西方现代主流思想：“精英统治”理论代表人物简介.ppt

,ThomasMalthus(1766-1834),ThomasMalthuswaseducatedathome,until1784hegotadmissionfromUniversityofCambridgeJesusCollege.In1791hereceivedamastersdegree,andinthetwoyearsafterhewaselectedtotheJesusacademy.In1797hewasordainedasanAnglicanpriestinthevillage.In1805hebecamethefirstprofessorofpoliticaleconomyattheEastIndiaCompanycollege.,ThePrincipleofPopulation,Malthussthoughtwastoalargeextentonhisfatherandfriends(suchasRousseau)optimisticthoughtreactionary.SomeofhisarticlesistheresponsetoCondorcet.,On“ThePrincipleofPopulation”,Malthusmadeafamousprophecy:populationgrowthbeyondthefoodsupplypercapita,leadstoreducedfood.Demographictheoryis:ifthereisnolimit,populationisanexponentialrate(i.e.:2,4,8,16,32,64128)growth,andfoodsupplyislinearrate(i.e.:1,2,3,4,5,6,7)growth,Malthushasbecomewidelyknownforhistheoriesaboutpopulationanditsincreaseordecreaseinresponsetovariousfactors.ThesixeditionsohisAnEssayonthePrincipleofPopulation,publishedfrom1798to1826,observedthatsoonerorlaterpopulationgetscheckedbyfamineanddisease.,Malthusregardedidealsoffutureimprovementinthelotofhumanitywithskepticism,consideringthatthroughouthistoryasegmentofeveryhumanpopulationseemedrelegatedtopoverty.,Malthussbasicthesisisthetrendthatthepopulationgrowthoverthefoodsupplygrowth.,AnEssayonthePrincipleofPopulation,Malthusarguedthattwotypesofchecksholdpopulationwithinresourcelimits:positivechecks,whichraisethedeathrate(includehunger,diseaseandwar).preventivechecks,whichlowerthebirthrate.(abortion,birthcontrol,prostitution,postponementofmarriageandcelibacy).,“Ihavecalledthisprinciple,bywhicheachslightvariation,ifuseful,ispreserved,bythetermNaturalSelection.”CharlesDarwinwasbornonFebruary12,1809inShrewsbury,England.DarwinwastheBritishnaturalistwhobecamefamousforhistheoriesofevolutionandnaturalselection.Darwinbelievedallthelifeonearthevolved(developedgradually)overmillionsofyearsfromafewcommonancestors.,CharlesDarwin,Darwinsethistheoriesforthinhisbookcalled,OntheOriginofSpeciesbyMeansofNaturalSelection.AfterpublicationofOriginofSpecies,Darwincontinuedtowriteonbotany,geology,andzoologyuntilhisdeathin1882.,Darwinsworkhadatremendousimpactonreligiousthought.Darwinwasareserved,through,hardworkingscholarwhoconcernedhimselfwiththefeelingsandemotionsnotonlyofhisfamily,butfriendsandpeersaswell.IthasbeensupposedthatDarwinrenouncedevolutiononhisdeathbed.,GermanphilosopherPoetComposerCulturalcriticClassicalphilologist1844-1868:youth&studentyear1869-1879:yearsinBasel1880-1888:yearsofwandering1889-1900:yearsofinsane,FriedrichNietzsche(1844-1900),ProfessoratBasel(1869-1879),professorofclassicalNodoctorateandteachingcertificate,Hisphilosophy,arich,brilliant,ambitiouspersonCountlesspeoplewithpooremotionalfeeling,disabledboby,shortsightedTheconventionalthoughtsuppressesthevalueoflifeTheGoddied,weshouldfightagainsttheChristianObjecttotheoldthoughtTheweaker(mercy,compassion,pardon,equality),Nietzsche,MarxandFreud,thegreatestimpactthinkeronthespirituallifeofthe20thcentury.ThusSpakeZarathustraisNietzschesblockbustermasterpiece,butalsothereadersunderstandNietzscheaestheticsandintroductorybookofphilosophy.,Nietzscheclaimingthatthisisabookwrittenforboththeanalysisandt