基本句型的转换与扩大.ppt

基本句型的转换与扩大,龙绍赟,基本句型的转换与扩大,1概说句子的直接成分是主语和谓语。构成主语的名词词组在结构上比较划一，而构成谓语的动词词组在结构上却变化多样，有时可以由谓语动词独立充当谓语，有时谓语动词须带宾语或补语。谓语动词的类别决定着不同的谓语结构，而不同的谓语结构又决定着不同的句型。英语的基本句型（BASICSENTERCEPATTERNS）主要有五种，它们是：“主动补”结构，“主动”结构，“主动宾宾”结构，“主动宾补”结构。,当代有些语法书在上述五种基本句型之外，再加两种，即“主动状”结构和“主动宾状”结构。这样就成了七种句型。七种句型的划分是有其独到之处的，因为状语在由某些动词构成的句子中是不可缺少的成分。但是，我们认为，这样的句毕竟是有限的，大量出现的还是前面五种。因此，我们还是采用五种基本句型。,基本句型,所谓基本句型就是句子的几种基本“格局”，千变万化的句子都是由它们演变而来。兹将英语的五种基本句型分述如下：A基本句型（一）：“主动补”结构，字母代号为SVC（S=SUBJECT，V=PREDICATEVERB，C=COMPLEMENT）MrBrownisanengineer.Thegamewasexciting.Thetwinbrothersareaslikeastwopeas.Dinnerisatsixocolck.Thegramophoneisonthetable.Themachineisoutoforder.,Sheisingoodhealth.Theplansoundsperfect.Thatprojectseemsimpossible.Thismaterialfeelssoft.Youdolookwell.Itsgettingdark.Myaimwastohelpher.ThisiswhatIwant.,由上述诸例可以看出，构成SVC句型的谓语动词都是连系动词。连系动词带有的主语补语可以是名词词组、形容词组、介词词组、非限定动词词组或名词性分句等。,B基本句型（二）：“主动”结构，字母代号为SVIronrusts.Thetelephonerang.Theplaneistakingoff.Theshophascolsed.Hisfathermighthavedied.Theyhavebeensingingforhalfanhour.Yououghttohavegotupearlier.由上述诸例可以看出，构成SV句型的谓语动词一般是不及物动词。在这种句型中，状语并非结构上不可或缺的成分。,但是，在某种情况下，状语成分必不可少。例如：HelivesinShanghai.Shakespearelivedinthe16thcentury.TheHuntersarestayinginthePeaceHotel.Thetrainleavesateight.TheywillbeflyingtoLondon.在上述诸例中如果省略inShanghai等状语成分，便不能表达完整思想，因此有些语法书把这类句子连同上述Thegramophoneisonthetable一起划入SVA句型。,C基本句型（三）：“主动宾”结构，字母代号为SVO（O=DIRECTOBJECT）Heopenedthedoor.Thisfactorymakesmachinetools.Maryhasorderedanewdress.Youmayhaveseeneachother.Shehasbeenlookingforherlostwatch.Hewillbedoinghisbest.由上述诸例可以看出，构成SVO句型的谓语动词一般都是及物动词。这类动词后面只跟一个宾语，因此又叫单宾语及物动词（MONOTRANSITIVEVERB）。SVO句型一般不需要状语成分即可表达完整思想。但在某些情况下，状语成分必不可少。例如：,Heputthevaseonthetable.Jimbroughthissuitcasesupstairs.IlltakeMarytothestation.Theytreatedhimkindly.在上述例句中，如果拿掉onthetable，upstairs，tothestation，kindly等状语成分，句子的思想就不完整。因此有的语法书把这类句子划为单独一种句型SVOA。,D基本句型（四）：“主动宾宾”结构，字母代号为SVoO（o=INDIRECTOBJECT）。例如：Hegavemeabook.Isenthimatelegram.Shetoldmeastory.Iboughthimanovel.MrBlakelentmehiscar.由上述诸例可以看出，构成SVoO句型的谓语动词一般只限于某些双宾语及物动词（DITRANSITIVEVERB），即能跟有间接宾语和直接宾语的及物动词。,E基本句型（五）“主动宾补”结构，字母代号为SVOCWehaveprovedhimwrong.TheymadeSmiththeirspokesman.Theyhaveelectedhimpresident.Wekepthimoffcigarettes.由上述诸例可以看出，构成SVOC句型的谓语动词只限于某些能带复杂宾语（COMPLEXOBEJECT）的及物动词，这类动词叫做复杂宾语及物动词（COMPLEXTRANSITIVEVERB），即能跟有宾语和宾语补语的及物动词。,所谓“单宾语”、“双宾语”和“复杂宾语”及物动词的划分也是相对的，其中有许多交叉现象。例如：Ifoundanovel.Ifoundhimanovel.Ifoundthenovelveryinteresting.found在上列第一句中是单宾语及物动词；在第二句中是双宾语及物动词；而在第三句中则是复杂宾语及物动词。当代有些语法书把Thegramophoneisonthetable.这类句子划为另外一种句型SVA（A=ADVERBIAL）。,上述五种句型都是陈述句、肯定句和主动句，千变万化的英语句子就是由它们演变而来的。现在我们看一看基本句型的几种主要的转换形式。A陈述句变疑问句英语的一般词序是主谓结构。如果谓语动词或其作用词（没有作用词的得借助do的适当形式为作用词）与主语掉换位置，那就意味着句子功能的变化，即陈述句变为疑问句。例如：,Sheisachambermaid.Issheachambermaid?Hehassomepaperbacks.Hasheamypaperbacks?Johniscomingtoo.IsJohncomingtoo?Janewillhelpyou.WillJanehelpyou?Shehasbeenwaiting.Hasshebeenwaiting?Whathasshebeendoing?HespeaksFrench.DoeshespeakFrench?Whatlanguagedoeshespeak?HewenttoEngland.DidhegotoEngland?Wheredidhego?,陈述句变疑问句时如果以疑问代词作主语或主语为疑问词修饰时，就不必掉换词序。例如：MaryteachesmeEnglish.WhoteachesyouEnglish?THesearetodaystopics.Whataretodaystopics?Thatcoatismine.Whichoneisyours?,B肯定句变否定句由肯定句变否定句须加否定词not。如果谓语是由复杂动词词组构成，则将否定词not置于作用词之后。例如：Hewillcome.Hewillnotcome.Hemayhavearrived.Hemaynothavearrived.如果肯定句的谓语是由简单动词词组构成，就得以助动词do的适当形式作为作用词，置于速写词和主动词之前。如：Hesmokesapipe.Hedoesnotsmokeapipe.ShewenttoChina.ShedidntgotoChina.,如果简单动词词组以主动词be或have为中心词，那就以其本身作用词加否定词not。例如：Sheisanurse.Sheisnotanurse.Hehasthreechildren.Hehasntthreechildren.如果否定词不是not，而是never，hardly，scarcely，seldom，rarely等，就可以不借助作用词，直接置于简单谓语动词之前。例如：HeneverspeaksEnglish.,Hehardly(ever)helpedanybody.Hescarcely(ever)spoketoGeorgesfather.Sheseldomgoesout.Sherarelygoestoafootballmatch.,如果谓语是以复杂动词词组构成，上述这些否定词，和not一样，还是位于作用词之后。例如：如果否定词是no，其位置在被否定的名词之前。例如：Johnhasnosister.Imnoscholar.Therearenocloudsinthesky.Noadmittanceexceptonbusiness.,如果否定词是none，nothing，nobdy，noone等，可用作主语或宾语。例如：Ihavespokentonobodyaboutyou.Noonewillgo.Hecoulddonothingaboutit.Nonehas/havearrivedyet.Thereisnobodythere.,如果否定词是neither，nor，则否定句可采取以下形式：Neithersentenceiscorrect.Theenemycouldntmakeanyadvance,neither/norcouldtheyretreat.NeitherJohnnorMarykonws/knowChinese.Neitherofthemwas/wereingoodhealth.,C主动句变被动句主动句变被动句是通过谓语动词由主动态变被动态以及主语和宾语位置变动的方式来实现的。例如：Theybuiltahouse.Ahousewasbuiltbythem.Capitalistsexploitworkers.Workersareexploitedbycapitalists.Wehaveprovedhimwrong.Hehasbeenprovedwrong.Hegavemeabook.Iwasgivenabook.(Abookwasgiventome.),DThere+be+NP结构There+be+NP结构是一种表示“存在”的句型。在这种结构中，非重读there是引导词，本身没有意义，主语通常在谓语动词be之后。谓语动词be须与主语保持“数”的一致。例如：Thereisabookonthedesk.Therearetractorsinthefields.Wasthereanybodyintheroom?Werethereanydesksandchairsintheroom?Thereisntadoctorinthevillage.Therecantbeanydoubtaboutit.Therewontbeanytrouble.Therehasneverbeenanydifficulty.Whatisthereonthetable?,这种结构的谓语动词也可以是seemtobe,happentobe,appeartobe之类的动词结构，还可以是come,go,stand之类的动词。例如：Thereseemstobenodoubtaboutit.Therehappenedtobeanemptycartnearby.Thereappearedtobenoonewhocouldanswerthequestion.Therecomestheambulance.Theregoesthebell.Therestandsanewbuildingbythesideoftheriver.,本书也可变为Hedoesnthavethreechildren.但在口语中，theres后面出现复数的主语是常有的。例如：Theresworsethingsthanthat.Thereslotsofgoodfishinthesea.Therestwopatientsinthewaitingroom.,基本句型的扩大,上述五种基本句型及其转换形式，还可以通过增加修饰语等手段加以扩大，使之成为表达多种思想的活的言语。A扩大方式之一增加修饰语修饰语（MODIFIERS）包括名词修饰语和状语，可以分别由名词词组、形容词词组和副词词组来担任，也可以由介词词组和非限定动词词组来担任。例如：1）SVCAbeautifulvasewasforsale.Themangotviolentlyangry.ThevisitorsfromU.S.A.arereadytoleave.,ThemansmokingapipeisMr.Whitaker.Thepicturepaintedbythefamousartistmustbeveryvaluable.Thequestiontobediscussedthisafternoonisabouteducation.TheAfricanpeoplehavelongbeenourclosefriendsinfightingagainstimperialismandhegemonism.,2.SV,Thebankclosesathalfpastthreeonweekdays.TheJapanesetroopssurrenderedunconditionallyin1945.Thegrainstorescolsedveryearlythatafternoon.Thelittleboywalkedquitesteadilyandsurelyalongthenarrowwall.,3）SVO,Wemustgetsomethingtoeat.TheAmericangirl,inherlettertoaChinesefriend,expressedherstrongwishtovisitChinaagain.Thewarehousesworstaffectedcontainedalargequantityoftimberandbuildingmaterials.,4）SVOo,LastSaturday,anoldwomanworkertoldthestudentsthebitterstoryofherchildhood.Suchanarrangementwillsurelyspareusalotoftroubleinsolvingthisproblem.Thiswillsurelysaveusalotofmoney.,5）SVOC,TheteacheronceconsideredTomamongthecleverestoftheclass.Wefoundthelectureroomfullofpeoplelisteningattentivelytoanimportantreportontheradio.Wedidntholdhimresponsibleforwhathadhappened.,B扩大方式之二以限定分句（FINITECLAUSE）充当主语、宾语、补语、名词修饰语、状语、同位语等1）作主语（即主语从句）Whathetoldmetheotherdayhasnothingtodowiththisproblem.Whenweshouldholdthemeetingwillbedecidedtomorrow.Whoistoheadthegroupisaquestiontobeconsideredbytheauthorities.Whethertheywillcomeornotdependsontheweather.,2）作宾语：（即宾语从句）,Icantimaginewhyheshouldbelateeveryday.Hetoldmehowhemanagedtoaccomplishthetask.Nooneknowswhowrotethisarticle.Everyonecouldsee(that)Tomwasanintelligentboy.,3）作补语,Eventhemountainsherearenolongerwhattheyusedtobe.（表语从句）Thequestionunderdiscussionnowiswheretheyshouldbukodthefatory.（表语从句）Hehasfallenill.Thatswhyhesabsentfromwork.（表语从句）ItisthePartythathasmademewhatIamnow.（宾语补足语）Youcancallhimwhatyoulike,butyouwontmakehimwhatheisnt.（宾语补足语）,4）作名词修饰语：（即定语从句）Themanwhowrotetheplaywasaworker.ThisisthebookIboughtyesterday.CanyoushowmethehousewhereShakespeareoncelived?IsshethegirlwhosegrandpawasaRedArmyman?Thebuildingwhichstandsatthefootofthehillisanewmiddleschoolofthecommune.Therewillbeadaywhenpeopleallovertheworldwilllivehapplilyunderthesunofcommunism.Thereasonwhyheslateisthattherewasabreakdownontherailway.,5）作状语（即状语从句）,ImetGeoffreywhenIwasinBeijing.Youmayparkyourcarwherethereisaparkingsign.Onesurelycangetgoodresultsifheworkshard.Hewasabsentbecausehewasrunningafever.JohngaveitawayalthoughMarywantedit.,6）作同位语：（即同位语从句）,Thebeliefthatnooneisinfallibleiswell-founded.Thefactthatthemachinedoesntworkproperlysuggeststhatitsnotwellmade.Thereisnoindicationintheletterwhetherhehadlearnedanythingaboutit.Iquiteagreewiththeoldsayingthatarollingstonegathersnomoss.AnyproposalsthatJohnshouldbedismissedmustberesisted.（注：that引导同位语从句时，在从句中不充当句子成分，而在它引导的定语从句中却充当句子成分。）,C综合运用前两种扩大手段，可造出更加复杂的句子，表达更加复杂的思想。Freemanandslave,patricianandplebeian,lordandserf,guildmasterandjourneyman,inaword,oppressorandoppressed,stoodinconstantoppositiontooneanother,carriedonanuninterrupted,nowhidden,nowopenfight,afightthateachtimeended,eitherinarevolutionaryre-constitutionofsocietyatlarge,orinthecommonruinofthecontendingclasses.,上述长句就其结构来说不过是SVC和SVO句型的综合和扩大。它的基本“格局”是：Freemanandslavestoodinconstantoppsition，（and）carriedonanuninterruptedfight。,又例如：Perhapsthegre