钻井HSE作业手册环境保护.doc

10 Environmental Protection10.1 GeneralEvery personnel at rig site have the responsibility to protect environment and prevent it from pollution. All employees have the responsibility to work in an environment-friendly manner. Managers and supervisors shall ensure that the required systems and procedures are in place and to be used while the rest of the workforce is obligated to comply with these guidelines faithfully and consistently. The work on environmental protection generally should be in accordance with the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The EIA report approved by the local government should be offered by the client. And expense related to environmental protection in EIA report should be paid by the client.The content of EIA report is briefly introduced in section 10.2, The practices which are taken to eliminate the influence and damage to local environment during the drilling operations are introduced from section 10.3 to section 10.10, including the handling of mud, cuttings and chemicals used in well drilling, solid waste management, wastewater disposal and water resources conservation, exhaust emission and atmosphere conservation, ecological conservation and rig site restoration, etc. Drilling operation should be performed in accordance with the EIA report.Procedures are put forward herein as a reference and reminder to drilling personnel to make them be aware of the environment protection at all times.10.2 Evironmental Impact Assessement(EIA) EIA should be performed by the client according to the contract or actual condition.EIA is generally performed at the feasibility study stage of the project.If there is an EIA guideline from local government, the guideline shall be followed during the EIA process. If there is no such guideline in local place, relevant international practices and standards shall be applied.The content of EIA report should include but not limited to the following items:- The preface shall give a short description why the impact assessment has been prepared and who is responsible for it.- The summary shall be written clearly without using technical language to communicate with the governmental authority. The main object is that the governmental authority shall be able to properly understand the findings and recommendations of the EIA team so that they can be well-informed and take a correct decision promptly.- Introduction should deal with the purpose of EIA and briefly comment on the legislation requirements related. Project background, adopted methods, administrative procedure and time schedule of EIA should be put forward.- Legal requirements should briefly describe the local environmental laws, regulations and other requirements applicable in the operational area. In addition there shall be a list of necessary permits and licenses required from the authorities in connection with the project.- The impacts that may have adverse effects on the environment, the types of pollution that may be caused by all conceivable accidents during normal operations and the chance of such accidents should be identified and screened in the area where the project will be carried out.- Environmental baseline study should give the original status of the environment in the area. The data should include:- Physical environment- Biological environment- Social environment- EIA shall give the significance description of each identified environmental element after the evaluation according to the assessment criteria from the legal and other requirements based on the results from baseline study:- The short-term and long-term effects of drilling operation on local environment, including geological topography, water circumstance, vegetation, wildlife, aquicolous animals and plants, atmosphere, soil, etc., especially for the environment-sensitive areas, and it should explain which can be restored and which can not.- The influence of drilling operation on social circumstance includes society, economy, culture, historic site, etc. The analyses on the short-term and long-term economic benefits should be emphasized.- In particular, it should define how pollution will affect people through polluted environment and who will suffer from particular harmfulness from the pollution.- Make a qualitative or a quantitative forecast to the environmental influence produced in the future by adopting some assessment mode. - Study the consequence of the rig locations, production processes, purification measures and ways of recovering waste which have been changed and reasons for the solutions chosen.- Explain how the activity will be integrated into the overall and local development plan of the area, and if relevant, how it will restrict future planning.- Mitigation measures shall describe the recommended mitigation measures according to the results of EIA. Putting forward some feasible substitutive (possible alternative) blueprint and precautionary and curable, remedial measures as well as measures of reusing and disposing wastes.10.3 Handling of Drilling Cuttings and MudDrilling cuttings and mud are the main waste at rig site, also including washing water and produced water. Mud should be handled with caution according to the contract. Some special consideration and arrangement should be given to the mud containing poisonous materials or other possible pollutions.- A proper mud pit should be built before the operation and the pit should be built on the steady place with enough storage capacity to prevent spill.- Mud should be recycled for reuse after treatment.- If the nature of the mud is unfit for use, it should be transported to the designated site for disposal.- The superfluous blended water or mud and any spills should be collected in the wastewater pit by channels or other ways.- Wastewater disposal system should be built which includes drilling cuttings pits, sewage channels and mud disposal equipment, etc.- Never directly discharge the washing water after washing rig tables, rig tools and equipments, as it has been polluted by oil. It should be directed into a stock pit and reused to wash rig tables or prepare mud after the cleaning treatment.- The cooling water of driving equipments and water brakes should be cycled to save water. Water which can not be recycled should be discharged directly without being polluted by oil and mud.- The water used for testing should be collected in tanks, it can be discharged into soil after the oil has been sieved and the test result has met the discharge standard.- The mud in the waste pit should be regularly pumped to the appointed site for disposal according to local condition.- The equipment for handing mud should be checked regularly to avoid leakage.- All the water from well test operations must be properly disposed.After drilling operation, the mud should be treated properly according to the local condition.- Reinjection of produced water is one of disposal methods at rig site on the condition that the permission from the local authorities is required and good experience and equipment are available to avoid pollution to the groundwater.- Mud should be transported to the authorized place for disposal as per the contract.- If possible, the mud could be pumped into annuluses between two casing strings to get discharged or into a mud pit to get dried under the sun-shine, and then buried into the soil.- Cleaned drill cuttings can be used as roadbed material or landfill cover.10.4 Handling of ChemicalsCorrect use of all chemicals at rig site will pose no threat to environment, while misuse, improper storage and/or disposal may cause serious and long-term adverse effects on the air, water and soil. Many areas around the world have definite regulations for chemical management, which should be used as reference before using any chemicals. In the areas where there are no specific regulations of using chemicals, the following guidelines should be followed.- A centralized storage area should be designed for storing all chemicals and all hazardous substance shall be stored in accordance with the requirement specified in MSDS. The drilling and transport crew must at all times be aware of the types and quantity of chemicals handled and the place where the chemicals are located.- Ensure all chemical containers, including sacks, cans, drums, tanks, etc., be kept intact and no leakage. Containers should be inspected at least once every month.- Both available and unavailable chemicals shall be labeled at all times and the labels shall be clear and definite.- The floor of the chemical storage area shall be impermeable to materials. Protective barrier against sunlight, rainwater and extreme temperatures should be set up to protect chemicals nature from change. The storage area should be 10% greater than the largest allowable volume.- Warning signs shall be posted clearly on visible places and show the proper measure in the event of accidents or casualties.- Ensure all the containers are in good condition, sealed and without spilling during transportation.- Ensure all chemical spills be cleaned up immediately, and contaminated soil properly handled.- Ensure all the waste containers are not to be discarded here and there for the remnant may volatilize and pollute the air or be dissolved by rainwater to pollute the soil and water.- The purchase of chemicals should be limited to as few appointed persons as possible. The personnel who often contact with chemicals should know about the handing procedure in case of chemical spill.- All chemicals used at rig site shall have a MSDS available to all relevant personnel who may be exposed to hazardous chemicals during their work. Any new purchased chemicals shall have MSDS attached to the chemical. If no MSDS is available, the product shall not be used until the MSDS information is provided.- Efficient planning could ensure efficient use of chemical products at the rig site, otherwise the unused should be returned to the vendor.10.5 Solid Waste Management10.5.1 Waste Categories During the drilling operation, various types of waste may be produced. In order to manage the waste effectively, waste produced at rig site are classified into the following categories .see below table.10 环境保护10.1综述钻井现场的所有人员都有责任保护环境，防止环境污染。所有员工都有责任以一种环境友好的方式来工作。经理和监督人员应保证所有的规定设施和程序就位运行，同时其他人员有责任如实地执行这些规章制度。环境保护工作一般要根据环境影响评价报告的要求来做，经所在国批准的环境影响评价报告一般由甲方提供。需要特别注意的是环境影响评价报告中相关的环境保护费用一般由甲方支付。本部分10.2对环境影响评价报告内容进行了简单的介绍；10.3-10.10主要介绍了在钻井施工过程中为消除施工给当地环境带来的不利影响和生态破坏所采取的通行作法，包括泥浆、钻屑的管理；泥浆所用化学品的管理；固体废弃物的管理，污水处理与水资源保护；废气处理与大气保护；生态保护和井场复耕等方面的内容。钻井施工作业应符合环境影响评价报告要求。这些注意项目在此提出供钻井施工人员参考，并提醒他们注意在施工过程中时刻注意保护环境。10.2 环境影响评价（EIA）应根据合同的规定或自身需要，由甲方来完成环境影响评价。环境影响评价通常在项目的可行性研究阶段进行。如果当地政府有环境影响评价大纲要求，则在进行环境影响评价过程中要遵守该大纲的要求；如果当地没有类似大纲，则必须遵守相应的国际惯例和标准。环境影响评价报告书应包括但不限于以下内容：- 绪论部分必须对为什么要进行影响评估以及谁对其负责给出简短的说明；- 综述部分要用非技术的语言描述环境影响评价中发现的问题，用于与政府机构的沟通。主要目的是使得政府机构应当适当懂得环境影响评价小组发现的问题和给出的建议，以便他们对此有很好的理解并及时做出正确决策；- 引言部分应该说明环境影响评价的目的，简要提出与影响评价有关的立法意见。应该提出EIA的项目背景、采用方法、管理程序和时间计划表；- 法律要求部分应该简要描述当地环境法律、法规和其他适用作业区域的要求。另外，必须列明需要由当局颁发的于此项目有关的许可证和执照；- 应该识别和筛选出项目对作业区域环境产生的可能不利影响，正常作业可能产生的污染和所有能预料到的各类事故类型，以及这些事故发生的机率；- 环境基线分析，必须给出被考察区域的原始环境状况。资料数据应该包括：- 自然环境；- 生态环境；- 社会环境。- 在根据法定标准和其他基于基线分析结果的要求进行评价后，环境影响评价必须对每个识别出来的环境影响因素给出重要程度描述：- 钻井施工对自然环境，（包括地质外貌、水环境、植被、野生动物、水生动植物、大气、土壤等）产生的短期和长期影响，尤其在环境敏感区域，应说明哪些可能恢复，哪些不可能恢复；- 钻井施工对社会环境（社会、经济、文化及古迹等）的影响，并着重作近期及长远的经济效益分析；- 特别是必须确定污染怎样通过环境影响人类健康以及谁将遭受污染带来的特殊伤害；- 采取一定评价模式，对未来可能产生的环境影响进行定性或定量的预测；- 评估改变井位、生产工艺、净化措施和废物回收方法后的结果，说明所选择的解决方案的原因；- 说明如何将作业活动纳入该地区总体和局部的发展规划，并且如果相关的话，说明如何限制未来计划；- 削减措施，必须根据环境影响评价的结果给出建议的降低影响的措施，提出替代蓝图和可行的防治、补救措施和可能的替代方案以及废物的回收利用和处理方法。10.3 钻屑及泥浆的处理钻屑和泥浆是钻井施工产生的主要污染物，还包括设备清洗水和地层产出水。按照合同要求慎重处理泥浆，对含有毒性物质的泥浆或其它可能的污染，应给予特殊考虑和安排。- 作业前应建造合适的泥浆池，泥浆池要建在稳固处并要足够大，以防溢出；- 泥浆处理后要循环利用；- 如果泥浆性能不再适用于钻井作业，则应将泥浆送到指定场地处理掉；- 多余的混合水或泥浆以及任何溢出液都应利用沟或其它方式回收到污水池内；- 修筑污水处理系统应该包括钻屑池、污水沟及泥浆处理设备等；- 冲洗钻台、钻具、清洗设备的废水已被油品、泥浆污染，不得直接排放，应引入污水贮存池，经净化处理后，可再供冲洗钻台或调配泥浆用；- 动力设备、水刹车等冷却水要循环使用，节约用水；不能循环使用的，要避免被油品或泥浆污染，可直接排放；- 测试时产生的水收集到罐内，把油从水上撇去，化验达到排放标准后排放土地里；- 废液池内的泥浆要根据当地情况，定期抽到指定地点处理；- 泥浆处理设备要定期检查以防泄漏；- 所有试井作业产生的水必须经过适当的处理。钻井结束后，泥浆要根据当地条件进行适当处理：- 回注是产出水的处理方法之一，前提是要得到当地相关部门的允许并有很好的回注经验和设施，以不造成地下水污染为条件；- 泥浆送往合同所规定的指定地方；- 可能的话，将泥浆注到两层套管间的环形空间，或者在泥浆池里自然风干后埋在土里；- 清洁后的钻屑可用作路基或填埋。10.4 化学品处理正确使用井场上的化学品不会对环境构成威胁，但误用、不合理的储存和/或处理都可能会对空气、水和土壤产生严重而长期的影响。世界许多地区对于化学品管理有明确的规定。在动工前总要参照这些标准。在没有明确标准的地区应该遵循下列指南。- 所有的化学品要有一个集中的存储区，所有有害物质都要根据MSDS的要求存放，并且钻井人员和运送人员必须时刻清楚他们搬运的药品类型和数量以及药品所处位置；- 确保所有的化学品容器包括袋子、缸、罐、桶等完好无损，无任何泄露，至少一个月要检查一次；- 所有可用的和不可用的化学品都要一直贴有标签，并且标签要清晰、内容明确；- 化学药品储存区域的地板要防渗透，要有保护屏障，防止阳光、雨水和极端温度改变化学品的性能，并且存储区域应可储存大于最多存储量的十分之一；- 在明显的地方贴警示信息，说明当事故灾难发生时应当采取的措施；- 运输时，要保证所有容器完好，并且要保证所有容器密封、无泄漏；- 确保所有泄漏的化学品及时清理干净,并对被污染的土壤作适当的处理；- 废的化学容器不要乱丢，防止剩余化学品挥发污染空气或者被雨水等溶解污染土壤及水；- 化学品的采购尽量限制在固定的少数几个人。经常接触化学品的人员要掌握化学品泄漏的一般处理方法；- 井场上使用的所有化学品的MSDS都要分发到每个接触相应化学品的人员手中，新到化学品要确保附有MSDS，没有MSDS的化学品不可使用；- 有效的计划可以确保现场化学药品的有效使用，否则，应将未使用的化学药品退还给供应商。10.5 固体废物管理10.5.1废物的分类在钻井过程中会产生各种废物。为了进行有效的废物管理，我们把废弃物（不包括钻屑、泥浆）分为以下几类，见下表。Waste Categories废物的分类Category and Color Mark种类与颜色标记Examples示例Recycled waste(Green)可回收利用废物（绿色）Paper and cardboard 纸和纸板Metal (broken wire rope, etc.) 金属（钢丝绳头等）Plastic 塑料制品Packing waste 废包装物Glass 玻璃Rubber 橡胶Combustible waste(Gray)可燃废物（灰色）Wooden waste 木制品Plastic 塑料制品Hazardous waste(Red)有害废物（红色）Drilling cuttings 钻屑Oil contaminated material 油污物品（含油衣物）Chemicals (glycol, methanol, caustic soda and its containers, empty painting cans, etc.) 化学品（乙二醇、甲醇、烧碱及其容器、空漆罐等）Other hazardous waste (Red)其他有害废物（红色）Electrical wastes (used batteries, accumulators, fluorescent tube etc.) 电子废物（废的电池、电瓶、荧光灯管等）Low radiation waste or oil-contaminated type waste. 低辐射性物质或污垢型污染物Others (White)其他废物（白色）Food/kitchen waste 餐桌垃圾/厨余垃圾Clinical waste医疗废物Different countries have different waste standards and different categorization of waste. Most countries have their own standards for waste categorization, treatment and disposal. The categories in the table above are only as a guideline.10.5.2 Waste Collection Various kinds of waste should be stored separately; especially the hazardous waste should be collected specially.Different kinds of waste should be stored in barrels with different colors as per above table.The waste that can not be burned should be delivered to a certified garbage disposal center. If garbage disposal center is not available, the waste should be buried under the ground at least 1m deep and the combustible waste should be burned periodically. Note： In some countries the burying and burning operation shall get permission before operation.Recycled waste should be put into green containers and delivered to the specialized company or taken away by an appointed specialized company periodically.Hazardous wastes shall be collected in red containers or a designed area and be separated from other wastes and handling process. According to the amount and the types of the hazardous waste generated, special provisions should be made as follows.- All hazardous waste containers shall be labeled according to local requirements. A minimum requirement is to label the containers with the waste name, fire prevention requirements, emergency contacts and appropriate warning signs in both local and English language.- Non hazardous waste should be labeled with waste name in both local and English language.- Oily rags, papers, gloves, mats, filters and other materials soaked with oil should be drained of the excess oil and grease, dried when possible and put into oily waste containers before further treatment. Oily cuttings can also be collected in big-bags or holding tanks and transported to a designed site for disposal.- Use of rechargeable batteries should be prioritized. Used lead acid batteries shall be kept intact and stored in a plastic barrel or wooden box before further treatment. Appropriate measures should be taken during transportation and storage to prevent the spillage of acid. Lead acid batteries shall be treated and disposed by special contractor.- Before transportation of the waste, packing, marking and waste registration sheet shall be strictly controlled. Hazardous waste shall be transported to a designed place for disposal.- If hazardous waste has to be stored at rig site, details should be specified in the contract, and the storage site should be protected. Information about appropriate handling of hazardous waste must be available there.- Containers used for transportation or storage should be cleaned after the use. Empty container, which can not be cleaned, shall be treated as hazardous waste, not be re-used for other purposes on site but to be sent away for destruction.Other wastes should also be collected and handled according to the local laws, regulations and standards:- Anti-leakage garbage pit or white containers shall be placed near camp which should be emptied periodically, every 2-3 days.- Broken and non-reparable gas cylinders (damaged, severely corroded, etc.) or cylinders in which the pressure or content are unknown shall be treated as waste. All the cylinders shall be labeled with the type of gas, pressure as well a