Chap.2.3英汉语言区别特征(简).ppt

Chap.2.3,Englishvs.Chinese:TenpairsofFeatures,中英文语法上有哪些区别？,量词,时态,格,语态,英文：词与词的关系通过形态变化体现；中文：词与词的关系通过次序或者助词体现,数,2.3.1Syntheticvs.Analytic,综合语与分析语要点综合语运用形态变化来表达语法关系；分析语用词序及虚词来表达语法关系。Asyntheticlanguageischaracterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedforms(词形变化)toexpressgrammaticalrelationships.Ananalyticlanguageismarkedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords(虚词),auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelations.,Inflectionalvs.Non-inflectional,Inflection,wordorderandtheuseoffunctionwordsareemployedasthethreegrammaticaldevicesinbuildingEnglishsentences.Inflectedendings:nouns,pronouns,verbsBusbuseshehis/himmovemovedDifferentgrammaticalmeanings:partsofspeech,gender,number,case,person,tense,voice,mood,non-finiteverbs,etc.,1Hemovedastonishinglyfast.Hemovedwithastonishinglyrapidity.Hismovementswereastonishinglyrapid.Hisrapidmovementastonishedus.Hismovementsastonishedusbytheirrapidity.Therapidityofhismovementswasastonishing.Therapiditywithwhichhemovedwasastonishing.Heastonishedusbymovingrapidly.Heastonishedusbyhisrapidmovements.Heastonishedusbytherapidityofhismovements.(Jespersen1924)他行动迅速，令人吃惊。,wordorder:flexiblevs.inflexible,Theinflectionofalanguagehasmuchtodowiththepositionofwordsinthesentence.Thelessinflectivealanguage,themorerigidthewordorder.HencewordorderinEnglishisnotsorigidasinChinese.,inversion,(1)interrogativeinversion疑问倒装Whatintheworlddoyoumean?(2)imperativeinversion命令倒装Comeyou!(3)exclamatoryinversion惊叹倒装Whatabeautifulvoiceyouhave!(4)hypotheticalinversion假设倒装Apairofblackeyesmighthavedonesomeexecutionhadtheybeenplacedinasmootherface.(5)balanceinversion平衡倒装Inexpressiblewastheastonishmentofthelittlepartywhentheyreturnedtofindthatshehaddisappeared.(6)linkinversion衔接倒装Sucharetherewardsthatalwayscrownvirtue.(7)negativeinversion否定倒装NotafingerdidIlayonhim.,英语的词序够灵活吧？！,useoffunctionwords:EnglishandChineseMakeUseofDifferentTypesofFunctionWords,Englishfunctionwordsincludethearticles,prepositions,auxiliaryverbs,coordinators(并列连接词),andsubordinators(从属连接词),whileChinesefunctionwordsincludeparticles(助词，语气词),connectivesandprepositions.Eachhasitsownfeaturesintheuseofthesewords.,Example:Englisharticles,1Shewaswithachild.Shewaswithchild.2Theyarestudentsofourschool.Theyarethestudentsofourschool.3Ihavelivedhereformorethanayear.Ihavelivedhereformorethanoneyear.4Pleasetakeachair.Hetookthechairtoday.Hetookthechairofthecommittee.,Chineseparticles,1aspectparticles(动态助词):着，了，过2structuralparticles(结构助词)：的，地，得3emotionalparticles(语气助词)：吗，呢，吧如：你啊，老这样下去可不行！这也不能怪他，头一回嘛。打吧，打不下去；跑吧，跑不了，敌人只好投降。,intonationvs.tone(语调和声调),EnglishisanintonationlanguagewhileChineseisatonelanguage.Eg:Youaregoingtobuythathouse.(,)OneoftheimportantfeaturesinmodernChineseisthepredominanceofdisyllablesandquadrisyllables(双音节化和四音节化),thustheduplicationofcharacters,repetitionofwords,four-characterexpressionsandsoonhavebecomepopularChinesegrammaticalandrhetoricaldevices.,Itwasadayasfreshasgrassgrowingupandcloudsgoingoverandbutterfliescomingdowncanmakeit.Itwasadaycompoundedfromsilenceofbeeandflowersandoceanandland,whichwerenotsilencesatall,butmotions,stirs,flutters,risings,fallings,eachinitsowntimeandmatchlessrhythm.,绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如此清新可爱；蜜蜂无言，春花不语，海波声歇，大地静谧，这日子是如此万籁俱寂。然而并非安静，因为万物各以其适宜的时刻，特有的节奏，或动，或摇，或振，或起，或伏。,2.3.2rigidvs.supple,刚性与柔性要点英语句子主次分明，层次清楚，前呼后拥，严密规范；汉语主谓结构具有多样性、复杂性和灵活性。,Englishsentencestructureiscomposedofnounphraseandverbphrase.Asentencethatdoesnotcontainasubjectandaverbisfelttobeincomplete.Thesubjectmustagreewiththepredicateverbinpersonandnumber,etc.ThisrigidS-Vconcord(主谓协调一致)formsthekernelofasentence.FivebasicEnglishpatterns:1SV(主谓)2SVP(主系表)3SVO(主谓宾)4SVoO(主谓间接宾语直接宾语)5SVOC(主谓宾宾补),Chinese,however,isrelativelyfreefromthegovernmentofS-Vconcordandformalmarkers.Thesubject-predicatestructureisusuallyvaried,flexibleandthuscomplicatedandsupple.例：subject:1文章翻译完了。（受事主语）2全市到处在兴建新工厂。（地点主语）3累得我站不起来了。（无主句）Predicate:1天高云淡。（形容词做谓语）2她出国留学去了。（连动式谓语）3我介绍他加入协会。（兼语式谓语）4这项合同经理要签名。（主谓词组做谓语）,VariousEnglishCohesiveties,*relatives:who,whom,whose,that,which,what,when,where,why,how*connectives:and,or,but,yet,so,however,aswellas,eitheror,while,until,sothat,unless,lestEg:1Allwasclearupsometimelaterwhennewscamefromadistantplacethatanearthquakewasfelttheverydaythelittlecopperballfell.过了些时候，从远方传来消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。,2.3.3hypotacticvs.paratactic(形合与意合),要点英语重形合，句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系；汉语重意合，词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。Hypotaxisisthedependentorsubordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclauseswithconnectives,forexample,Ishalldespairifyoudontcome.Englishsentencebuildingisfeaturedbyhypotaxis.Parataxisisthearrangingofclausesoneaftertheotherwithoutconnectivesshowingtherelationbetweenthem.Chinesesentencebuildingisfeaturedbyparataxis.,ParataxisinChinese,1、人不犯我，我不犯人。Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.2、抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解了。Oncetheprincipalcontradictionisgrasped,allproblemscanbereadilysolved.3、聪明一世，糊涂一时。Smartasarule,butthistimeafool.4、有饭大家吃。Leteverybodysharethefoodifthereisany.5、不到黄河心不死。Untilallisover,ambitionneverdies.,2.3.4complexvs.simplex(繁复与简短),要点从属结构是现代英语最重要的特点之一，英语句子偏长，平均长度为20到25个词；汉语常用散句、松句、紧缩句、省略句、流水句或并列形式的复句，以中短句居多，最佳长度为7到12字。,1Inthedoorwaylayatleasttwelveumbrellasofallsizesandcolors.门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色大小不一的伞。2CanyouansweraquestionwhichIwanttoaskandwhichispuzzlingme?我有个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗？,2.3.5Impersonalvs.personal要点英语较常用物称表达法，以体现客观；汉语注重主体思维，往往从自我出发来叙述客观事物，重人称。,FormalwrittenEnglishoftengoeswithanimpersonalstyle,inwhichthewriterdoesnotreferdirectlytohimselforhisreaders,butavoidsthepronounsI,we,you.Someofthecommonfeaturesofimpersonallanguagearepassive,sentencesbeginningwithintroductory“it”andabstractnounsassubjects.Chinese,bythecontrast,preferstouseapersonalstyle,whichisfeaturedbutmuchmoreactivesoractiveinformbutpassivesinsense,personalsubjectsorsubjectlesssentenceswhenthesubjectisself-evident,unknownorimpliedinthecontext.,*Asaresultoftheabovedifference,theconversionofEnglishimpersonalsubjectsintoChinesepersonalsubjectsandEnglishpassivesintoChineseactivesisoftenemployedintranslation.,1Anideasuddenlystruckme.2Astrangepeacecameoverherwhenshewasalone.3Alarmbegantotakeentirepossessionofhim.4Thehappinessthesuperioradvantagesoftheyoungwomenroundabouther,gaveRebeccainexpressiblepangsofenvy.,2.3.6Passivevs.Active,PassivesofvariousformsarefrequentlyusedinEnglish.Thepassivevoiceallowsonetoexpressideaswithoutattributingthemtoaspecificindividualsource.Thatiswhyitiswidelyusedingovernmentcommunications,inwhichdecisionsandopinionsarepresumedtobethoseofthebureauoragencyasawholeandnotofindividualofficials.(itisdirectedthat;itistheopinionofthefirm)Bycontrast,activeforms,includingthoseinpassivesense,areoftenusedinChinese.Theuseofpassiveformsmarkedby“被，让，叫，挨，受，遭，蒙”isreallylimited.Doyouknowwhy?,NotionalpassivesinChinese-activeinformbutpassiveinsense,1一匹马骑两个人。Twopeoplerodeonehorse.2这锅饭能吃十个人。Apotofricelikethiscanfeed10people.3昨晚我盖了两条被子。LastnightIwascoveredupwithtwoquilts.,(2)subjectlessorsubject-omittedsentenceswhenthesubjectisself-evident,unknownorimpliedincontext,1要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。Airresistancemustbegivencarefulconsiderationwhentheaircraftistobemanufactured.2注意看看信的地址是否写对了。Careshouldbetakentoseethattheletterisproperlyaddressed.,(3)Usinggenericpersons(通称、泛称如有人，人们，大家)assubjects,1有人听见呼救的声音。Voiceswereheardcallingforhelp.2众所周知，中国人在两千年前就发明了指南针。ItiswellknownthatthecompasswasinventedinChinamorethan2000yearsago.,（4）using“executiveform”(把字句),11964年中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，把基辛格吓了一跳。KissingerwasalarmedbyChinasfirstatomicblastin1964.,2.3.7Staticvs.Dynamic,静态与动态要点英语多用名词，叙述呈静态；汉语多用动词，叙述呈动态。Englishmakesmoreuseofnouns,adjectives,andprepositions,andisthereforemorestatic.Conversely,Chineseoftenemploysverbs,adverbs,verbalphrases,repetitionandreduplicationofverbs,andisthereforemoredynamic.ComparetheEnglishsentenceswiththeChineseversions:,2.3.7Staticvs.Dynamic,TheabuseofbasichumanrightsintheirowncountryinviolationoftheagreementreachedatHelsinkiearnedthemthecondemnationoffreedom-lovingpeopleeverywhere.他们违反在赫尔辛基达成的协议，在国内侵犯基本人权，因此受到了各地热爱自由的人们的谴责。,2.3.7Staticvs.Dynamic,Asaresultoftheabovedifference,theconversionoftheEnglishnominalstyle(名词化表达法)intotheChineseverbalstyle(动词化表达法),e.g.EnglishnounsconvertedintoChineseverbs,adjectivesintoadverbs,prepositionsintoverbs,etc.,isoftenemployedintranslation:Heisagoodeaterandagoodsleeper.他能吃能睡。Iusedtobeabitofafanciermyself.过去我常常有点喜欢胡思乱想。,2.3.7Staticvs.Dynamic,Hehassomeonebehindhim.有人给他撑腰。Fordsfirstpledgewas,“Mr.President,youhavemysupportandmyloyalty.”福特一开始就保证说：“总统先生，我支持您，并效忠于您。”,2.3.8Abstractvs.Concrete,InEnglish,nominalizationoftenresultsinabstraction.Hewaitedforherarrivalwithafrenziedagitation.他等着她来，急得像热锅上的蚂蚁。Imarveledattherelentlessdeterminationoftherain.(N.Rigg)雨无情地下个不停，我感到惊异。,2.3.8Abstractvs.Concrete,Hehadsurfacedwithlessvisibilityinthepolicydecisions.(B.Barnhart)在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面了。Highbloodpressureisacontraindicationforthisdrug.高血压患者忌服此药。,2.3.9Indirectvs.Direct,Thewideruseofsuchdevicesaseuphemism,understatement,litotes,indirectnegation,periphrasisaswellasheimpersonalstyleandabstractdictionmakesEnglishmoreindirectthanChinese.Euphemism(委婉)(1)sanitaryengineer(=garbageman)垃圾清洁工(2)meattechnologist(=butcher)屠户,2.3.9Indirectvs.Direct,(3)humanresourcesunderdevelopment/underutilization(=unemployment)失业现象(4)toshowdifficultyindistinguishingbetweenimaginaryandfactualmaterial(=lies)撒谎,2.3.9Indirectvs.Direct,Understatement(克制陈述)Astatementwhichisnotstrongenoughtoexpressthefullortruefactsorfeelings,i.e.makesbigthingsseemtrifle,particularlycommoninEnglish,isknownasunderstatement.Ihavealittlehouseinthecountry.Yes,Idontplaytoobadly.,litotes间接肯定,Litotesisawayofexpressingathoughtbyitsopposite,esp.with“not”asin“notbad”(=good),and“nosmall”(=great).Chinesehassimilarlitotesas“未尝不可”，“难免错误”，“不虚此行”，“不无遗憾”，butpreferstousedirectaffirmativesfortheEnglishlitotes.1Tomynosmallastonishment,Ifoundthehouseonfire.我发现房子着了火，大吃一惊。2Itservesnolittlepurposetocontinuepublicdiscussionofthisissue.继续公开讨论这一问题是大有用处的。3Icouldntfeelbetter.我觉得身体好极了。,Indirectnegation间接否定,AstrangefeatureofthesyntaxofsubordinationincolloquialEnglishisthetransferofthenegativefromasubordinatethat-clause,wheresemanticallyitbelongs,tothemainclause.Idontthinkhewillcome.Ithinkhewillnotcome.,1Wedontbelievethatthetwoboxersarewell-matched.2Idontthinkwecanorshouldremainindifferenttoit.3Itisnotouropinionthatyourproposedcontractispractical.4Youshouldhavecomeatabettertime.5Asifanyonewouldbelievethatstory.6IwillseeyoudeadbeforeIacceptyourterms.,翻译练习,tactfulimplication婉转暗示,1Itc