emily Dickinson: famous female poet in the 19th century America 8. Captain, My Captain by Walt Whitman was written for Abraham Lincoln. 9. Washington Irving was the first man of letters from the US to win an international reputation. 10. Mark Twain: Local Colorism; famous novels: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 11. Theodore Dreiser: naturalism; famous novels: Sister Carrie, An American Tragedy 12. Jack London: Martin Eden (autobiographical); The Call of the Wild etc. 13. Ezra Pound: famous American poet in the 20th century, leader of the Imagist movement 36 / 59 14. Robert Lee Frost: famous American poet in the 20th century; famous poems: Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, The Road Not Taken, Mending Wall 15. Ernest Hemingway: spokesman of Lost Generation; famous novels: The Old Man and the Sea, A Farewell to Arms 16. F. Scott Fitzgerald: spokesman of the Jazz Age; famous novel: The Great Gatsby 17. William Faulkner: foremost southern writer of the 20th century; famous novel: The Sound and the Fury 18. Eugene O Neil: leading playwright of the modern period in American literature 英国文学 1. Beowulf: national epi