chap10[管理成本会计]CGAMA1ManagerialAccounting.ppt

ProfitPlanning,Chapter10,LearningObjective1,Understandwhyorganizationsbudgetandtheprocessestheyusetocreatebudgets.,TheBasicFrameworkofBudgeting,Abudgetisadetailedquantitativeplanforacquiringandusingfinancialandotherresourcesoveraspecifiedforthcomingtimeperiod.,Theactofpreparingabudgetiscalledbudgeting.Theuseofbudgetstocontrolanorganizationsactivitiesisknownasbudgetarycontrol.,PlanningandControl,Planninginvolvesdevelopingobjectivesandpreparingvariousbudgetstoachievethoseobjectives.,Controlinvolvesthestepstakenbymanagementtoincreasethelikelihoodthattheobjectivessetdownwhileplanningareattainedandthatallpartsoftheorganizationareworkingtogethertowardthatgoal.,AdvantagesofBudgeting,Advantages,ResponsibilityAccounting,Managersshouldbeheldresponsibleforthoseitems-andonlythoseitems-thattheycanactuallycontroltoasignificantextent.,ChoosingtheBudgetPeriod,OperatingBudget,2011,2012,2013,2014,Operatingbudgetsordinarilycoveraone-yearperiodcorrespondingtoacompanysfiscalyear.Manycompaniesdividetheirannualbudgetintofourquarters.,Acontinuousbudgetisa12-monthbudgetthatrollsforwardonemonth(orquarter)asthecurrentmonth(orquarter)iscompleted.,LearningObjective2,UnderstandBasicBudgetingTermsandtheBehavioralAspectsofBudgeting.,Bottom-upandTop-downBudgeting,AdvantagesoftheBottom-upBudgeting(Self-ImposedBudgets),Individualsatalllevelsoftheorganizationareviewedasmembersoftheteamwhosejudgmentsarevaluedbytopmanagement.Budgetestimatespreparedbyfront-linemanagersareoftenmoreaccuratethanestimatespreparedbytopmanagers.Motivationisgenerallyhigherwhenindividualsparticipateinsettingtheirowngoalsthanwhenthegoalsareimposedfromabove.Amanagerwhoisnotabletomeetabudgetimposedfromabovecanclaimthatitwasunrealistic.Self-imposedbudgetseliminatethisexcuse.,Howtoovercomeproblemsofself-imposedbudgets,Self-imposedbudgetsshouldbereviewedbyhigherlevelsofmanagementtoprevent“budgetaryslack(orbudgetpadding).”Mostcompaniesissuebroadguidelinesintermsofoverallprofitsorsales.Lowerlevelmanagersaredirectedtopreparebudgetsthatmeetthosetargets.,AdvantagesoftheTop-downBudgeting,Avoidthepotentialbudgetaryslack(budgetpadding).Provideaclearerperformancegoalsandexpectationsfromthetopmanagement.Mayprovidebetterbudgetduetotopmanagementsaccesstoprivileged/confidentialmarketandorganizationinformation.Provideanefficientbudgetaryprocess.,BudgetLapsing,Apopularmethodamonggovernmentagencies,universitiesandorganizationsrelyingonallocatedfunds.Anyunusedfundingattheendofthefinancialperiodcannotbecarriedforwardtothefollowingyear.Asaresult,thefollowingyearsbudgetmaybecutbecauseoftheunder-expenditureinthepreviousyear.,BudgetLapsing:Advantages,Budgetlapsinghelpsensurethattheappropriatelevelofresourcesisutilizedineachperiod.Withoutbudgetlapsing,risk-aversemanagersmayunnecessarilyaccumulatefundsandthismayadverselyaffecttheperformanceoftheorganization.Ithelpsprovideanopportunityforacleancut-offofexpendituresandtoreallocateanyunusedresourcesforothermoreappropriaterequirements.,BudgetLapsing:PotentialProblemtheotherhalfispaidinthefollowingmonth.TheMarch31accountspayablebalanceis$12,000.Letscalculateexpectedcashdisbursements.,ExpectedCashDisbursementforMaterials,ExpectedCashDisbursementforMaterials,Computetheexpectedcashdisbursementsformaterialsforthequarter.,QuickCheck,Whatarethetotalcashdisbursementsforthequarter?a.$185,000b.$68,000c.$56,000d.$201,400,Whatarethetotalcashdisbursementsforthequarter?a.$185,000b.$68,000c.$56,000d.$201,400,QuickCheck,ExpectedCashDisbursementforMaterials,LearningObjective4(d),Prepareadirectlaborbudget.,TheDirectLaborBudget,AtRoyal,eachunitofproductrequires0.05hours(3minutes)ofdirectlabor.TheCompanyhasa“nolayoff”policysoallemployeeswillbepaidfor40hoursofworkeachweek.ForpurposesofourillustrationassumethatRoyalhasa“nolayoff”policy,workersarepayattherateof$10perhourregardlessofthehoursworked.Forthenextthreemonths,thedirectlaborworkforcewillbepaidforaminimumof1,500hourspermonth.Letspreparethedirectlaborbudget.,TheDirectLaborBudget,TheDirectLaborBudget,TheDirectLaborBudget,TheDirectLaborBudget,QuickCheck,Whatwouldbethetotaldirectlaborcostforthequarterifthecompanyfollowsitsnolay-offpolicy,butpays$15(time-and-a-half)foreveryhourworkedinexcessof1,500hoursinamonth?a.$79,500b.$64,500c.$61,000d.$57,000,Whatwouldbethetotaldirectlaborcostforthequarterifthecompanyfollowsitsnolay-offpolicy,butpays$15(time-and-a-half)foreveryhourworkedinexcessof1,500hoursinamonth?a.$79,500b.$64,500c.$61,000d.$57,000,QuickCheck,LearningObjective4(e),Prepareamanufacturingoverheadbudget.,ManufacturingOverheadBudget,AtRoyal,manufacturingoverheadisappliedtounitsofproductonthebasisofdirectlaborhours.Thevariablemanufacturingoverheadrateis$20perdirectlaborhour.Fixedmanufacturingoverheadis$50,000permonth,whichincludes$20,000ofnoncashcosts(primarilydepreciationofplantassets).Letspreparethemanufacturingoverheadbudget.,ManufacturingOverheadBudget,ManufacturingOverheadBudget,ManufacturingOverheadBudget,EndingFinishedGoodsInventoryBudget,Directmaterialsbudgetandinformation.,EndingFinishedGoodsInventoryBudget,Directlaborbudget.,EndingFinishedGoodsInventoryBudget,EndingFinishedGoodsInventoryBudget,ProductionBudget.,LearningObjective4(f),Prepareasellingandadministrativeexpensebudget.,SellingandAdministrativeExpenseBudget,AtRoyal,thesellingandadministrativeexpensebudgetisdividedintovariableandfixedcomponents.Thevariablesellingandadministrativeexpensesare$0.50perunitsold.Fixedsellingandadministrativeexpensesare$70,000permonth.Thefixedsellingandadministrativeexpensesinclude$10,000incostsprimarilydepreciationthatarenotcashoutflowsofthecurrentmonth.Letspreparethecompanyssellingandadministrativeexpensebudget.,SellingandAdministrativeExpenseBudget,Calculatethesellingandadministrativecashexpensesforthequarter.,QuickCheck,Whatarethetotalcashdisbursementsforsellingandadministrativeexpensesforthequarter?a.$180,000b.$230,000c.$110,000d.$70,000,Whatarethetotalcashdisbursementsforsellingandadministrativeexpensesforthequarter?a.$180,000b.$230,000c.$110,000d.$70,000,QuickCheck,SellingAdministrativeExpenseBudget,LearningObjective4(g),Prepareacashbudget.,FormatoftheCashBudget,Thecashbudgetisdividedintofoursections:Cashreceiptssectionlistsallcashinflowsexcludingcashreceivedfromfinancing;Cashdisbursementssectionconsistsofallcashpaymentsexcludingrepaymentsofprincipalandinterest;Cashexcessordeficiencysectiondeterminesifthecompanywillneedtoborrowmoneyorifitwillbeabletorepayfundspreviouslyborrowed;andFinancingsectiondetailstheborrowingsandrepaymentsprojectedtotakeplaceduringthebudgetperiod.,TheCashBudget,AssumethefollowinginformationforRoyal:Maintainsa16%openlineofcreditfor$75,000Maintainsaminimumcashbalanceof$30,000BorrowsonthefirstdayofthemonthandrepaysloansonthelastdayofthemonthPaysacashdividendof$49,000inAprilPurchases$143,700ofequipmentinMayand$48,300inJune(bothpurchasespaidincash)HasanApril1cashbalanceof$40,000,TheCashBudget,TheCashBudget,TheCashBudget,TheCashBudget,EndingcashbalanceforAprilisthebeginningMaybalance.,TheCashBudget,QuickCheck,Whatistheexcess(deficiency)ofcashavailableoverdisbursementsforJune?a.$85,000b.$(10,000)c.$75,000d.$95,000,Whatistheexcess(deficiency)ofcashavailableoverdisbursementsforJune?a.$85,000b.$(10,000)c.$75,000d.$95,000,QuickCheck,TheCashBudget,TheBudgetedIncomeStatement,CashBudget,BudgetedIncomeStatement,Completed,Withinterestexpensefromthecashbudget,Royalcanpreparethebudgetedincomestatement.,LearningObjective4(h),Prepareabudgetedincomestatement.,TheBudgetedIncomeStatement,LearningObjective4(i),Prepareabudgetedbalancesheet.,TheBudgetedBalanceSheet,Royalreportedthefollowingaccountbalancespriortopreparingitsbudgetedfinancialstatements:Land-$50,000Commonstock-$200,000Retainedearnings-$146,150(April1)Equipment-$175,000,LearningObjective5,PrepareBudgetontheKeyComponentsfortheServiceIndustry,KeyBudgetComponentsfortheServiceIndustry,WonderWorld,ahypotheticalthemepark,hasthefollowingdata:,LearningObjective5(a),PrepareaVisitorshipBudget,VisitorshipBudget,Basedonhistoricalrecords,economicoutlook,touristarrivalexpectations,thefollowingvisitorshipbudgetforthecomingyearisprepared:,LearningObjective5(b),PrepareaRevenueBudget,RevenueBudget,BasedontheaveragepricechargedbyWonderWorldandotherhistoricaldata,thefollowingrevenuespervisitorarebudgetedandapprovedbythetopmanagement:,RevenueBudget,Withthebudgetednumberofvisitorsandrevenuespervisitorfromeachcategory,thebudgetedrevenuesarecomputed:,LearningObjective5(c),PrepareaCostofSalesBudgetandExpenseBudget,CostofSalesBudget,Forcostofsalesonsouvenirsandfoodandbeverages,thecompanynormallymakesuseofthe