美国文学现实主义文学

Requirements:,ClassAttendancePreparatoryworkandafter-classreading,PartIVTheLiteratureofRealism,美国现实主义文学(1860-1914),HistoricalIntroductionLiteraryMovementsbetweentheCivilWarandtheFirstWorldWarTheEstablishmentofAmericanPoetryRiseoftheAmericanNovelLiteratureontheBlack,HistoricalOverview,TheCivilWarthedevelopmentofrailroadsthespreadofindustrialismthefrontier,Thegildedage镀金时代:seeminglyprosperoussociety;anageofexcessandextremes,ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyaddazzlingwealth,ofgloomandbuoyanthope,美国资本主义大工业迅猛发展,迫使原住民离乡背井,这幅图画展示的就是“镀金时代”的景象,1.AmericanRealism2.AmericanNaturalism3.LocalColorism,IILiteraryMovementsbetweentheCivilWarandtheFirstWorldWar,Realism:amodeofwritingthatgivestheimpressionofrecordingor“reflecting”faithfullyanactualwayoflife.Moderncriticismfrequentlyinsiststhatrealismisnotadirectorsimplereproductionofrealitybutasystemofconventionsproducingalifelikeillusionofsome“real”worldoutsidethetext,byprocessesofselection,exclusion,description,andmannersofaddressingthereader.(OxfordConciseDictionaryofLiteraryTerms),Emphasizesobjectivityandoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.Realistsseektruththatisverifiablebyexperienceandhavepracticalconsequences.Theyexpressedtheconcernfortheworldofexperience,ofthecommonplace,andforthefamiliarandthelow.Realismisembeddedinamimetictheoryofart.Realistsbelievethatliteratureimitatesreality.,FeaturesofRealism,RepresentativesofAmericanRealismMarkTwain马克吐温WilliamDeanHowells威廉迪恩豪威尔斯HenryJames亨利詹姆斯,1.AmericanRealism,2.AmericanNaturalism,Naturalismisamoredeliberatekindofrealisminnovels,storiesandplays,usuallyinvolvingaviewofhumanbeingsaspassivevictimsofnaturalforcesandsocialenvironment.,FeaturesofAmericanNaturalismApost-Darwinianmovement(thesurvivalofthefittest)ofthelate19thcenturyNaturalismappliestheprinciplesofscientificdeterminationtofiction.Theworldisamoral;Menandwomenhavenofreewill;theirlivesarecontrolledbyheredityandtheenvironmentReligious“truths”areillusoryThedestinyofhumanityismiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.(pessimismanddeterministicideas),2.AmericanNaturalism,2.1ThemajorwritersofAmericanNaturalismStephenCrane斯蒂芬克莱恩FrankNorris弗兰克诺里斯JackLondon杰克伦敦HenryAdams亨利亚当斯TheodoreDreiser西奥多德莱塞,2.AmericanNaturalism,LocalColorism,Localcolorismisdependentuponaspecificgeographicallocation.Localcoloristsgiveemphasistothelocaldetailsbytappingintoitsfolklore,history,mannerism,custom,beliefsandspeech.Dialectspeculiaritiesarethedefiningcharacteristicoflocalcolorwritings.Theytendtoidealizeandglorify,buttheyneverforgottokeepaneyeonthetruthfulcoloroflocallife.,MarkTwain,WaltWhitmanEmilyDickinson,IIITheEstablishmentofAmericanPoetry,I.ReputationOneofthemostoriginalandinspiringAmericanpoets“AnAmericanbardatlast!Oneoftheroughs,large,proud,affectionate,eating,drinking,andbreeding,hiscostumemanlyandfree,hisfacesunburntandbearded,hisposturesstronganderect”(from“LeavesofGrass”1stedition),WaltWhitman沃尔特.惠特曼(1819-1892),II.LifeStory,BornonLongIsland(长岛),NewYork(hisparentswerepoorandsemiliterate)Beganworkingasanofficeboyinalawfirm,thenforadoctor(hehadonlyfiveorsixyearsofformalschooling,butthroughprivatereadinghebecamewelleducated)1836-1841Workedasanelementaryschoolteacher1842BecameeditorofTheNewYorkAuroraMakeasojournintheSouth,II.LifeStory,self-publishedthefirsteditionofLeavesofGrassDuringtheCivilWaracorrespondentforTheNewYorkTimesandavolunteernurseinarmyhospitalsWiththemoneyfromthe6theditionhewasabletobuyhisownhouse1892diedatCamden(AcityofwesternNewJersey)Hewaspoorallhislifeandnevermarried.,III.HisMajorContribution,1.Centeredonideasofdemocracy,equality,andbrotherhood.Why?WhitmanslifetimesawtheCivilWarandwitnessedboththeapex(顶点)andtheabolitionofslavery.2.DevelopatypeofpoetrythatwasuniquelyAmerican,thatbothsurpassedandbrokethemoldofitspredecessors.(freeverse)Why?InresponsetotheriseoftheUnitedStatesasacommercialandpoliticalpowerintheworld.,Freeverseisrhymedorunrhymedpoetryfreefromconventionalrulesofmeter;instead,itusesthecadences(抑扬顿挫)ofnaturalspeech.Whitmancreatedarhythmthatcorrespondstothevibrancyandflowofhisemotionsandsensoryperceptions.Whitmanpioneered“freeverse”andmadeitacceptableinAmericanpoetry.PoetsfamousfortheirworkscomposedinfreeverseincludeWaltWhitman,EzraPound,T.S.Eliot,AmyLowellandCarlSandburg.,FreeVerse自由诗,LeavesofGrass草叶集（firstin1855）,apoetwhoisaferventadvocateforequalityanddemocracy,apoetcelebratingthepeopleinvillageandcitiesofAmerica,apoetinlovewithaNatureembodyingtheOver-soulandapoetwhoexpressedthepleasuresofsexandthesensualityofthebody.Whitmanopenlycelebratesthe“bodyelectric”,thesexualorgans,andtheactofsex.Hewastheoneofthefirstpoetstowriteabutthemasturbation,femaleeroticism,homosexualityandtheanguishofsexualdesirebeingrepressed.,自己之歌1我赞美自己，我歌唱自己，凡我接受者，你也将接受，因为属于我的每个原子，也属于你。我邀请灵魂一道逍遥，我逍遥自在地俯身下视，观察一片夏天的青草。我的舌头，我血液中的每个原子，都来自这些泥土、这些空气，我在这里为父母所生，我的父母也在这里为父母所生，他们的父母也是如此，我现在37岁，身体健壮，开始起步了，但愿永不停止，一直到死。,V.SpecialFeaturesofhisPoems,1.Topics:songsforhimself,forthelabourofthecommonAmericanpeople,fornaturalcreation,fortheindependenceofthecountry,forloveandfriendship,andforthememorizingofPresidentLincoln.2.Poeticstructures:2.1Lines:oftenlong2.5Composedlikemosaics,V.SpecialFeaturesofhisPoems,4.LanguageParallelismorarhythmofthoughtPhoneticrecurrenceStrongtendencytouseoralEnglish:Slangwords,foreignwords,technicalwords,sexualwords,andlearnedwords,3.CataloguetechniqueTypicalpoemsbyWhitmanmakelong,longlistsofimages,ofsights,sounds,smells,tasteandtouch,VI.LeavesofGrass,Grass:section6“Achildsaidwhatisthegrass?”“Iguessitmustbetheflagofmydisposition,outofhopefulgreenstuffwoven”idealandhope“Sproutingalikeinbroadzonesandnarrowzones”equality“goesonwardandoutward,nothingcollapses”development,VI.LeavesofGrass,1.Americasfirstgenuineepicpoem.2.Thetitleimpliesrebirth,renewalorgreenlife3.Nineeditionswithmorethan400poemsallwritteninfreeverseformfreeflowing,simpleandsometimesrathercrude,conversationalandcasual4.extolstheidealsofequalityanddemocracywithoutrankandhierarchy.eg.Hemovesfromhimselfto“you”andtoothers,toallhumanityenmasseabouthim;singofthe“enmasse”andselfaswell,5.Showsconcernforscientificachievements.(atom,dynamo,oil)6.Describessexuallove.Thefamous“twenty-ninthbather”canbefoundintheeleventhsectionof“SongofMyself”.Inthissectionawomanwatchestwenty-eightyoungmenbathingintheocean.Shefantasizesaboutjoiningthemunseen,anddescribestheirsemi-nudebodiesinsomedetail.(likeEmersons“transparenteyeball”)Thelavisheroticism(色情)reinforcesthisidea:sexualcontactallowstwopeopletobecomeoneyetnotone-itoffersamomentoftranscendence.,LeavesofGrass,EmilyDickinson艾米莉.迪金森(1830-1886),I.ReputationApoetofgenuinelyphilosophicalandtragicdimensions.AromanticpoetArecluseSharesthesamereputationwithPoeandWhitmanasAmericasmostinnovativepoet,II.LifeStory,BorninAmherst,Massachusetts(awell-to-dofamily)WenttoWashingtonD.C.forashorttimeWenttoPhiladelphiaforavisit,enamoredwithamarriedclergyman,CharlesWadsworthDiedofBrightsdisease(布赖特氏病，肾小球肾炎)atAmherst.didnottravelmuchanddidnotmarrybeacquaintedwiththeworksofEmerson,ThoreauandHawthornestudiedtheBible,Shewrote1775poems,butshehadonlysevenpoemspublishedduringherlifetime.“BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath”“因为我不能停下来等待死神”“ABirdcamedowntheWalk”“一只小鸟沿小径走来”“IdiedforBeautybutwasscarce”“我为美而死-但几乎不”“IheardaFlybuzzwhenIdied”“我听到了苍蝇的嗡嗡声-在我死时”,III.HerMajorWorks,IV.HerTheoryofPoetry,1.Sheregardedthepoetasaseer(先知，预言家）.2.Poetryhadanimpactononeslife.3.Shestressedindirection.Herpoemsareobscure,cryptic(隐密的）,indirectandparadoxical.4.Herpoemsdemonstrateinconsistency.,V.SubjectsofHerPoems,1.“Hersubjectswerelove,death,nature,religion,immortality,pain,beauty.”(McMichael)Death:aninevitableconclusionoflifepersonifiedasamonarch,alord,orakindbutirresistibleloverBeauty:perceivedinthewholenessandharmoniousrelationshipsofnature2.Therangeofherpoetrysuggeststhepowerofhercreativityandimagination.,VI.HerPoeticStyle,1.InfluenceofChristiantradition1.1theBiblicallanguageandallusions1.2illuminatedhiddenrecessesinthehumansoul1.3usedthemeterofhymnsfour-linestanzas,ABCBrhymeschemesalternationsiniambicmeterbetweentetrameter(fourfeet)andtrimeter(threefeet)placeherownlong,rhythmicdashesdesignedtointerruptthemeterandindicateshortpauses,VI.HerPoeticStyle,2.NewEnglandperspective:2.1Puritanintrospection(intothehiddenareasofthesoul)2.2Brevityandintensity4.Wit4.1UseofthePersona“I”4.2UseofParadoxandIrony5.UnorthodoxsyntaxandpunctuationNotinflectthethirdpersonsingularformoftheverbCapitalizationanddashesoftenusedwillfully,1.alyric2.richestpersonifications3.Death:agentleman,acourtlysuitor,afraudulentseducerastatementofDickinsonsownambivalentreactionstodeathandimmortalityIsdeathareleasefromalifetimeofworkandsuffering?Isdeaththegatewaytoalastingpeaceinparadise?Isdeathsimplyacold,mindlessannihilation?4.theme:death,BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath,Stanza1:Line1:alady,thepersonaofthepoetistoobusyandtoocontentedtostopforthegentlemanscallLine2:Throughhiskindnessandconsideration,sheiscompelledatlasttogowithhim.Line3:ThesceneissetinthecarriageMood:intimacyLine4:asatruegentleman,hehasachaperone“Immortality”,BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath,Stanza2:Mood:peacefulnessLine1:indicatesthepeacefulnessandpleasantnesssurroundinganappointmentwithaboyfriendLine2-3:SheiscompletelycaptivatedbyhimSheneedsneitherlabornorleisure.Line4:Inhis“Civility”hehastakencareofeverything.,BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath,Stanza3:Theyareneartheedgeofthetown.Threeimages:Children:“strove”;youthGazingGrain:maturitySettingSun:adyingladyissetting;ageThethreeimagesarefusedintoone:amortalexperience:thethreestatesofyouth,maturityandage,thecycleofdayfrommorningtoevening,asuggestionofseasonalprogressionfromspringthroughripeningtodecline.,BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath,Stanza4:theladyisgettingclosertodeathTheDews:“quiveringandchill”thetraditionalassociationsofthecoldnessofdeathGossamer（轻而软的精细材料):associatedwithspiritsTippet:somethingmightbeseenaroundtheshouldersofadeceasedwoman.,BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath,Stanza5:theyhavearrivedatacountrycemetery.Thehouse:thehouseofdeath,afreshgraveStanza6:Theladyisalonenow;Shehad,therefore,apparentlybeentricked,seduced,andthenabandoned.,BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath,TheNoveloftheWest:MarkTwainAmericanRealists:HenryJamesAmericanNaturalists:JackLondonTheodoreDreiser,IVRiseoftheAmericanNovel,Localcolorism,I.Background,1)Westwardexpansionwasstillgoingon.TheUnitedStateshadnotsolidifieditselfintoacohesiveculturalwhole.Markeddifferencesexistedbetweendifferentpartsofthecountry.Theytriedtoasserttheiruniqueidentityandunderstandingandrecognitionbyshowingtheirlocalcharacter.2)Thefrontierhumoristshadpreparedtheliterarygroundforlocalcolorism.(talltales)3)Magazinesappearedtoletwriterspublishtheirworks.,Localcolorism,Talltales,ThetalltaleisafundamentalelementofAmericanfolkliterature.ThetalltalesoriginsareseeninthebraggingconteststhatoftenoccurredwhentheroughmenoftheAmericanfrontiergathered.Inthosedays,peopledidnthaveTV,computersorelectriclightstoreadby,sotheytoldstoriesforentertainment.,Elementsoftalltales,Themaincharacterisbiggerthanlifeandhassuper-humanabilities,Thestoryhasmanyexaggerationsinit.,Themaincharacterhasaproblemorproblemstosolve.,Thestoryincludeslotsofaction.,Theplotofthestoryisfunnyandimpossible.,Intheend,themaincharactersolvesaproblem,overcomesanobstacleand/ordefeatsthe“badguy”.,Localcolorism,2.Definition,LocalcolorismisauniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.Generally,theworksbylocalcoloristsareconcernedwiththelifeofasmallregionorprovince.Thiskindoffictiondepictsthecharactersfromaspecificsettingorofanarea,whicharemarkedbyitscustoms,dialects,landscape,orotherpeculiaritiesthathaveescapedstandardizingculturalinfluence.Tasksoflocalcolorists:towriteorpresentlocalcharactersoftheirregionsintruthfuldepictiondistinguishedfromothers,usuallyaverysmallpartoftheworld.,Localcolorism,3.Development,Localcolorismasatrendfirstmadeitspresencefeltinthelate1860sandearlyseventies.FrancisBretBartes(弗朗西斯布莱特哈特)TheLuckofRoaringCamp(咆哮营的幸运儿)in1868markedasignificantdevelopmentinthehistoryoflocalcolorfiction.Theperiodfromthe1880stothe1890swasaspectaculargrowthofregionalliterature.,Localcolorism,3)Attheturnofthe20thcentury,localcolorismceasedtobeadominatefashion.,MarkTwain(1835-1910),Fullname:SamuelLanghorneClemens塞缪尔.郎荷恩.克莱门斯Pseudonym“MarkTwain”:thewayofaboatmantakingsoundings,meaning“twofathoms”(12feet)or“safewater”,TheNoveloftheWest:MarkTwain(1835-1910),I.ReputationAhumorouspublicspeakerEssentiallyanaffirmativewriter(inhislateryears,fromanoptimistandhumoristtoadeterminist)Alocalcolorist“TheLincolnofourliterature”(W.D.Howells),MarkTwainwasborninthemid-WestinMissouriandtraveledtotheFarWest.Hebroughtinformation,lifestyle,andlanguagefromdifferentregionstoanationalaudience.,II.LifeStory,borninthevillageofFlorida,MissouriMovedtoHannibal(汉尼拔),bytheMississippiRiverwhenhewastwelve,afterhisfathersdeath,heleftschoolandbecameapprenticedtoaprinterWorkedasajourneymanprinter1857-1861apilotontheMississippiRiverenlistedintheConfederatemilitia(同盟军)1862-1865workedasatrampprinter,asilverminer,anewspaperreporterandalecturerinNevada（内华达州）andinSanFrancisco,II.LifeStory,WenteastandmovedbacktoNewYorkCityMarriedOliviaLangdonafter1894aseriesofcalamitouseventshishealthwasbrokenhisspeculativeinvestmentsbankruptedhimhiswifediedin1894;hisoldestdaughter,Sucy,diedofmeningitis(脑膜炎）in1896;hisyoungestdaughter,Jean,anepileptic(先天性癫痫患者)diedin1906;1910:died,TheNotoriousJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty卡拉维拉斯县驰名的跳蛙(1867)(acollectionofshortstoriestakenfromoraltales,talltalesthatheheardintheWest)InnocentsAbroad傻子国外旅行记(1869)(ahumorousreportofwhatagroupofNewEnglandreligiouspeopleencounteredwhenvisitingtheHolyLandinEurope)RoughingIt艰难岁月(1872)(ahumorousaccountofhistripin1861toNevada),III.HisMajorWorks,III.HisMajorWorks,TheGildedAge.ATaleofToday镀金时代(1873)(asatireagainstcorruptioninWashingtonD.C.duringtheadministrationofUlyssesS.Grant(1822-1885)TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876)(acompellingmyth(虚构的人事）oftheendlesssummerofchildhoodpleasuresmixedwithterror)LifeontheMississippi密西西比河上(1883)TheAdventuresofHuckberryFinn(1884)（lostboyhood),III.HisMajorWorks,TheTragedyofPuddnheadWilson傻瓜威尔逊(1894)TheManthatCorruptedHadleyburg败坏了哈德莱堡的人(1900)(misanthropic:讨厌人的）WhatisMan?人是什么?(1906)（misanthropic)TheMysteriousStranger神秘的陌生人(1916)(averydarkstoryabouthowtheevilcomesbackintotheworld,causingalotoftrouble),IVStyleofhisWorks,1.VernacularlanguageDirectnessofthelanguageHoaxandtalltale2.Localcolor3.Satire4.Humor,TheAdventureofTomSawyer,1.Genre:Picaresquenovel(流浪汉小说）2.Narrator:anadultwhoviewstheadultworldcriticallyandlooksbackonthesentimentsandpastimesofchildhoodinasomewhatidealizedmanner.3.PointofView:Thenarratorsnarratesinthethirdperson,TheAdventuresofTomSawyer,TheAdventuresofTomSawyer,4.Settingtime:notspecified,butprobablyaround1845place:thefictionaltownofSt.Petersburg,Missouri(whichresemblesTwainshometownofHannibal)5.CharactersTom:protagonistmischievous,imaginative,good-hearted,responsibleAuntPolly:Tomsauntandguardiansimple,kindhearted,affectionate,Huck:thesonofthetowndrunkanoutcast,free,superstitious,adventurousBecky:JudgeThatchersdaughterpretty,nave(atfirst)Sid:Tomshalf-brothergoody-goody(伪善的),mean-spiritedJoeHarper:Tomsbosomfriend“twosoulswithbutasinglethought”weak(homesick),TheAdventuresofTomSawyer,TheAdventuresofTomSawyer,Mary:Tomscousinsweet,almostsaintly,well-behaved,sincereMr.Dobbins:theschoolmasteraheavydrinker,thebuttofschoolboypranksInjunJoe:halfnativeAmericanandhalfCaucasianviolent,villainousMuffPotter:friendofInjunJoeadrunk,kind,grateful,naiveAmyLawrence:Tomsformerlovesimple,naive,TheAdventuresofTomSawyer,6.Theme6.1MoralandsocialmaturationTakeBeckyspunishmentTestifyatInjunJoestrial6.2Societyshypocrisy(thediscordbetweenitsvaluesanditsbehavior)SocialinstitutionssuchasschoolandchurchSubvertauthorityandescapefromconventionalsociety,QuestionsforTheAdventuresofTomSawyer,1.WhatdoesTomSawyerdoonhissummervacation?2.Whatdothestudentsdoonexaminationday?3.WhatdoesMarkTwainthinkofthegirlsessaysinTomSawyer?4.WhoisPolly?WhoisSid?5.WhatdoesTomdotowinaBibleinSundaySchool?6.HowdoesTomtrickhisfriendsintohelpinghimwhite-washthefence?,O.Henry(1862-1910),WilliamSydneyPorteroneofthemostprolificwritersinthehistoryofAmericanliterature,LifeStory,bornonSeptember11,1862,inNorthCarolina;father,aphysician;motherdiedwhenhewasthree;anavidreaderAttheageof15,heleftschoolIn1882,traveledtoTexas;in1884traveledtoAustinOnJuly1,1887,PortermarriedwithAtholEstes,In1898heenteredapenitentiaryatColumbus,Ohio.WhileinprisonO.Henrystartedtowriteshortstories.O.HenrymovedtoNewYorkCityin1902DiedonJune5,1910,inNewYork.,O.HenrysStories,O.Henrysshortstoriesareknownfortheirwit,wordplay,warmcharacterizationandclevertwistendings.MostofO.Henrysstoriesaresetinhisowntime,theearly20thcentury.ManytakeplaceinNewYorkCityanddealforthemostpartwithordinarypeople:clerks,policemen,waitresses,etc.,2.AmericanRealists:HenryJames(1843-1916),Left:HenryJamesRight:WilliamJames,2.1Lifestory1843:BorninNewYorkCityReceivedthemajorpartoftheeducationathome1915:naturalizedasaBritishcitizentoprotestAmericasfailuretoenterWorldWarI.Nevermarriedandopenlyclaimedtopracticecelibacy.1916:(Feb,28)died.,2.AmericanRealists:HenryJames(1843-1916),2.2HisworksThefirstperiod(1865-1883):TheinternationalnovelandinternationalthemeofthetraditionlessAmericanconfrontingthecomplexityofEuropeanlifeTheAmerican美国人(1877)DaisyMiller戴西.米勒(1878)ThePortraitofaLady贵妇人的画像(1881),TheSecondPeriod(1884-1896):WritingforstageTheBostonians波士顿人(1886)TheThirdPeriod(1897-1916):ShortstoriesandnovelsTheWingsoftheDove鸽翼(1902)TheAmbassadors使节(1903)TheGoldenBowl金碗(1904),InternationalTheme,ThemeetingofAmericaandEuropeAmericaninnocenceincontactandcontrastwithEuropeandecadenceThemoralandpsychologicalcomplicationsarisingtherefrom.Frominexperiencetoexperience,forminnocencetoknowledgeandmaturity,TrilogyofDesireTheFinancier(1912)TheTitan(1914)TheStoic(1947)Genius(1915)AnAmericanTragedy(1925),SisterCarrie,1.ThesignificanceofthisnovelregardedasanAmericanclassic.aprecursor(先驱)totheworksofFitzgeraldandHemingway.ThefirstmodernAmericannovel(itillustratestheeffectsofthechangingeconomicstructureonAmericancultureofturn-