写作常用句型结构.ppt

写作常用句型结构,比较结构,1.Comparingwiththebike,thecarrunsmuchfaster.2.TheclimateinWaltoniscolderthanothercities.,对两个事物进行比较的句式为:ComparedwithA,B.,只能用compare的过去分词，不能用现在分词，因为B是分词的逻辑主语，只能被比较；将天气与城市进行比较，而二者没有可比性，只有将后者改为其他城市的天气才符合逻辑，很显然，这种错误是受了汉语表达习惯的影响。,2.TheclimateinWaltoniscolderthanthatofothercities.,1.Comparedwiththebike,thecarrunsmuchfaster.,In1998weproducedasmanycarsaswedidinthepreviousfiveyears.asmuchas,比较结构常用的表达方法,1同级比较,Childrennowenjoybettermedicaltreatmentthanbefore.Wecanlivelongerwithoutfoodthanwecan(live)withoutwater.,2比较级,ThisisthemostinterestingbookIveeverread.OfallhisnovelsIlikethisonebest.,3最高级,Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.Themoreamanknows,themorehediscovershisignorance.,4themorethemore,1）Ipreferstayingathometogoingout.2）Theyprefertoworkratherthan(to)sitidly.3）Hepreferstoworkalone.,5选择比较,这里的1）句用的是PreferAtoB结构，to为介词，后接名词或动名词；2）句是以不定式作prefer的宾语；3）句用法同2）。,.,Motionisabsolutewhilestagnationisrelative.Heistiredout,whereassheisfullofvigor.,6对比,while和whereas均可用于连接两个意义对立的分句，相当于汉语的而字。尤其在图表作文中，要学会使用这一句式。,1.Therealreasontoourfailureisnotfartoseek.2.Thereasonforthisisbecausesomepeoplewanttoearnplentyofmoneywithoutworkinghard.,表达原因的结构,1.Therealreasonforourfailureisnotfartoseek.2.Thereasonforthisisthatsomepeoplewanttoearnplentyofmoneywithoutworkinghard.,掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的，几乎所有的写作试题都要求写原因或可以写原因。英语中用来表达原因这一概念的结构有多种。,1.Nowthatwehaveseenthesegreatachievementswithourowneyes,wefeelmoreproudthaneverofourcountry.2.ProfessorLiuisstrictwithusbecausehewantsustomakerapidprogress.3.Sincewelivenearthesea,weenjoyahealthyclimate.,1.Somepeoplethinkweneednttoworryaboutfreshwater.2.Nowadaysmanypeopledontliketogotothemovies,too.,否定结构,1.Somepeoplethinkweneedntworry(或dontneedtoworry)aboutfreshwater.2.Nowadaysmanypeopledontliketogotothemovies,either.,need作为情态动词时，用于否定句时，后面的动词不带to,needntworry。need作为实意动词时，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句，dontneedtoworry；在英语中too,also只能用于肯定句，而either只能用于否定句。,除了在助动词、情态动词，be和have后面加not之外，还有许多不含not的否定结构。若能正确使用他们，文章会显得生动活泼，增加写作的闪光点。,1.含有否定意义的词汇和短语,介词：against,beyond,but,except,without,.形容词和动词：fail,miss,refuse,usedto,reluctant,lack,keep.from,protect.from,prevent.from,letalone,invain,insteadof,outofthequestion,ratherthan,too.to,bynomeans,1）Womenfailtogettheequalrightsinsomecountries.2）Thisisbynomeansthebestwaytosolvetheproblemofenergycrisis.3）Weshouldprotecttreesfrombeingdestroyed.4）InoldChinawecouldnotmakeanail,letalone(make)machines.,hardly,few,little,scarcely,seldom,notall,noteveryone,noteverything1）Wecouldhardlyseeanyfreshvegetablesinwinteronmarketseveralyearsago.2）Theseyoungpeopleknowlittleabouthowtochoosegoodbookstoread.,2.含有半否定意义的词语,1）Wecantbutfacethereality.我们只有面对现实。2）Theywillbereplacedbymodernapartmentbuildingsinnotime.(很快)3)Ididntgotobeduntil12clocklastnight.4)Nosoonerhadweleftthevillagethanitbegantorain(一-就),3.不含否定意义的否定结构,有时为了强调而把否定词和词组放在句首，这时句子结构应倒装,1）Onnoaccountshouldwefollowblindly.我们决不应当盲从。2）Nowherehastheworldeverseensuchgreatenthusiasmforlearningasinourcountry.没有任何其他地方有我国这样高的学习热情。,4.否定结构的倒装语序,1.Asisknowntoallofusthatscienceandtechnologyplayanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofsociety.2.Itisknowntous,practicemakesperfect.,含有it的结构,1.Itisknowntoallofusthatscienceandtechnologyplayanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofsociety.2.Itisknowntousthatpracticemakesperfect.,如果用it作形式主语，后面的主语从句必须由that引起；,Itisnecessaryforustomasteraforeignlanguageskillfully.Itmakesdifferencewhetherwecouldpurifytheairornot.,1.作形式主语,Wefinditratherdifficulttopreventpeoplefromdoingthat.Modernsciencehasmadeitpossibleforpeopletogrowhealthilyandlivelonger.,2.作形式宾语,Itisonlybythiswaythatwecanachievesuccess.Itwasthenthatpeoplebegantorealizetheimportanceofcontrollingpopulation.,3.引导强调句,倍数表示法1)倍数+名词eg.Theoutputofcottonin1985wasfivetimesthatof1978.(是大小的5倍)2)倍数+形容词/副词比较级形式+thanTheoutputofcottonin1985wasfivetimesgreaterthanthatin1978.(是大小的5倍),3)倍数+as+形容词/副词+asTheoutputofcottonin1985wasfivetimesasmuchasthatof1978.注：fivetimesasas是的5倍，与fivetimesmore/greaterthan所表达的含义在英语国家是没有区别的。4)动词+(by)+倍数/百分比Thelandlordwantedtoraisetherentbyathird.房东想把房租提高1/3。,I.如果要强调特殊疑问句，要采用“特殊疑问词+is(was)+it+that+句子”结构。Wherewasit(that)yousawtheman?Whowasit(that)youwanttosee?Howisit(that)youranswerdiffersfromhis?Whatisitthatyouwantmetosay?,Grammar,II.双重否定在这个句子中同时出现两个表示否定意义的词-never和without,构成双重否定句。这种句子语气较强。又如：Youcantmakesomethingoutofnothing巧妇难为无米之炊。（谚语）Nothingcanbewhollybeautifulthatisnotuseful凡是没有用的东西就不能达到完美。,Unlessyoutellme，Ishallnotbeabletohelpyou除非你告诉我，否则我就不会帮助你。Thereisntamotherbutfacesthisproblem.每一个母亲都会碰到这类问题的。Thereisnothingsohardbutitbecomeseasybypractice.再难的事只要不断练习，就会变得简单。,III.不定式复合结构Ivesometimeswaitedhalfanhourormoreformyhusbandtoreturnfromseeingaguestoff.不定式可以带有逻辑主语，构成不定式复合结构，在句中做主语、宾语、定语、表语或状语等。,1.做主语Itisquitepossibleforyoutocatchupwiththeminashorttime.2.做宾语Wethinkitstrangeforhimtosayathinglikethat.-Wethink(that)it(is)strangethatheshouldsayathinglikethat.,3.做表语Whatwewantisforyoutounderstandthematterclearly.我们所希望的是你对这件事有一个清楚地了解。Themosturgentthingisforustogetthepreparationdone.最重要的事情是我们要把准备工作做好。4.做定语Heisanexampleforustofollow.他是我们学习的榜样。,5.做状语IsenthimsomepicturesforhimtoseewhatParisislike.我送他几张画，让他瞧瞧巴黎是什么样子。Myhometownhaschangedtoomuchformetorecognize.我的家乡变化太大，简直认不出来了。6.做同位语Theproblem-whichwaytogo-worriedhimforalongtime.,7.做主语补足语Shewasseentoenterthebuilding.Thehousewasfoundtobeempty.ThecontestwasscheduledtohavetakenplaceinAugust.比赛原计划在八月举行。,IV.动名词的复合结构动名词也可以有逻辑主语，一般规则是：1.逻辑主语是有生命名词时，用名词或代词所有格（做主语时逻辑主语只用所有格，若做宾语，逻辑主语也可用通格）2.逻辑主语是无生命名词时或抽象概念名词时，只用通格。,3.逻辑主语是以s结尾的名词或是一个以上名词构成的词组，只用通格。4.逻辑主语是数词，或是代词或不定代词this,that,somebody,someone,nobody,none,anybody,anyone时,一般用通格。,Itwasquiteunexpected_sosoon.,我们料到Tom会来。,他的离开是一个很大的损失。,_iswhatwehaveexpected.,母亲不喜欢我工作到很晚。,_isagreatloss.,男女老少都爱她，这我并不奇怪。,Motherdisliked_.,学生们这么快就答完考卷，是十分出乎意料的。,Iamnotsurprisedat_.,Tomscoming,Hisleaving,me(my)workinglate,oldandyoungfallinginlovewithher,thestudentsfinishingtheexam,Motherdislikedme(my)workinglate.母亲不喜欢我工作到很晚。Iamnotsurprisedatoldandyoungfallinginlovewithher.Itwasquiteunexpectedthestudentsfinishingtheexamsosoon.学生们这么快就答完考卷，是十分出乎意料的。,Heisopposedtotheideaofmoneybeingeverything.Inspiteofthefourtellingthesamestory,Icouldntbelieveit.Hewasawakenedbysomebodyshoutingoutside.HedisapprovedofthatbeingsaidaboutJane.,V.be+不定式结构Besides,th