中西文化差异在语言上的反映.doc

个人资料整理 仅限学习使用课 程 论 文课程名称:英美文化基础 学 分: 题 目:The Differences on Language between Chinese and Western Culturesb5E2RGbCAP姓 名:学 号:日 期:2018-7-27The Differences on Language between Chinese and Western Culturesp1EanqFDPwAbstract: In this article, I mainly focus on the relationship of culture and language. Through further study and understanding, we should be aware that cultural differences can not be ignored and changed by any one, and also it cant be taken for granted that culture is a simple concept. What we can do is to accept these differences and to respect these differences and to further understand these differences. Thus, it would be helpful for us to avoid cultural conflicts in the process of dealing with practical issues. DXDiTa9E3dKey words: culture, culturaldifferences, language, translationRTCrpUDGiT中西文化差异在语言上地反映摘 要:本文章主要介绍了文化一词地定义,文化差异在语言中地表现,以及在翻译中存在地文化差异,如何处理等等.通过进一步地学习和了解,我们应意识到中西文化上地差异是不可忽视和改变地,我们应该接受这种差异,并尊重和理解这种差异.从而在处理实际问题地过程中,避免出现文化上地冲突.5PCzVD7HxA关键词: 文化,文化差异,语言,翻译1. IntroductionCulture is the general concept of art, belief, the outlook of value, tradition and custom, and it can significantly reflect the characteristics of some societies, people, areas, or some countries. Among the parts of some certain culture, there must be a language by which people express themselves and communicate to each other. Language is also an important carrier of culture, and the two are of great importance to each other. People fostered by different cultures will show their characteristic ways of language speaking and communication, owing to their different regimes, cultural traditions, the outlook of values, life styles, and ways of thinking. If we neglect the differences between various cultures and speak to westerners in the ways of our mother tongue, we might commit some inappropriateness even misunderstandings, which may bring us unsuccessful communication. In other words, we will never master and handle a language in word and deed unless we understand the discrepancies, the ways and disciplines of communication. Kudyaro Kipling, the England poet of 19th century, once wrote the famous words “Oh, east is east, west is west, and never twain shall meet.” Because Kudyaro Kipling is a westerner who grew up in eastern countries, and he deeply felt that hardly the gap between the two cultures could be met. In our English learning, we are touching western culture, but, relying on the vocabulary and grammatical knowledge, we will not master and use the language well by rule and line unless we know the western culture well. If we are to improve the ability of lingual communication, we have to pay attention to the discrepancies between different cultures.jLBHrnAILg2.Cultural differences between China and U.S.A2.1. Examples of cultural differences between China and U.S.A xHAQX74J0X Of course we are different from American, not only just because the social system is different, we are communist society, and America is the capitalism society, but also in many other ways, such as the traditional cultural differences, the living environmental differences, the education system differences, the developmental differences. So, we have a lot of differences with America.LDAYtRyKfE2.1.1. Differences in the societyLets have a look at the example of cultural difference. In most of America, it is unquestioned that America is a powerful force for good, and that its enemies are evil. In other communities in other parts of the world, ordinary civilians - families, men, women, and children who are just as human as you and me, people who would be happy to extend their hospitality and invite you into their homes for a cup of tea - strongly believe that America is the evil one. Zzz6ZB2LtkIn China, if a mother was with a 6-year-old child, and could only find one seat to sit in, then the mother would make the childsit。 and the mother would stand. If there was an 80-year-old woman nearby, standing wearily, looking bedraggled and miserable as she clutched one of the straps hanging from the ceiling . would the mother and child show the traditional Chinese respect for older people? Would the child stand so that the old lady could take the seat? The old woman would remain standing。 and the little 6-year-old darling would sit and fidget in the seat. dvzfvkwMI1Now, in other societies too, children will not stand up for old strangers. But nowhere else have I seen parents standing so their own child can take the seat. That seems really strange. Its much more natural for the parent to sit and children to stand. rqyn14ZNXIBut thats the power of culture. It seems the culture, today, in Beijing, makes people think of that if you love your child, you should stand so your child can sit. And I would guess that if you see a mother sit while her child is standing, youll think the mother does not love her child.EmxvxOtOco2.1.2.Differences in collectivism and individualismSixE2yXPq5Another cultural difference: When the vacation comes, we like to spend it with our family members because we will miss them during the school year, so we will choose going home to spend the vacation together with the family member. 6ewMyirQFLYou probably think this is a fairly common feeling. But if a young American said that, people might think she had some kind of problem. They might think he or shes mentally sick, and maybe needs to see a psychiatrist. Chinese and the Americans may have some differences in Personal concepts of collectivism: Generally speaking, Chinese and other Asian cultures reflect social scientists called by collectivism. They mainly emphases on cultural cooperation between these groups and individuals modest. On the contrary, Americans are showing a individualism orientation. They attach greater importance to independence。 at least it is more easily accepted. Americans pay more attention to external constraints freedom. The Chinese community relations are more formal than Americans, Chinese people seem to be very well accustomed to hierarchical structure, Americans do not he same, they generally care so much to the society status of the same people. They prefer to be together with the most comfortable people。 they pay less attention to the social hierarchy.kavU42VRUs2.1.3. Differences in working attitudeAnd lets look at more examples, for the task-oriented and relationship-oriented, the Chinese people focus on the relationship , they think, to maintain the harmonious relations is more important than tasks. In contrast, the Americans focus on the mission orientation. They think relations are more important than usual to complete its work. The Chinese people are educated usually to avoid direct conflict。 they prefer the harmony with the facts to the criticized and controversial topic. They want the people to maintain harmony in the surrounding. On the contrary, Americans are willing to face the problem directly, criticism and discussion of the controversial issue, and that is to uphold its own facts .Besides, designated capacity in the two countries will have some differences. In China, with the acquisition of traditional, personal status in society mainly based on inherited characteristics, such as age, sex and family, this situation is changing nowadays. But for most Americans, personal status is based on its own achievements, including the level of education and career success.y6v3ALoS893. Cultural differences in the languageWe know that the language which reflects culture, is a cultural and main manifestation. Language is developed along with the culture, history, customs and habits and local customs, and so on, the culture and social customers of each race come out in the language of that race . The language is one part of culture, and emphasizes the function to the culture. Some sociologists think that the language is very important to culture - if there is no language ,there is no culture。 seen from a different angle, the language is affected by the culture again, reflecting culture.we can say that the language reflects a characteristic of race, it not only includes the history and the cultural backgrounds of that race, but also contains viewpoint, life style and mode of thinking of that race to life. Location of cultures not only refers to their complex geographical determination but also to their location in the field of articulation, the negotiation of the conflict between different interfering voices. Text, sign and language are to be regarded as the practical media of difference, and they are explicitly crossed out and reinterpreted out of new claims for action, this new location being for the most part created by post-colonial peoples: it is a place for the memory of colonialism and thus for the construction of the post-colonial subject, which takes place in the discourse of memory, not only in political and economic processes. Let me introduce some culture differences of several countries to you ,we can find something interest from them.M2ub6vSTnP4 . How to handle the culture differences in the translation0YujCfmUCw4.1 Cultural differences in the translationSo we know the cultural differences between the west and east. In the translation, we also can find the differences. Cultural factors plays an influential role in the translation of literature, to handle successfully the translation of literature correctly in the translated works will enhance the quality of a literature work. Language is part of culture, and is impacted and reflected by culture. A national language reflects the diverse ethnic cultural patterns of the nation. Rooted in two different cultures of the two language of course will exist cultural differences. Its not only involves a language represent national customs, historical tradition, religious belief, psychological sense, but also involves human geography, and other factors. So it surely causes differences in the understanding of the obstacles, as American translation theorist e. A. Nida pointed out: The role of language in culture and the culture of organizing, the impact of the linguistic and cultural background, can not be properly understood.” The most serious mistakes in translation and interpretation are not caused by inappropriate words, but because of wrong assumptions which is resulting by culture. Cultural differences, have led people thinking the same things or the same concept to different rational understanding and interpretation.eUts8ZQVRdTranslation is a means of communication, not only a language words and symbols conversion process, but also cultural information conversion process. To translate correctly and fluently is very important for the readers to understand the works. Besides, it also involves two language differences and the social, historical, cultural and many other different factors . At the same time, the structure and language of expression and cultural background also have differences, so there are significant differences.Thus,we must handle the cultural differences correctly in translation to avoid misunderstanding.sQsAEJkW5T4.2Examples of thecultural differences in the translationGMsIasNXkALets have a look at some examples,in Chinese we say: “谋事在人,成事在天”,in translation, we use: “Man proposes, God disposes.” Because in the western culture, a different religion is infiltration in their respective language, so the national language in different forms. China is a Buddhist and Taoist beliefs-dominated country. In the ancient feudal society in China, people respected the “heaven” to the most powerful. While Westerners multi-faith think that God is the creator of the universe and everything is dominated by Gods wills. So, in the translation, we uses the word god instead of heaven.TIrRGchYzg4.3. How to handle thecultural differences in the translation7EqZcWLZNXSuch kinds of examples are very common in our study. To replicate source language culture accurately and to eliminate the cultural differences, the translators could follow the following three steps. First, try very hard to create the original meaning in the translation and the original cultural features. However, the two languages represent two completely different cultures, cultural factors may be similar, but not identical, so the translator can just try it to the maximum. Second, if the culture and the significance of the word cant be taken at the same time, the translators can only choose to express the words in another way through the translation for the original meaning and purpose of culture. Third, if the form is still not sufficient to change the original meaning and cultural expression, we can use blow to address cultural differences in