2017届英语外研版一轮复习课件：语法专题10定语从句.ppt

语法专题十定语从句,-2-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点一关系代词与关系副词的区别关系代词有who,whom,which,that和whose,另外,as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有when,where和why,在定语从句中充当状语。1.who指人,在定语从句中做主语或宾语。(2013湖南)Happinessandsuccessoftencometothosewhoaregoodatrecognizingtheirownstrengths.幸福和成功经常属于那些善于认识自己长处的人。2.whom指人,在定语从句中做宾语,常可省略。Doyouknowtheboy(whom)wemetatthegate?你认识我们在门口碰到的那个男孩吗?,-3-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。(2014安徽)Theexactyear(which/that)AngelaandherfamilyspenttogetherinChinawas2008.安杰拉和她的家人在中国共同度过的确切年份是2008年。4.that指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.她就是那位我非常想见的明星。(2014江西)Amongthemanydangers(which/that)sailorshavetoface,probablythegreatestofallisfog.在海员们要面对的许多危险中,最严重的可能就是雾。,-4-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,5.whose可指人或物,修饰名词或代词,在定语从句中充当定语。“whose+名词”可改为“the+名词+ofwhich/whom”或“ofwhich/whomthe+名词”。(2015四川)Thebooksonthedesk,whosecoversareshiny,areprizesforus.桌子上的这些书是给我们的奖品,它们的封面很亮。(2014山东)Acompanywhoseprofitsfromhomemarketsaredecliningmayseekopportunitiesabroad.国内市场利润下降的公司会寻求到国外发展的机会。Thehousewhosewindowsareverylargeismyuncles.=Thehouseofwhichthewindowsareverylargeismyuncles.那个窗子非常大的房子是我叔叔的。,-5-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,6.as可指人也可指物,在定语从句中做主语、宾语或表语。(1)引导限制性定语从句,先行词前常有as,thesame,so,such修饰,且在从句中做主语、宾语或表语时,关系代词要用as。Itwassodifficultaproblemasnobodyinmyclasscouldworkout.(as做workout的宾语)这个问题很难以至于我们班里没有人能解出来。注意:so/such.that结构中,that引导结果状语从句,只起连接作用,不充当从句的任何成分。Itwassodifficultaproblemthatnobodyinmyclasscouldworkitout.(workout已经有宾语,that只起连接作用),-6-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,(2)as可以引导非限制性定语从句,代指整个主句的内容,从句中常用的谓语动词为see,say,hear,expect,know,report等,常译为“正如,正像”,其引导的从句可以放在主句前面也可以放在主句后面。(2015江苏)Thenumberofsmokers,asisreported,hasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear.正如所报道的,吸烟者的数量在仅仅一年中下降了百分之十七。,-7-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,7.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语。其先行词是表示时间的名词time,day,week,year,month等,常用onwhich,inwhich,atwhich,duringwhich等代替。(2015陕西)Asthesmallestchildofhisfamily,Alexisalwayslongingforthetimewhenheshouldbeabletobeindependent.作为家中最小的孩子,亚历克斯总是渴望自己能够独立的日子。(2014湖南)Iamlookingforwardtothedaywhen/onwhichmydaughtercanreadthisbookandknowmyfeelingsforher.我一直期盼那一天,我的女儿能够读懂这本书并且知道我对她的情感。,-8-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,8.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词,可以用“介词+关系代词”代替。Thehousewhere/inwhichhelivesisneartheriver.他住的房子在河边。注意:高考对where的考查趋于复杂,先行词由“明显的地点”转为“模糊的地点”,或者说“抽象的地点”。这些名词有:stage,case,position,situation,point,occasion,activity等。(2014福建)Studentsshouldinvolvethemselvesincommunityactivitieswhere/inwhichtheycangainexperienceforgrowth.学生应该参与社区活动,在这些活动中他们能获取成长的经验。,-9-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,9.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语,可用forwhich来替代。why不可引导非限制性定语从句。Tellmethereasonwhy/forwhichyoucamelate.告诉我你来晚了的原因。注意:用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。,-10-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点二关系代词必须用that的情况1.当先行词是everything,anything,nothing,something,all,none,few,little,some等不定代词时,或当先行词被every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等不定代词修饰时。Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.我们应该做一切有益于人民的事情。2.先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast等修饰时。ThisisthelastplacethatIwanttovisit.这是我最不想参观的地方。3.先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。ThisisthebestnovelthatIhaveeverread.这是我读过的最好的一部小说。,-11-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,4.先行词是数词或被序数词修饰时。ThisisthethirddictionarythatIhaveused.这是我用过的第三本字典。5.当先行词同时含有表示人和物的名词时。Wetalkedaboutthethingsandpersonsthatwewereinterestedin.我们谈论了我们感兴趣的人和事。6.以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句,为避免重复时。Whoisthemanthatisstandingunderthetree?站在树下的那个人是谁?,-12-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,注意:QingdaoisthemostbeautifulcitywhereIhaveeverworked.(即使有最高级修饰先行词city,但从句中work为不及物动词,先行词只做其地点状语,故要用关系副词)前面所述几种情况已有前提:需要用关系代词时,遇到这几种情况才选用that。,-13-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点三关系代词不能用that的情况1.在“介词+关系代词”的结构中,关系代词只能用指物的which和指人的whom。ThisisthetrainbywhichwewenttoBeijing.这就是我们去北京乘的那列火车。2.在非限制性定语从句(即通常用逗号与主句隔开,若去掉整个句子仍能表达完整意义的定语从句)中。(2014北京)IborrowedthebookSherlockHolmesfromthelibrarylastweek,whichmyclassmatesrecommendedtome.上周我在图书馆里借了夏洛克福尔摩斯这本书,书是我的同学向我推荐的。,-14-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,3.指人时,当先行词为everybody,anybody,everyone,anyone等时,关系代词要用who,不用that。Isthereanyonewhocananswerthisquestion?有谁能回答这个问题?4.先行词本身是指示代词that或those时,关系代词应用which。Whatsthatwhichsheislookingat?她正在看什么?,-15-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点四as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别1.位置不同。which引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后;as引导的定语从句位置较灵活,也就是说as从句可置于所限制的句子前、插在句子中或放在句子后。(2015湖南)Itisatrulydelightfulplace,whichlooksthesameasitmusthavedone100yearsagowithitswindingstreetsandprettycottages.它确实是一个宜人的地方。与一百年前的样子一样,有着弯弯曲曲的小径和漂亮的村舍。Mike,asyouknow,isanhonestman./Mikeisanhonestman,asyouknow./Asyouknow,Mikeisanhonestman.如你所知,迈克是个诚实的人。,-16-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,2.先行词不同。as引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词多为一个句子;which引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词可以是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。Asweallknow,heisveryproud.(先行词为一个句子)众所周知,他很自大。Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.(先行词是一个词)他是自大的,而他弟弟从不自大。3.意义不同。as一般译为“正如,就像”;which一般译为“这一点,这件事”。John,asyouknow,ismybestfriend.正如你所知,约翰是我最好的朋友。HehasbeentoParismorethantentimes,whichIdontbelieve.他已去过巴黎十多次了,这一点我不相信。,-17-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,4.关系不同。当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时,关系词往往只用which。Tomwaslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.汤姆上学迟到了,这使他老师很生气。注意:as多用于下列习惯用语中:asanybodycansee正如大家能看到的那样aswehadexpected正如我们所预料的那样asoftenhappens正如经常发生的那样ashasbeensaidbefore如之前所述asismentionedabove正如上面所提到的,-18-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点五“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句1.在“介词+关系代词”结构中,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose。ThepersontowhomyoullwriteisMrBall.TheoldmanwastalkingwithMrSmith,inwhosehospitalIwasoperatedon.2.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词及名词、数词。Hehastwosons,bothofwhomwerekilledinthewar.Iliveinahouse,thewindowofwhichfacesthesouth.,-19-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,3.“介词+关系代词”结构中介词的选择可根据定语从句中谓语动词和介词的习惯搭配、先行词和介词的习惯搭配来确定,有时也需要结合句意。Inthestreettherewasntanypersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.Thebossinwhosecompanymyfatherworkedisaverykindperson.4.“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句中,定语从句常和先行词用逗号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序。Helivesinabighouse,infrontofwhichstandsatallappletree.注意:在一些固定搭配的动词短语中,由于动词和介词不能分割,因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。Thisisthebook(which/that)Imlookingfor.不可以说:ThisisthebookforwhichImlooking.,-20-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,5.fromwhere虽为“介词+关系副词”结构,但也可引导定语从句,where往往指代前面表示具体位置的介词短语。Hestoodontopofthehill,fromwherehecouldseethewholevillage.(where指代ontopofthehill,指的是“从山顶那个地方看”,而不是指“山”),-21-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点六定语从句与其他句型的区别1.定语从句与同位语从句的区别。二者都跟在名词后面,区别是:定语从句修饰先行词,是对其进行修饰限定;同位语从句则是对前面名词的解释说明,是其内容。同位语从句前的名词常为抽象名词,如:idea,fact,truth,evidence,news,thought。同位语从句主要由that引导,在从句中不作成分,有时也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导,在从句中充当成分。Thenewsthatourteamwonmadeusexcited.(ourteamwon是news的内容,that不充当从句的成分,为同位语从句。可理解为:Thenewswasthatourteamwon.)Thenewsthathetoldmewasexciting.(hetoldme缺少一个直接宾语,由that充当,故为定语从句。不能将其理解为:Thenewswasthathetoldme.),-22-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,2.定语从句与并列句和简单句的区别。区别的关键是看标点和连接词。Ourclasshassixtystudents,mostofwhomstudyhard.(逗号后为另一个句子,两个句子之间要用连接代词whom,为定语从句)Ourclasshassixtystudents,andmostofthemstudyhard.(逗号后为另一个句子,且已经有并列连词and,故用them即可,为并列句)Ourclasshassixtystudents.Mostofthemstudyhard.(两句之间为句号,代表两个独立的简单句,故不需要连接词),-23-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,3.定语从句与状语从句的区别。定语从句前面必有先行词,而状语从句(如时间状语从句和地点状语从句)则是作整个句子的状语,前面没有先行词。Doyouknowthetimewhenhewillcomeback?(定语从句,前面有先行词time)Iwillgoshoppingwhenhecomesback.(时间状语从句,表示主句动作发生的时间,前面没有先行词)Putthebookwhereitbelongs.(地点状语从句,指的是“放书”的地点,前面无先行词,因此不能用towhich)Putthebookintheplacewhereitbelongs.(定语从句,前面有先行词place),-24-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,4.定语从句与强调句的区别。当itis/was后出现表示地点或时间的名词时,其后所接的从句是定语从句还是强调句,要看将itis/was和that(可以先假设)去掉之后句式是否完整(不缺少成分),若句式完整则为强调句。ItwasSundaywhenhecameback.(定语从句)ItwasonSundaythathecameback.(强调句式,强调的是时间状语onSunday,去掉Itwas和that后句式完整),-25-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,考点七几种特殊情况1.当先行词为way,意为“方法、方式”,且在定语从句中作主语、宾语时,可用关系代词which或that;做状语时,要用inwhich或that或不填任何关系词。Theway(that/inwhich)hefinishedthetasksuccessfullywasdifficulttounderstand.(做状语)Thewaythat/whichheexplainedtomewasnotdifficulttounderstand.(做宾语),-26-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点七,2.当先行词为time时,若表示“一段时间”,后面定语从句用when引导,也可用at/duringwhich;若表示“次数”,后面定语从句用that引导,that可以省略。TherewasatimewhenwehadnoTVsets.Thisisthesecondtime(that)thepresidenthasvisitedourcountry.,-27-,.用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空1.(2015课标全国改编)IdskippednearbyGuilin,adreamplacefortouristsseekingthelimestonemountaintopsanddarkwatersoftheLiRiverthat/whicharepicturedbyartistsinsomanyChinesepaintings.2.(2015安徽改编)Someexpertsthinkreadingisthefundamentalskilluponwhichschooleducationdepends.3.(2015重庆改编)Hewrotemanychildrensbooks,nearlyhalfofwhichwerepublishedinthe1990s.4.(2015北京改编)OppositeisSt.PaulsChurch,whereyoucanhearsomelovelymusic.5.(2015山西师大附中月考改编)Scientistshavesearchedforalongtimeforareasonwhysomanybeesaredisappearing.,解析,-28-,6.(2015广州一模改编)Whenperformingascenewheretherewerefewlaughs,hewouldoftenmakeuphisownjokes,whichalwaysentertainedtheaudience,butsometimesalsoruinedthescene.7.(2015重庆一中一诊改编)ImgladtointroduceMr.Smithtoyou,withoutwhoseconsiderationourprojectwouldhaveendedinfailure.8.(2015安徽淮北二模改编)WhendidyouknowMr.Wang?Itwaslastmonthwhenhewasknockeddownbyamotorbike.9.(2015湖南衡阳五校联考改编)Lifeislikealongracewherewecompetewithotherstogobeyondourselves.10.(2015山西四校联考改编)Julieenjoyedreadingwhenyoung.Shegrewupinakeymiddleschoolinhercity,whereherparentsbothtaughtChinese.,解析,-29-,11.(2015北京东城下学期综合测试改编)Myunclehasalargegreenhouseinhisgardenwherehegrowsvegetablesinwinter.12.(2015四川宜宾一诊改编)Theresultsoftheexperimentprovedtobeverygood,whichwasmorethanweexpected.13.(2015福州第二次质检改编)RunningManissuchafunnyrealityshowashasthegravitytopullyouinfrontofyourtelevision.14.(2015成都二诊改编)Therearetimeswhenyouhavetoactfromtheheart.15.(2015江西临川一中期中改编)Theresnolongeraparticularyearwhenonegoestoschoolorgoestoworkorgetsmarriedorstartsafamily.,解析,-30-,16.(2015安徽淮北二模改编)FivemendraggedaVolvoXC60car,whichtheownerclaimedhasatechnicalfaultinXianonMonday.17.(2015江苏淮安二调改编)In2014,suchimportantreformpoliciesassociatedwiththeinterestsofthegeneralpublicwereintroducedinChinaasalmosteachpersoncouldbenefitfrominlife.18.(2015河南顶级名校模拟改编)AnneBowman,awriter,whorecentlymadeastudy,asked125undergraduatestudentstoranktwogroupsofphotographs,oneofmenandoneofwomen,intheorderofattractiveness.19.(2015浙江嘉兴教学测试改编)Nowadaysmanyvolunteersareworkinginareaswhich/thathavedryclimates.,解析,-31-,20.(2014陕西改编)Pleasesendusalltheinformationthatyouhaveaboutthecandidatefortheposition.21.(2014重庆改编)Wellreach