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1 / 61 初中英语语法总结从句 初中英语语法总结 从句分为定语从句,状语从句和名词从句三大类。定语从句又分为限定性和非限定性从句两种,由关系代词或关系副词引导,修饰主句的某 个成分。状语从句分为时间、结果、让步、原因、条件及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句及 there be 句型。 1定语从句 限定性定语从句中 that 可代表人和事,而 which 只代表事;二者在从句中作主语或宾语。 that 作宾语时常可省略, which则不能,而且其 后的 “ 不及物动词 +介词 中的介词不能省略。 which 作宾语时,先行词与 which 之间的介词不能省。例如: first doll that could say“mama”was invented in 1830 second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous 2 / 61 part, during which he sailed round the Cape Horn 代表 a11, anything, something, nothing, much 等词时,用 that 而不用 which, that 作宾语可省略。例如: care anything that has something to do with it d better do something he prefers to do to please him is the last time we met each other came across the woman you told me about yesterday who 和 whom 引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句的主语和宾语。 where 是关系副词,用于表示地点的定语从句,而 when用来表示时间。 whose 是关系代词,修饰名词作定语。例如 : Ford is the person who is most responsible for developing the idea of mass production knee is the joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg 3 / 61 next morning, when she came down to breakfast , Mary was beaming with the pleasure of a new, great discovery visiting professor is a famous scientist whose son studies in my department 在下列情况,限定性定语从句的关系代词可以省略: 1)当关系代词在从句中作宾语或表语;或它们在从句中作介词的宾语, 而该介词又在句末时; 2)当先行词是 that, all, only,everything, something, nothing 等代词时,或先行词前有一个最高级形容词修饰时; 3)当先行词前有 only, any, all,first, no, last 等修饰时,或先行词就是 time, moment,way(anyway), direction, distance 等名词时,关系代词即可省略。例如: delegation we had been waiting for finally arrived met the woman you told me about 4 / 61 gave me all she could afford TV we can see things happen almost at the exact moment they are happening 非限定性定语从句,其作用为:对所修饰的成分作进一步的说明,它与主句用逗号隔开。此类从句省略后其余部分仍可成立。在非限定性定语从句中, which 可代表前面的整个句子;代表人时只能用 who, whom,而不能用 that; as 也可用作关系代词。例 如 : telephone, as we know, was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell Little White House in Warm Springs was the Georgia home President D Roosevelt, who died there on April 12, 1945 in a damp house for a long time is harmful to one s health, which is known to everyone 5 / 61 2状语从句 状语从句可分为:时间状语从句 (主要由 when, whenever,after, before, a5, slnce, once, assoonas 初中英语语法总结, Until, while 等连词引导 ),结 果状语从句 (由 sothat和 suchthat 连接 ),让步状语从句 (由 though, although, no matter, even if 初中英语语法总结, however 初中英语语法总结, whatever 等词引导 ),原因状语从句 (由 as,because, since 和 for 引导 ),条件状语从句 (由 if, whether, as long as, provided that 等词引导 ),地点状语从句 (由 where 引导 ),行为方式状语从句 (由 as 引导 )。有时条件状语从句中,主句不可以用将来时,而用一般时代替。例如: small greenish flowers of the elm tree appear in the Spring, long before the leaves grow. s novels used to be so popular that her books appeared on best-seller lists. balloon is less safe than hot balloon because it may catch fire. 6 / 61 acceleration (同样的加速 ) occurs if the rate of change remains the same over successive equal intervals of time of Chinese college students went to the US Consulate , where they protested NATOs bombing at Chinas Embassy in Yugoslavia. 状语从句中的 “ 主语 +be” 可以省略,前提是:从句主语和主句主语一致,且从句谓语 “be” 省略后的结构为 “ 连词 +现在分词过去分词介词短语形容词名词短语 ” 。 ) 例如: well fitted, glasses can correct most sight defects in healthy eyes necessary, I would like to see you in your office. seriously wounded, he never complained 7 / 61 3名词从句 名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句,其中有介词与形容词的宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 1)主语从句 主语从句常出现在 it is+名词、形容词、分词 +主语从句 ”的形式中。例如: is reported that Taiwanese pop singer Meng Tingwei will hold a solo concert in Shanghai someday this month must be pointed out that you have failed to meet the deadline usually happened that I was late because of traffic jams. 主语从句还可用 when, where 初中英语语法总结, how, why,whether 等连接副词,和 who, whom, whose, what, which初中英语语法总结, whoever, whatever, whichever 等连接代词来引起。例如: 8 / 61 to arrange the meeting is not your task candidate will win the election is the question both political parties are asking I leave is my own decision. will go to the party wont change my mind of staying at home 2)宾语从句 宾语从句可由 that, 疑问代词或副词 how, why 和 where 等引出。例如: postpone the conference until next month indicated that they were unprepared a11 the staff agreed with what I said worried about her because no one was aware of where she had gone 9 / 61 you offer more details except that it happened at night? 由 what, whether, how 引导的宾语从句可用在介词后,而由 that 引导的从句只跟 but, besides, except, in, save之后。例如 : can hardly believe in what they have done. doesn t know my phone number except that the city code is 021. 一些表语性的形容词,如: alarmed, amazed, annoyed,astonished, certain, confident, disappointed, glad, pleased, proud, sad, shocked, sure, surprised, worried, ect.做表语时,后面可跟由 that, how 等引导的宾语从句。例如: was amazed how he could pass the exam without attending the lectures is confident that he will pass the Band 6 examination 10 / 61 was surprised how simple his problem is are all pleased that he will be able to pass the final examination. 3)表语从句 表语从句对主语的内容起解释和阐述的作用;若表语从句用that 引起, that 起连接作用,不能省略。 b 表语从句也可用连接词 how, when, where, why, what 引起。由 because 引起的表语从句通常只用在 “this that it is because” 结构中。例如: logarithm(对数 ) is what is known in algebra exponent(代数的指数 ) thing I admire most about them is that they are hospitable works too hard; That is why she is exhausted must point out that where you intend to build a 11 / 61 super-market is where the elderly do exercise every day 4)同位语从句 同位语从句是由两个或两个以上同一层次语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能相同。同位语从句由 that 引导,也可由 whether 初中英语语法总结, how,why, where, when 等来引导。例如: ignored the teachers instruction that she must study hard question whether or not I should help him in such a case troubled me greatly 初中英语语法 三大从句汇总 在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句、形容词性从句、副词性从句。以下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点 A、定语从句专项讲解与训练 12 / 61 一、定语从句概念 定语从句,顾名思义,就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当,所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的,故又称作关系从句。 定语 从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后,这种名词或代词被称作先行词。请看示例: The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 先行词 定语从句 在所有的从句中,算定语从句最难掌握,因为汉语里没有定语从句,汉语里只有定语,而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词,并且 在定语从句中充当句子成13 / 61 分,可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有: who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示: 格 先行词 主格 宾格 所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which whose of which 人、物 that that 关系代词 who, whom 和 whose 的用法 who 代替人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语。例如: An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑14 / 61 师是设计房屋的人。 I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school. 我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。 Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历 。 whom 代替人,是宾格,在定语从句作宾语,在非正式英语常可省略。例如: Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗? This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago. 这是我爸爸十年前教的学生。 The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。 15 / 61 whose 一般代替人,有时亦可代替物,是所有格,在定语从句作定语。例如: The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。 Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字,你知道吗? 关系代词 which 的用法 which 代替物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。例如: I do not like stories which have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。 Tom works for a factory which makes watches. 16 / 61 汤姆在一个制表厂工作。 关系代词 that 的用法 that 既可指人又可指物,在当代英语中大多指物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。例如: Is she the girl that sells newspapers? 她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗? Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge? 放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了? Is this the book that you want to buy? 这是你要买的那本书吗? 三、关系副词引导的定语从句 17 / 61 常用的关系 副词只有三个: when, where, why,在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀: the time when the place where the reason why 关系副词 when 的用法 关系副词 when 代替的先行词表示的是时间, when 在定语从句作时间状语。例如: In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often. 北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。 Do you remember the day when we first went to the Summer Palace? 18 / 61 你还记得我们第一次去颐和园的那一天吗? I haven t seen her since the year when I left Tokyo. 自从我离开东京的那一年我就一直没见到过她。 关系副词 where 的用法 关系副词 where 代替的先行词表示的是 地点, where 在定语从句作地点状语。例如: During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up. 春节期间,我回到了生我养我的家乡。 This is the place where Li Bai once lived. 这是李白曾经生活过的地方。 上面这个句子不可以将 where 改为 that,因为 that 不能作19 / 61 为表示地点的关系副词。试比较下句: This is the place that Li Bai once visited. 这是李白曾经游览过的地方。 关系副词 why 的用法 关系副词 why 代替的先行词表示的是原因, why 在定语从句作原因状语。例如: The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email. 我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件。 This is the reason why he came late to school. 这就是他为什么上 学迟到的原因。 注意:如果上面的句子将 the reason 省略,那么这个句子就变成了表语从句,句子意思丝毫未变。 20 / 61 四、特殊关系代词 as 引导的定语从句 as 是个比较特殊的关系代词,一是用在某些句型搭配里,二是独立于主句之外。下面分别讲解。 在固定搭配 asas, soas, suchas, the sameas 中,as 引导定语从句 You may take as many books as you want. 你想要拿多少书就拿多少。 I have got such a computer as yours. 我有一台你这样的电脑。 I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin. 我从未见过像桂林那样美丽的地方。 独立于主句之外, as 引导定语从句 21 / 61 As we know, the earth turns around the sun. 正如我们所知,地球围绕太阳旋转。 As is known to us, Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China. 你知道,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。 五、关系代词 who, which 与 that 的区别 关系代词 who 与 that 的区别 1. 当关系代词用作主语时,多用主格 who。例如: He who loses hope loses all. 失去希望的人就失去一切。 I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese. 22 / 61 我遇见艾丽斯,她告诉我她在学汉语。 2. 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时,用宾格 whom,不用that。例如: The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher. 我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。 注意:介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时,或者说介词放在句子后面时,这时可以用主格 who,也可用 that,还可以省略关系代词。因此,上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法: (1) The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. 23 / 61 (4) The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. 第 4 句简洁、自然,所以口语中用得最多。 3. 当关系代词泛指人时,多用 that。例如: He is a man that is never afraid of failure. 他是个从不怕失败的人。 4. 当关系代词出现在 who 开头的疑问句时,应用 that。例如: Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English? 用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁? 关系代词 which 与 that 的区别 1. 当先行词为 all, much, little 以及不定代词 anything, something, everything 等时,关系代词多用 that。例如: 24 / 61 All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光物,未必尽黄金。 She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。 2. 当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词 the only, the very, all, every, any, no 等时,关系代词一般都用 that。例如: This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的一部小说。 He is the only person that has been invited to the ball. 他是惟一应邀参加舞会的人。 3. 当关系代词出现在 which 开头的疑问句时,应用 that。例如: Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest? 哪一个是推荐给外宾的宾馆? 25 / 61 4. 在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词一般只用 which。例如: Beijing, which is the capital of the People s Republic of China, will host the XX Olympic Games. 北京是中华人民共和国的首都,将主办 XX 年奥运会。 5. 介词后的关系代词用 which,而不用 that。例如: She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps. 她收集了 600 张邮票,其中 60是德国邮票。 六、定语从句的位置 如前所述,定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后。有时候,定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的短语,这样它 们被分隔了,这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句。例如: There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad. 楼上有一个女孩,大喊大叫。很明显,她疯了。 26 / 61 初中英语语法三大从句汇总 在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句、形容词性从句、副词性从句。以下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点 A、定语从句专项讲解与训练 一、定语从句概念 定语从句,顾名思义,就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当,所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的,故又称作关系从句。 定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后,这种名词或代词被称作先行词。请看示例: The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 先行词 定语从句 在所有的从句中,算定语从句最难掌握,因为汉语里没有定语从句,汉语里只有定语,而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。 27 / 61 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词,并且在定语从句中充当句子成分,可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有: who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示: 格 先行词 主格 宾格 所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which whose of which 人、物 that that 关系代词 who, whom 和 whose 的用法 who 代替人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语。例如: An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建 筑师是设计房屋的人。 I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school. 我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。 Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须28 / 61 先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。 whom 代替人,是宾格,在定语从句作宾语,在非正式英语常可省略。例如: Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗? This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago. 这是我爸爸十年前教的学生。 The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。 whose 一般代替人,有时亦可代替物,是所有格,在定语从句作定语。例如: The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。 Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字,你知道吗? 关系代词 which 的用法 29 / 61 which 代替物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。例如: I do not like stories which have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。 Tom works for a factory which makes watches. 汤姆在一个制表厂工作。 关系代词 that 的用法 that 既可指人又可指物,在当代英语中大多指物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。例如: Is she the girl that sells newspapers? 她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗? Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge? 放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了? Is this the book that you want to buy? 这是你要买的那本书吗? 三、关系副词引导的定语从句 常用的关系副词只有三个: when, where, why,在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀: the time when the place where the reason 30 / 61 why 关系副词 when 的用法 关系副词 when 代替的先行词表示的是时间, when 在定语从句作时间状语。例如: In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often. 北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。 Do you remember the day when we first went to the Summer Palace? 你还记得我们第一次去颐和园的那一天吗? I haven t seen her since the year when I left Tokyo. 自从我离开东京的那一年我就一直没见到过她。 关系副词 where 的用法 关系副词 where 代替的先行词表示的是地点, where 在定语从句作地点状语。例 31 / 61 如: During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up. 春节期间,我回到了生我养我的家乡。 This is the place where Li Bai once lived. 这是李白曾经生活过的地方。 上面这个句子不可以将 where 改为 that,因为 that 不能作为表示地点的关系副词。试比较下句: This is the place that Li Bai once visited. 这是李白曾经游览过的地方。 关系副词 why 的用法 关系副词 why 代替的先行词表示的是原因, why 在定语从句作原因状语。例 如: The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email. 我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件。 This is the reason why he came late to school. 32 / 61 这就 是他为什么上学迟到的原因。 注意:如果上面的句子将 the reason 省略,那么这个句子就变成了表语从句,句子意思丝毫未变。 四、特殊关系代词 as 引导的定语从句 as 是个比较特殊的关系代词,一是用在某些句型搭配里,二是独立于主句之外。下面分别讲解。 在固定搭配 asas, soas, suchas, the sameas 中,as 引导定语从句 You may take as many books as you want. 你想要拿多少书就拿多少。 I have got such a computer as yours. 我有一台你这样的电脑。 I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin. 我从未见过像桂林那样美丽的地方。 33 / 61 独立于主句之外, as 引导定语从句 As we know, the earth turns around the sun. 正如我们所知,地球围绕太阳旋转。 As is known to us, (As we know 和 As is known to us 均为定语从句, as 分别作宾语和主语,替代后面的主句。) Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China. 你知道,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。 五、关系代词 who, which 与 that 的区别 关系代词 who 与 that 的区别 1. 当关系 代词用作主语时,多用主格 who。 例如: He who loses hope loses all. 失去希望的人就失去一切。 I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese. 34 / 61 我遇见艾丽斯,她告诉我她在学汉语。 2. 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时,用宾格 whom,不用that。例如: The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher. 我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。 注意:介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时,或者说介词放在句子后面时,这时 books,在定语从句中作宾 可以用主格 who,也可用 that,还可以省略关系代词。因此,上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法: (1) The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is 35 / 61 our English teacher. (4) The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. 第 4 句简洁、自然,所以口语中用得最多。 3. 当关系代词泛指人时,多用 that。 例如: He is a man that is never afraid of failure. 他是个从不怕失败的人。 4. 当关系代词出现在 who 开头的疑问句时,应用 that。例如: Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English? 用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁? 关系代词 which 与 that 的区别 1. 当先行词为 all, much, little 以及不定代词 anything, something, everything 等时,关系代词多用 that。例如: 36 / 61 All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光物,未必尽黄金。 She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。 2. 当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词 the only, the very, all, every, any, no 等时,关系代词一般都用 that。例如: This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的一部小说。 He is the only person that has been invited to the ball. 他是惟一应邀参加舞会的人。 3. 当关系代词出现在 which 开头的疑问句时,应用 that。例如: Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest? 哪一个是推荐给外宾的宾馆? 4. 在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词一般只用 which。例如: Beijing, which is the capital of the People s Republic 37 / 61 of China, will host the XX Olympic Games. 北京是中华人民共和国的首都 ,将主办 XX 年奥运会。 在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句、形容词性从句、副词性从句。 以下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点 A、定语从句专项讲解与训练 一、定语从句概念 定语从句,顾名思义,就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当,所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的,故又称作关系从 句。 定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后,这种名词或代词被称作先行词。请看示例: The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 先行词 定语从句 38 / 61 在所有的从句中,算定语从句最难掌握,因为汉语里没有定语从句,汉语里只有定语,而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前 面的先行词,并且在定语从句中充当句子成分,可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有: who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示: 格 先行词 主格 宾格 所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which whose of which 人、物 that that 关系代词 who, whom 和 whose 的用法 39 / 61 who 代替人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语。例如: An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。 I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school. 我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。 Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。 whom 代替人,是宾格,在定语从句作宾语,在非正式英语常可省略。例如: Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗? This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago. 40 / 61 这是我爸爸十年前教的学生。 The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。 whose 一般代替人,有时亦可代替物,是所有格,在定语从句作定语。例如: The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。 Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字,你知道吗? 关系代词 which 的用法 which 代替物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。例如: I do not like stories which have unhappy endings. 41 / 61 我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。 Tom works for a factory which makes watches. 汤姆在一个制表厂工作。 关系代词 that 的用法 that 既可指人又可指物,在当代英语中大多指物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。例如: Is she the girl that sells newspa
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