Introduction-to-psychology-cha-7.doc

Ch7 - Learning & ConditioningMultiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1.Learning can be defined asa.a change in behavior.b.an observable change in behavior resulting from experiences in the environment.c.a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience.d.the relatively permanent acquisition of information through study.ANSWER:CPOINTS:0 / 1 2.In _, an organism to ignore a stimulus that has become familiar.a.habituationc.operant conditioningb.classical plex learningANSWER:APOINTS:0 / 1 3.The smoke alarm occasionally goes off when you are cooking. The first time this happens your dog whines and becomes frightened. Each succeeding time the alarm sounds, the dog gets more frightened. The dog is showing what basic kind of learning?a.disassociativec.sensitizationb.associatived.habituationANSWER:CPOINTS:0 / 1 4.In complex learninga.classical conditioning occurs.b.operant conditioning occurs.c.habituation always is apparent.d.something must be formed in addition to simple associations.ANSWER:DPOINTS:0 / 1 5.Ivan Pavlov is important in psychology because hea.discovered the principles of classical conditioning.b.discovered the principles of operant conditioning.c.was the first to understand the implications of classical conditioning for drug tolerance.d.won a Nobel prize for his work in animal digestion.ANSWER:APOINTS:0 / 1 6.An unconditioned stimulus is one duces no automatic response from the learner before conditioning takes place.b.is produced by an unconditioned response.c.an organism will respond to automatically before conditioning takes duces a conditioned response after conditioning has taken place.ANSWER:CPOINTS:0 / 1 7.How does an unconditioned stimulus differ from a conditioned stimulus?a.The animal cannot perceive the unconditioned stimulus until it has been transduced into a different type of energy.b.The response to an unconditioned stimulus must be taught, while the response to a conditioned stimulus is innate.c.The response to a conditioned stimulus while the response to the unconditioned stimulus is spontaneous.d.All of the above are correct.ANSWER:CPOINTS:0 / 1看不懂 8.Good evidence that human fears may be acquired through classical conditioning is thata.physiological responses that accompany fear may be induced by techniques based on classical conditioning principles.b.any human fear will extinguish if left unreinforced for a long enough period of time.c.second-order conditioning is ineffective against human fears.d.the vasoconstriction response can be classically conditioned.ANSWER:APOINTS:0 / 1 9.Fear of various objects or events can readily be created and treated through the use ofa.habituation.c.avoidance conditioning.b.classical conditioning.d.operant conditioning.ANSWER:BPOINTS:0 / 1 10.College students have been known to work very hard during the summer months to make money for the upcoming school year. Money, though, has little intrinsic value except that it can be use to acquire other things that are considered to be of value. The ability of money to elicit hard work is called _.a.sensitizationc.reinforcementb.non-associative learningd.second-order conditioningANSWER:DPOINTS:0 / 1 11.Discrimination learning is accomplished through the use ofa.differential reinforcement.c.punishment.b.negative reinforcement.d.conditioned fear.ANSWER:APOINTS:0 / 1 12.Your little brother loves to sneak up behind and scare you. Based upon your knowledge of classical conditioning, what would be the result of not knowing he was ready to scare you?a.you will be less frightenedc.your fright will be greaterb.there will be no effectd.either a or b will occurANSWER:CPOINTS:0 / 1 13.Kellys refusal to eat Mexican food, which developed shortly after she caught food poisoning at the campus cafeteria on taco night, could be considered a(n)a.conditioned stimulus.c.unconditioned response.b.conditioned response.d.unconditioned stimulus.ANSWER:BPOINTS:0 / 1 14.B.F. Skinner is important in psychology because hea.developed the principles of classical conditioning.b.formulated the law of effect.c.conducted research which suggests a cognitive component to learning.d.developed the principles of operant conditioning.ANSWER:DPOINTS:0 / 1 15.A _ is a consequence which increases the likelihood that the preceding behavior will occur again.a.reinforcementc.discriminative stimulusb.punishmentd.conditioned stimulusANSWER:APOINTS:0 / 1 16.Because you enjoy talking with your best friend, she can modify your behavior by refusing to speak to you each time you smoke a cigarette in her presence. She is using an operant conditioning technique called _.a.negative reinforcementc.extinctionb.punishmentd.reinforcementANSWER:B POINTS:0 / 1 17.Stimuli which act as reinforcers because they are related to basic biological needs are calleda.primary reinforcers.c.secondary reinforcers.b.conditioned reinforcers.d.conditioned stimuli.ANSWER:APOINTS:0 / 1 18.Partial reinforcement refers toa.occasional, unpredictable punishment for previously reinforced responses.b.learning responses that serve the function of escape from aversive stimuli.c.increasing the specificity of responses required to earn a reinforcement.d.the fact that behavior can be conditioned when reinforced only some of the time.ANSWER:DPOINTS:0 / 1 19.In _, a non-event, or the failure of an event to occur, is the reinforcer.a.classical conditioningc.avoidance learningb.operant conditio