大学英语专业毕业论文.doc

哈尔滨剑桥学院毕 业 论 文论文题目：探究威尼斯商人中夏洛克的人物性格特征 学 生： * 指导教师： * 讲师 专 业： 英语 班 级： 2008级英语本科一班 201*年5月Heilongjiang University Cambridge CollegeGraduation Thesis Title Analysis of Sherlocks Personality in Merchant of Venice Student Supervisor Specialty English Class June 4, 201*哈尔滨剑桥学院毕 业 论 文 任 务 书题目名称:Analysis of Sherlocks Personality in Merchant of Venice 探究威尼斯商人中夏洛克的人物性格特征立题意义: 1. 针对莎士比亚威尼斯商人中文章主旨的分析 2. 深入剖析莎士比亚文学作品，从性格角度剖析莎士比亚作品的人物形象特 征 3. 通过剧中男主人公所表现的资本主义和个人主义的象征技术条件与要求:1 调查语篇。利用多种途径查阅威尼斯商人的相关资料，如互联网、图书馆等。2 分析文献。根据导师的指导，从查阅到的大量资料中筛选精品来重点分析。3 在初稿的拟定以及多次修改当中深化对莎士比亚作品的理解。4 通过导师的指导和一系列的分析得出人文主义和女权主义的影响，进而提出一些解决对策，并通过答辩来检验工作的成果。工作计划： 第一步：查找资料，确定论文选题为浅谈威尼斯商人中鲍西亚的性格特征。 第二步：完成关于论文资料的收集，取得威尼斯商人的相关资料。 第三步：根据掌握的资料，进行系统地分析、整理， 第四步：阅读与论文相关的书刊，深入针对威尼斯商人中鲍西亚形象加以分析。 第五步：组织、整理相关资料，准备论文撰写。 第六步：完成论文写作提纲。 第七步：根据论文提纲，开始论文写作，形成初稿。 第八步：根据导师提出的论文修改意见，不断对论文进行修改、完善，并完成论文写作。 第九步：论文定稿、打印、装订、准备答辩。 第十步：毕业论文答辩。任务内容（包括内容、计划、时间安排、完成工作量与水平具体要求）内容： 通过在互联网上搜集各种与本文相关的信息和去图书馆查找关于小说威尼斯商人的各种资料，独立仔细的分析这些资料，得出自己的观点，进一步提高对该小说的理解，最终完成初稿的拟定和终稿的写作。计划： 第一步：使用多种方式寻找所需资料，如利用互联网信息、图书馆等，最终确定论文选题。第二步：完成关于论文的研究，查找相关各种资料，通过导师的指导，从已得到的多种资料中进行筛选重点来剖析。第三步：根据掌握的研究资料，进行仔细地分析、整理，找到问题切入点。第四步：阅读与论文相关的书籍与期刊，从客观的角度加以分析。第五步：组织、整理所查找资料，准备开始论文撰写。第六步：完成论文大纲。第七步：按照论文大纲进行写作，形成初稿。第八步：根据导师所提出的各种修改意见，完成论文写作。第九步：论文定稿、打印、装订、准备答辩。第十步：进行毕业论文答辩。时间安排：1. 2011年11月25日12月4日为选题阶段，在导师指导下确定论文题目。2. 2011年12月5日12月25日搜集、查阅、整理相关资料，拟定论文大纲。3. 2011年12月26日03月11日撰写初稿并由导师审阅。4. 2012年03月12日04月8日修改初稿并由导师审定。5. 2012年04月9日04月15日第二次修改论文，导师审定。6. 2012年04月16日04月29日论文定稿。7. 2012年05月7日05月20日论文评阅小组评审论文（设计）8. 2012年05月26日毕业论文答辩。完成工作量：2011年11月末至12月初完成论文选题和开题报告，2012年4月初完成初稿的拟定，4月至5月进行多次修改，论文定稿，5月26日答辩。水平要求：可以很好的完成对论文资料的查阅，并能独立进行分析，完成论文写作工作。专业负责人意见签名：年 月 日哈尔滨剑桥学院毕 业 论 文 审 阅 评 语一、指导教师评语 是否同意答辩： 同意答辩 不同意答辩 指导教师（签名） 职 称 年 月 日 二、评阅人评语 是否同意答辩： 同意答辩 不同意答辩 评阅教师（签名） 职 称 年 月 日 哈尔滨剑桥学院毕 业 论 文 答 辩 评 语 及 成 绩三、答辩委员会评语四、毕业论文成绩 签 字（盖章）：五、答辩委员会主任单位： 答辩委员会主任职称： 答辩委员会主任签字： 年 月 日哈尔滨剑桥学院毕业论文摘 要威尼斯商人是莎士比亚最著名的喜剧之一。夏洛克成为英国文学史上不朽的人物之一。成功的性格塑造和许多人物性格的分析都引起了许多读者和学者的兴趣和争议。在这其中，夏洛克的性格是最具争议的一个。许多人鄙视夏洛克成为一个自私，不虔诚的，顽固的并且嗜血的人。然而，审视莎士比亚时期犹太人的观点，另一个人物浮出水面。本论文将简单介绍威尼斯商人以及它的宗教背，并且从三个不通方面分析了夏洛克的性格，那就是：夏洛克曾经因为反犹太主义而被奴役，他作为一个贪财的高利贷者和基督教的受害者有着独立的精神的个体。关键词：威尼斯商人；夏洛克,高利贷者；反犹太主义AbstractThe Merchant of Venice is one of the greatest comedies written by William Shakespeare. Shylock has become one of the immortal characters in English literature. The successful characterization and analysis of many characters has aroused much interest and controversy for many readers and scholars. Among them, the character of Shylock is a most controversial one. Many people despise Shylock to be a man who is selfish, impious, stubborn, and bloodthirsty. However, after examine the view of Jews during Shakespeares time; another personality comes to the surface. This papers talks briefly about The Merchant of Venice and its religious background, then analyses Shylocks complex personalities from three different perspectives as a Jew who was enslaved to anti-Semitism, as a usurer who are greedy for money and as a victim of Christian and individual having independent spirit.Keywords：The Merchant of Venice;Shylock;usurer;anti-SemitismiiContents摘 要iAbstractii1 Brief introduction11.1 Introduction to Shakespeare11.2 Brief introduction to The Merchant of Venice12 The tragic character of Shylock32.1 The image of shylock32.2 Shylocks realistic life and his spiritual world33 Shylocks complex personality73.1 Shylock is a Jew73.1.1 Shylock is the epitome of the Jew73.1.2 Two views towards anti-Semitism.73.2 Shylock as a usurer and a villain93.2.1 Usury as Jews only occupation93.2.2 Shylocks greedy desire for money93.3 Shylock as a victim and independent Indi dual13Conclusion15References16Acknowledgement17iii哈尔滨剑桥学院毕业论文1 Brief introduction1.1 Introduction to ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare (15641616) is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets the world has ever know. With his 38 plays, 154sonnets and 2 long poems, he has established his giant position in world literature. He has also been given the highest praises by various scholars and critics the world over. In the past four hundred years, books and essays on Shakespeare and his works have kept coming out in large quantities. Ben Jonson once wrote a person once a poem eulogizing Shakespeare as being “not of age, but for all time”.Shakespeares greatness as a playwright and the success of his plays on the stage from Elizabethan England up to the presentday world chiefly depend upon his penetrating exposition of human nature, his lively paintings of human life and his truthful reflections of human reality. His works provide us with a vivid and authentic panorama of his age. All this, for lofty ideal of humanism and his painstaking efforts in mastering various techniques. He is not only a master of English language but also a genius of character portrayal and plot construction.1.2 Brief introduction to The Merchant of VeniceLong time ago, a man called Antonio lived in Venice. He was a merchant; he has many traded with distant countries. And he was a good man as well as a rich one. His best friend Bassano, who fell in love with a beautiful and rich lady called Portia, was not a wealthy man. So he didnt ask Portia to marry him. At last, he asked Antonio to lend him some money, so that he could visit Portia at Belmont. It happened that time all Antonios shops were at sea, and he wouldnt have money to lend Bassano until the ships returned. So they decided to go to a moneylender.Now, an old Jew named Shylock lived in Venice. The Jews in those days were the moneylenders of Venice. Shylock was one of the greediest Jews in Venice. And Antonio hated him for his wicked ways. Shylock also hated Antonio for the reason that Antonio often insulted Jews and Shylock himself was anxious to revenge the results. He was delighted when he heard the Antonio had promised to pay back the loan, so he made a wicked plan. He asked Antonio to sign a bond promising that he might cut off a pound of flesh from Antonios body if the money was not paid. Bassano didnt, like it, but Antonio said,” You need have no fear. My ships will come back a month before the day.” So Bassano unwillingly took the money, and sailed away to Belmont.In fact, Portia loved Bassano too. So they arranged to get married. However, their happiness was soon disturbed by a bad news: Antonios six ships, full of riches, had all been wrecked at sea, which also meant Antonio lost all his money. Shylock was extremely happy after he heard the news and he went to cut off a pound of flesh from Antonios body. When he began sharpening the long knife he had brought with him, a lawyer entered. Portia was the lawyer, but no one knew recognized her. Finally, Portia was so clever that she saved Antonios life.2 The tragic character of Shylock2.1 The image of shylock Shylockthe Jewish moneylender, is one of the most interesting and one of the most Controversial of Shakespeare character. Shylock is given the most passionate, most memorable speeches and actions in the play, and his character is etched in bold strokes across its entire surface, leaving an indelible human being as well as an outrageous villain and comic butt, and has become all things to all men. Some readers view Shylock as a proud and a passionate man who has long stored up in his heart the humiliation suffered at the hands of the hostile Christian world and are now ready for revenge. Shylock is the villain of the piece; there is no doubt about that. He hates Antonio for hindering his business and for treating him with terrible contempt in public, and we must not doubt that from the very beginning Shylock had hoped to get his revenge on Antonio by arranging the fleshbond.Jessicas elopement and theft of his money and jewels increase Shylocks resentment against the Christian world, so that, although he might have had second thoughts about executing his revenge, they no longer trouble him after Jessicas elopement. Having found him victimized by Antonio, Shylock wants as well as he gets. Symbolizing the stern justice of Old Testament law, Shylock is a passionate man thirsting for revenge and the ridiculous figure of stereotyped Jewish obstinacy, hatred. Usually comic, he is at times grotesque, and at times even touching “Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew lands”(Shakespeare795). He is a villain of perseverance and restless energy, who is, nevertheless, foiled by good Christians in the end.2.2 Shylocks realistic life and his spiritual worldWe all know that the Jews in Bible were Gods chosen people, but in the end they betrayed the God. So the Jews obeyed The Old Testament, but the Christians obeyed The New Testament, because of which their beliefs were much different from each other. During the entire Middle Age, the Jewish people were alternately protected and persecuted by the temporal powers of what ever land they inhabited. It had been established by the church long before that Christians were not to lend the money at interests, for to do so world be a violation of The New Testament concept of charity. So more and more Jews became tradesman and financiers. Although they were generally abused because of their religious differences, Jews were also frequently tolerated and invited into a country to stabilize its shaky financial structure. Often the binge became the heir of every Jew and took over his estate upon death. Consequently, moneylenders were forced to charge high interstates, which increased as the Kings demands grew. Thus the Jews became the buffer for the Kings extortion and the symbols of the hatred usurer. Religious persecution was often added to the economic pressures on the Jews in England. The Christians often treated the Jews with terrible contempt in public for religious reason, which brought about much hatred of the later.Now, lets watch part of the play again. In Act 1 Scene 3, when Antonio asks Shylock whether or not he will lend the money to him, Shylock says that Antonio has long ill treated him in public.“In the Rialto, you have rated me about my money and my nuisanceYou called me misbeliever, cut throat dog, and spit upon my Jewish gabardine, and all for use of that which is mine own”.” What should I say to you? Should I not say Hath dog money? Is it possible a cur can lend three thousand ducats?” Shylock said. We can not deny that a person being so badly treated does deserve our sympathy. In public, Antonio has humiliated him for no reason, but his personal belief. Shylock has suppressed all his grievances all the time until this opportunity of life has come. He pours out all the injustice he has encountered and is determined to revenge with most vicious plot.Lancelot Gobo, the servant of Shylock, is planning to run away from Shylock to Bassano, in Act 2 Scene 3, because he thinks that Shylock is a devil, which makes Shylock sad later. Before Gobo leaves, Jessica, the only daughter of Shylock says to him” Our houses is hell and thou a merry devil” and agrees with his plan to escape. Later Lancelot leaves and Jessica left alone wanders what“heinous sin” it is. She is ashamed to be his fathers daughter and is ready to elope with Lorenzo to be far away from Shylock with a lot of her fathers jewels. Thinking that she is the only daughter of Shylock by blood, we can see how heartbroken he should be! There is nothing more sympathetic than losing the love of his only relative and the faith of his servant of many years. The repudiation to her father or his master is really because Jessica or Gobo dont understand the poor old man. Everyone in Venice hates Shylock named him villain in his essence because he is a Jew and he is greedy moneylender. But Jessica and Lancelot dont realize this point and they think he is a villain in his essence. So when the juncture comes, they all go away. Therefore we can easily realize that Shylock is a victim of historical period when we stand by him.In Act 4 Scene 1, after Shylocks cruel plot has failed, the Duke heartily approves Antonios proposal that he must convert to Christianity and he must make Lorenzo his legal heir. Shylock seems to be treated with Christian mercy, which shows their charity, but to a greedy moneylender, he was taken away not only half of his money but also his own national religion. It has the same result as taking away his life and depriving him of his belief. What a cruel punishment it is! Perhaps noting is more cruelly than forcing one to be far away from his own national religion to his enemies. Now Shylock has nothing, no his daughter, no his servant, no his money, no his religion as he said“And no satisfaction, no revenge! Nor no ill luck stirring but what lights my shoulder, no signs but my breathing, no tears but my shedding.”It is more sympathetic to be ended in that way. Shylock is not only deprived of his fortune but also his right to have his own belief. What a heavy blow it is to a man of that age! Material possessions are something that a man can have or have not, but spiritual belief is almost inseparable, especially in those days.In Act 3 Scene 1, in a long and passionate speech, Shylock declares that the will use the flesh” to bait fish withal” if nothing else. It will feed his revenge, for Antonio has disgraced him, hindered his business, laughed his losses, mocked at his gains, scorned his nation, thwarted his bargains, cooled his friend, and heated his enemies.“And whats his reason? I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not Jew hands organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions? Fed with the same food, hurt with the same means, warned and cooled by the same winter and summer as a Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? And if you wrong me, shall we not revenge? If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble you in that.”This is one of the most interesting speeches in the play and one of the most important problematical. Some of the modern historical critics support the view that the Jew is essentially no different from anyone else. Many Elizabethans believed as Lancelot and salvation do, that the Jew was the devil imamate. Everything that Shylock says in his famous explanation of his motives elicited the scorn of the Renaissance Christian, who believed that hatred and revenge were inherent Jewish traits. In the flesh, Jew and Christian may be very much alike. In the spirit, in their way and manners, they are entirely different. This is the very point that Shylock misses.3 Shylocks complex personalityShylock was a complicated personality, as a Jew, a merchant, a man, a father. Then, he had multidimensional characters: hateful but woeful, man-eating but helpless, rich but selfish. So he was paradoxical. He was keen to be respected by people, but wont respect others. He wished to change Jews social status, but loose religious power. He dreamed of having a happy family, but lost his family. He looked forward to bright future, but lost the light. He was twisted by struggle form different religions. He was persecuted by the basis of race and religions。3.1 Shylock is a Jew3.1.1 Shylock is the epitome of the JewShylock in The Merchant of Venice was the epitomes of the Jew, so we can recognize the Jew by Shylock, and we have known what about the Jews life, characters and destiny. From The Merchant of Venice, we can see that Shakespeare knew the plight of the Jewish people and therefore created accurate background for Shylock.Through examination of the cultural period in which Shakespeare lived, the way that the Christians treat Shylock and the presence of a feeling of victimization, I will explain how Shakespeares intent was not Anti Semitic. The time, in which the existed did not permit him to have a Jewish character as a hero, so Shakespeare challenges the Jewish serotype through blurring the line between villain and victim with his creation of Shylock.3.1.2 Two views towards anti-Semitism.There are two opposite positions concerning the relationship between anti-Semitic and Shakespeares intention of depicting Shylock, namely, Romantic view and Historical view. According to the research of J.L.Cardozo in The Conternporary Jew in Elizabethan Drama, Shakespeare did not know any Jews personally and he was not actively engaged in anti-Semitic crusade. He was simply following a centuries old stereotype of the Jewish people as in Marlows The Jew of Malta.Taken the Jews is being persecuted as a background; Shylock is definitely one of them. From Act I Scene iii, Shylock appealingly reveals to us how he, as a Jew, has been wronged. “You call me misbeliever, cut throat dog, and spit upon my Jewish gabardine.” After his pitiful complain about his social status, he presents us his seemingly plausible logic;” Have not a Jew eyes? Have not a Jew hands, organ