大学英语中修辞手法归纳总结

1 / 61 大学英语中修辞手法归纳总结 英语修辞手法总结 Figures of speech (修辞 )are ways of making our language figurative/ ?f?g?r?t?v/. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech. 1) Simile： (明喻） It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性 )in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as.as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country. 2) Metaphor： (暗喻） It is like a simile, also makes a 2 / 61 comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage. 3) Analogy/?n?l?d?/: ( 类比） It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance. 4) Personification/p?s?n?f?ke?n/: (拟 人） It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予 ) to inanimate(无生命的 ) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象 ). For example, the wind whistled through the trees. 5) Hyperbole/ha?p?b?l?/: ( 夸张） It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing. 6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述） It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of 3 / 61 emphasizing a fact by deliberately( 故意地 ) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter. 7) Euphemism/ ?ju?f?m?z?m/: ( 委 婉 ） It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无 冒犯 ) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to die as pass away. 8) Metonymy (转喻） It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). 9) Synecdochesinekd?ki (提喻） It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the 2 4 / 61 whole for the part. For instance, they say theres bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks. 10) Antonomasia?nt?noum?i ?(换喻） It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor. 11) Pun: (双关语） It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here arms has two meanings: a persons body; weapons carried by a soldier.) 12) Syllepsis silepsis: (一语双叙） It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly 5 / 61 applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法 ). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.) In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing ones limbs in literal; to lose ones mind is figurative, and means to go mad.) 13) Zeugmazju:gm?: (轭式搭配） It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn) 14) Irony/ a?r?n?/: ( 反语） It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what 6 / 61 is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good. 15) Innuendo/ ?nju?end?u /: (暗讽） It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折 )way at something disparaging(不一致 ) or uncomplimentary(不赞美 ) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom. 16) Sarcasm: (讽刺） It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through. 17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语） It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to 3 7 / 61 established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed. 18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰） It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合 ) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous( 不 协 调 ) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱 ) and proud humility(侮辱 ). 19) Antithesis: ( 对照） It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden. 20) Epigram: (警句） It states a simple truth pithily(有利地 ) and pungently(强烈地 ). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the 8 / 61 poor. 21) Climax: (渐进） It is derived from the Greek word for ladder and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered. 22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降） It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating ones thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予 ) a college, or a cat. 23) Apostrophe： (顿呼） In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance, England! awake! awake! awake! 24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词） It is a figure 9 / 61 of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰 ) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project. 25) Alliteration: (头韵） It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔 ) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called front rhyme. For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free. 26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声） It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的 ) of some action or movement4 Explanation version1 10 / 61 一、什么是修辞格 修辞格 (figures of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。它能使语言生动形象、具体活泼，给人以美的享受。要翻译好英语修辞格，首先要弄 清其特点、弄清英汉两种语言在这方面的异同，然后根据具体情况采用恰当的技巧进行翻译。英语修辞格种类很多，但粗略分来似可分为音韵修辞格、词义修辞格和句法修辞格。 音韵修辞格 (phonological rhetorical devices) 顾名思义，音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。它主要包括 onomatopoeia、 alliteration和 assonance。 Onomatopoeia是模仿事物发出的声响的修辞手法，与汉语的拟声辞格完全相同。恰当地运用它可以使语言更加形象生动。如： Presently there came the click of high-heeled shoes. 高跟皮鞋声阁阁地传了过来。 Alliteration 就是在一个词组或一个诗行中，有两个以上彼此靠近的词，其开头的音节具有同样的字母或声音； assonance 是在一句话或在一个诗行中间，有两个或更多的词具有相同的元音。前者与汉语的双声 (汉语中两个或多个音节，声母相同，叫做双声，它不是辞格 )相似，后者与汉语的叠韵非常相似。例如： Peter Piper picked a peck of picking pepper. 皮特 .派特咽下了一口腌菜用的胡椒粉。 With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone 11 / 61 of hope. (assonance) 怀着这个信念，我们能把绝望的大山凿成希望的磐石。 词义修辞格 (semantic rhetorical devices) 词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化 等特点创造出来的修辞手法。它们主要包括 simile, metaphor, allusion, metonymy, transferred epithet, personifi-cation, hyperbole, irony, euphemism, pun, oxymoron, zeugma, contrast 等。 A. simile， metaphor；allusion Simile 与汉语的明 喻 基本相同，用某一事物或情境来比拟另一个事物或情境。其本体和喻体均同时出现在句中，在形式上是相对应的。英语simile 的比喻词一般是 like, as 等 , 汉语明喻的比喻词通常是 好象 、 仿佛 等。例如： They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails. 这些人犹如街上的有轨电车， 满足于在自己的轨道上运行。 Metaphor 兼有汉语隐喻、借喻及拟物的特点，即把甲事物当作乙事物来描写。如： Experience is the mother of wisdom. 经验为智慧之母。 She is shedding crocodile tears. 她在掉鳄鱼眼泪。 Mark my words, the first woman who fishes for him, hooks him. 瞧着吧， 不管什么女人钓他， 他 就会上钩。 比喻修辞手法主要涉及形象。人们生活在自然界，有许多共同12 / 61 的经历和感受。比较英汉两种语言中常用的比喻，就会发现有许多惊人的相似之处，比如都用狐狸比喻狡猾，用羊比喻温顺、用钢铁比喻坚硬，常见喻体相同的还有 Footnote、Harelip 等。当然，比喻形象往往打上各个民族独特文化的烙印， 5 某些英语喻体形象会让中国读者不知所云， 如英文 as wise as a man of Gotham 就让人费解。其实戈丹是英国的一个村庄，相传那里的人是最愚蠢的，所以这个比喻的意思是 蠢笨无比 。类似的例子还有： as thick as thieves亲密无间 as old as the hills 古老 The ship plows the sea. 船在乘风破浪地前进。 Allusion 与汉语的暗引相近似。其特点是不注明来源和出处，一般多引用人们熟知的关键词或词组，将其融合编织在作者的话语中。引用的东西包括典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。英语引用最多的是源出圣经故事以及希腊、罗马神话、伊索寓言和那些渊源流长的谚语、格言等。例如： Grammar may be his heel of Achilles.语法 是他的大弱点。 The project is an economic albatross from the start. 这个项目从一开始就是一个摆脱不了的经济难题。(Albatross 是英国诗人柯勒律治的古舟子咏中的信天翁，它被忘恩负义的水手杀死后， 全船陷入灾难中。 ) B. metonymy; transferred epithet Metonymy、 synecdoche 和13 / 61 _1antonomasia 都是不直接说出事物的本来名称，而换用另一个名称或另一个说法。它们大体上相当于汉语的借代。如Crown 可喻指君主、王权、王国政府等； doll 可喻指姑娘、宝贝等。再如： The baby was brought up on the bottle. 这个婴儿是喝牛奶或羊奶长大的。 Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest.某个沉默的、无名诗人也许在此长眠。 Transferred epithet 是采用表示性质和特征的形容词或相当于形容词的词来修饰、限定与它根本 不同属性的名词。这种修辞手法能与汉语中的移就基本相似。例如： The doctors face expressed a kind of doubting admiration. 医 生 的 脸 上 流 露 出 钦 佩 而 又 带 有 疑 惑 的 神 情 。 C. personification; hyperbole personification 与汉语拟人完全相同，就是赋予物以人的言语属性。这种拟人化的修辞手法读起来使人感到特别形象生动、富有情趣。例如： Words pay no debts. 空话还不了债。 Hyperbole 与汉语的夸张完全相同，都是为了表达深刻的感受 ,抒发强烈的感情，通过故意夸大事实来给人留下深刻的印象。例如： His words made my blood freeze. 听了他的话， 我的血都快凝固了。 D. irony; euphemism； pun Irony 的含义比汉语的反语广泛。它包括 verbal irony, dramatic irony, situational irony。后两种已超出一般修辞格的范畴，这里不作详细介绍。Verbal irony 与汉语反语的特点完全相同，也是正话反说，14 / 61 反话正说，一般需借助于特 定的上下文和语境才能被正确理解。在多数情况下， irony 可以译成汉语的反语。例如： She talked about great people as if she had the fee-simple of May Fair, and when 6 the court went into mourning, she always wore black. 她一开口就是某某勋爵某某大人，那口气竟好象她生来就是贵族。宫里有了丧事， 她没有一回不穿孝。 Euphemism 就是用转弯抹角的说法来代替直截了当的话，把原来显得粗鲁或令人尴尬的语言温和、含蓄地表达出来。这在汉语中叫委婉语。例如： 用 sanitation engineer替代 garbage man(清洁工 ) 用 the disadvantaged 替代 the poor(穷人 ) 用 industrial action替代 strike(罢工 ) Pun与汉语双关一样，就是用一个词，一句话，或一个语言片段同时表达双重意思：一个是表面的，一是隐含的，并且以隐含的意思为主。恰当的运用这种手法会使语言生动有趣，达到由此及彼的效果。英语 pun 和汉语的双关语都可以分为两类：谐音双关和语义双关。前者是利用词意根本不同的谐音词构成。后者是利用一词多义的特点来构成。虽然 pun 和汉语双关在格式和修辞作用上基本相同，但是由于两种语言的语音不同，多义词也15 / 61 很难找到完 全对应的词语。例如： What does that lawyer do after he dies?-Lie still. 那个律师死后干什么？ 躺着仍说鬼话。 (注： lie 躺， 撒谎； still 安静地， 仍然 ) E. oxymoron; zeugma ; contrast Oxymoron(矛盾修辞法）与汉语中的反映辞格类似，都是将相互矛盾的概念和判断巧妙地联系在一起，以便相互映衬，突出事物的特点，表达复杂的思想感情和意味深长的哲理。矛盾修辞手法在英语中常见，但在汉语中很少见。如： sweet sorrow 忧喜参半 (不是甜蜜的悲伤 )； proud humility 不卑不亢 (不是骄傲的谦卑 ) Zeugma是用一个词与两个以上的在意义上不相干的名词搭配。它用词简练， 饶有风趣，与汉语的拈连在性质上完全一致。例如： She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy. 她对这个无家可归的孩子打开了自己的大门， 也打开了自己的心扉。 Contrast 和汉语的对照在修辞格上是完全相同的，就是把两个相反的事物或一件事物的正反两方面放在一起，在比较和衬托之中突出 不同事物的矛盾性，例如： United we stand, divided we fall. 合则存，分则亡。 句法修辞格 (syntactical rhetorical devices) 句子结构上的修辞格主要是指通过句子结构的均衡布局或是突出重点创造出来的修辞手法。这类辞格主要包括repetition, rhetorical question, antithesis, 16 / 61 apostrophe 等 。它们与汉语中的反复、设问、对偶、倒装基本相同。例如： (1)I have written in bed and written out of it, written day and night. 我卧床写， 起床写； 白天写， 晚上也写。 (2)The gods, they say, give breath , and they take it away. But the same could be said-could it not? 人都说老天爷把气赐予生灵，又把气夺走。不过这话用在小小的逗号上， 何 尝不是如此？ (rhetorical question) (3)Man proposes, God disposes. 谋事在人， 成事在天。 (antithesis) (4)Up went the balloon into the cloudless sky. 气球腾空而起， 飘入万里无云的蓝天。(anastrophe)7 Explanation version2 一、什么是修辞格 修辞格是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。它能使语言生动形象、具体活泼，给人以美的享受。要翻译好英语修辞格，首先要弄清其特点、弄清英汉两种语言在这方面的异同，然后根据具体情况采用恰当的技巧进行翻译。英语修辞格种类很多，但粗略分来似可分为音韵修辞格、词义修辞格和句法修辞格。音韵修辞格 顾名思义，音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。它主要包括onomatopoeia、 alliteration 和是模仿事物发 出的声响的修17 / 61 辞手法，与汉语的拟声辞格完全相同。恰当地运用它可以使语言更加形象生动。如： Presently there came the click of high-heeled shoes.高跟皮鞋声阁阁地传了过来。Alliteration 就是在一个词组或一个诗行中，有两个以上彼此靠近的词，其开头的音节具 alliteration：一组单词的第一个辅音相同，比如例句中四个以 l 开头的单词。 Let us go forth to lead the land we love. anacoluthon：句子从一种结构变成另外一种结构，比如例句由肯定结构变成疑问结构。 As a regular reader of your papers - Why does it give so little space to science? anadiplosis：将一个或一组单词重复多遍，比如例句中的servants。 Men in great place are thrice servants: servants of state, servants of fame, and servants of business. 18 / 61 anaphora：将一个句子的开头单词或短语，在随后的句子中重复多遍，比如例句中的 we shall fight。 We shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. anastrophe: 改变正常词序，比如例句中最后一部分，正常词序是 yet a breeze never blew up 。 The helmsman steered, the ship moved on, yet never a breeze up blew. antistrophe：在每个句子的结尾，重复相同的单词或短语，比如例句中的 without warning。 In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, without warning. In 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia, without warning. In 1938, Hitler occupied Austria, without warning. antithesis：两个或多个句子，结构相同，但含义相反，或者含义形成对比，比如例句中的 is no vice 与 is no virtue。 Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice, moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue. 19 / 61 aporia：假装表示疑问，做出对某件事情好象不太肯定的样子，比如例句的最后部分。 Then the steward said within himself, What shall I do? aposiopesis：突然中断一个句子，以表示恐惧、兴奋等感情，比如例句在 I saw 后面中断。 The first thing I saw - But I dare not describe the dreadful sight. apostrophe：在叙述过程中，突然对不在场的第三人的称呼，比如例句中的 O you gods。 Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him. archaism：使用古体单词，或者已废弃单词，比如例句中的sate。 Pipit sate upright in her chair, some distance from where I was sitting. assonance：重复某个发音相同或相似的音节，比如例句中的 Thy/thy 和 -dom/done。 Thy kingdom come, thy will be done. 20 / 61 asyndeton：省略单词、短语或从句之间的连接词，比如例句省略了两个连接词 and。 But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. brachylogy：省略一个不太重要、读者通常可以猜出的单词或短语，比如例句省略了 out 后面的 of。 He looked out the window. 认为： brachylogy 是在作者完全了解这种修辞方法的前提下才能使用的技巧。作者心里应当完全清楚自己省略了一个of，而不是在老师指出后，才发觉遗漏，再用所谓 “ 修辞学 ”来为自己辩解，那样的辩解，只能是狡辩。一个人，如果连常见的语法错误还无法避免，修辞还是先等一等再学吧。退一步说，即使作者真的打算使用 brachylogy，也需要一些技巧，以避免读者把它看成是 “ 错误， ” 比如，只有在上下文有提示的情况下，才省略某个单词，例如下面这句话。另外，Delphinus 认为， brachylogy 是各种省略方法的泛称，并不是一种具体的修辞方法，因此建议我将它从 45 种修辞方法中排除出去。 I asked as many questions as they to me. cacophony：使用一组发音不和谐的单词，以便让人听着不21 / 61 舒服，比如例句中的一组单词。 We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will. catachresis：用不准确的单词进行不准确的比喻，比如例句中的 thirsty ear。 I listen vainly, but with thirsty ear. chiasmus：两个对应部分没有按照 a-b-a-b 顺序排列，而是按照 a-b-b-a 顺序排列，比如例句中的 (often) (in my thoughts) and (in my prayers) (always)。 Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always. climax：重新排列单词、短语或从句，以便让整个句子具有语气逐渐增强的效果，比如例句最后部分 and not to yield是整句的高潮。 One equal temper of heroic hearts, made weak by time and fate, but strong in will, to strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. euphemism：用礼貌、非冒犯性的表达，代替不礼貌、冒犯22 / 61 性的表达，比如例句中的 passed away 和 went to be with the Lord。 Charles Shively, 94, passed away at home and went to be with the Lord on April 22, XX, from natural causes. hendiadys：用 and 连接两个名词，以代替一个形容词和一个名词，比如例句中的 voice and supplication，代替supplicatory voice。 I love the Lord, because he has heard my voice and supplication. hypallage：交换两个单词的位置，交换之后的句子符合语法，但不一定符合逻辑，比如左边的例句变成右边的例句。 Apply water to the wound. - Apply the wound to water. hyperbaton： 颠倒句子各个部分，通常是颠倒主语和谓语，比如左边的例句可以变成右边的例句。 He is happy. - Happy is he. hyperbole：通过夸张达到某种修辞效果，比如例句中的 An hundred years. An hundred years should g ot to praise thine eyes and 23 / 61 on thine forehead gaze, two hundred to adore each breast, but thirty thousand to the rest. hysteron proteron：故意颠倒事件发生的自然顺序，也就是后发生的先说，先发生的后说，比如左边的例句变成右边的例句。 I fall, I fain t, I die. - I die, I faint, I fall. irony：字面意思与说话人实际想要表达的意思不一致，通常用来讽刺，比如例句中的 an honourable man。 Yet Brutus says he was ambitious, and Brutus is an honourable man. litotes：利用否定的形式，表达肯定的意思，比如例句中的 not healthy 相当于 dangerous。 War is not healthy for children and other living things. metaphor：利用某些单词进行含蓄的比喻，此时这些单词已经不再是字面上的意思了，比如 curtain。 From Stet tin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent. 24 / 61 metonymy 用一个单词代替另外一个在概念上有关联的单词，比如例句中的 sword，用来代替 war。 The pen is mightier than the sword. onomatopoeia：模拟自然界的各种声音，比如例句中的ticktacking。 I hear the clock ticktacking, and time goes by. oxymoron：使用两个或多个自相矛盾的单词，比如例句中的cruel 和 kind。 paradox：似是而非、或者似非而是的表达，比如例句中关于 youth 的看法。 What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young. paraleipsis：故意省略某个部分之后，修辞效果反而更强，比如例句中 possessions 后面的省略。 That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions . is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on, and I shall 25 / 61 therefore pass it by. paraprosdokian：一个句子的结尾令人感到吃惊，或者令人感到意外，比如例句中的 the wall behind me。 Many times when I look in the mirror, I see the wall behind me. paronomasia：一个单词或短语，同时具有多重含义，比如例句中的 grave man，即是严肃的人，又是坟墓中的死人。 Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man. personification：用人的特性来描述人以外的事物，比如England。 Engla