句子的扩展与常见错误.ppt

TheExpansionofBasicSentencePatterns,1.Elementsofasentence,Asentenceconsistsof2mainparts:subjectandapredicate.,Subject:isthewordorwordsthatnamestheperson,thing,orplacethatasentenceisabout.Itisusuallyanounorapronoun.Predicate:Thepredicatetellswhatthesubjectisordoes.Itconsistsofaverbanditsmodifiersorcomplements.Theverbisthemostimportantpartofthepredicate.Itexpressesactionorastateofbeing.Acomplementisawordorwordsusedtocompletethemeaningoftheverb.,2.Typesofsentences,1.Simplesentence:Ienjoyplayingtennisandlookforwardtoiteveryweek.(2predicateverbs)MyfriendsandIplaytennisandgobowlingeveryweekend.(2subjectnounorproun,and2predicateverbs)2.Compoundsentence:Ienjoyplayingtennis,butIhateplayinggolf.Ienjoyplayingtennis;Ihateplayinggolf.3.Complexsentence:AlthoughIenjoyplayingtennis,IhategolfWhetherwegoornothasnotbeendecided.4.Compound-complexsentence:Ihateplayinggolf,butIenjoyplayingtenniseventhoughIamnotverygoodatit.,3.Basicsentencepatterns,*SV句型(subject+intransitiveverb)SV句型是最基本的简单句型。主语通常是名词或代词，谓语是不及物动词或动词短语。这一句型还通常带有状语A(adverbial),用来说明时间、地点、目的、方式、或程度等。Therebe结构是一种较常见的特殊的句子结构，可以看作是SV句型的一种变体。Therebe+S(主语)+A(状语)是个倒装句。e.g.Thereexist/areavarietyofopinionsonthisquestion.,*SVC句型(subject+linkingverb+subjectcomplement)在主系表结构中，因系动词在句中不能单独作谓语，须和说明或表示主语身份、特征及状态的补足语(表语)一起构成合成谓语(系表结构)。e.g.MicrowavepopcornhasbecomeabighitinAmericanhouseholds.,*SVO句型(subject+transitiveverb+directobject)e.g.Wouldyoumindfillingoutthisapplicationform?,*SVOiOd句型(subject+transitiveverb+indirectobject+directobject)e.g.Thebossaccordedhimaheartyreceptioninthenewsalespromotioncampaign.,*SVOC句型(subject+transitiveverb+object+objectcomplement)宾语补足语可以由名词、形容词、副词、分词（短语）、不定式（短语）、介词（短语）等构成。用不定式作宾语补足语，表达和强调已发生或未发生的事实；用现在分词作宾补表达和强调正在进行的状态和发生的事情；用过去分词表达和强调被动的概念和状态。e.g.Today,wecallEinsteinagenius.Theyencouragedhertotryagain.Theyfoundherworkingverylate.Theyfoundtheroomcrowdedwithpeople.,注：使役动词have,let,make和感觉动词feel,hear,notice,see,watch等后接不定式作其宾补时省略to,但在被动句中则不能省略。e.g.Theteachermadehimfinishallthehomeworkbeforehewenthome.Hewasmadetofinishallthehomeworkbeforehewenthome.Hesawsomeonecomeupthestairs.Someonewasseentocomeupthestairs.,4.Expandingbasicsentencepatterns,只含基本成分的简单句的信息容量是有限的。如果我们在五种基本句型的基础上对句子加以扩展，就可以增大句子的信息量，使内容表达得更加丰富。试比较：,(1)This(wordprocessing)programiscomplex.(2)Thisnewwordprocessingprogramismorecomplex.(3)ThisnewwordprocessingprogramismorecomplexthantheoneIusedtwoyearsago.,句子的扩展主要方法有：增添法，并列法，从属法等。,*增添法：通过增添修饰词或短语来扩展句子。(1)用修饰词扩展（expandingwithamodifierword),在英语中，当一个名词同时带有几个修饰语时，其位置大体可按下列顺序排列：限定词（包括冠词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词等）数词表示性质的形容词（短词语在前、长词语在后）表示大小、长短、高低的形容词表示年龄、新旧的形容词表示形状的形容词表示颜色的形容词表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词表示物质、材料的形容词表示用途、类别的形容词名词中心词(非谓语动词短语/定语从句)。,e.g.abeautifullargenewgreenChinesewoolencarpetallthetenstrongyoungAmericanboystudents,副词在句中主要修饰形容词、副词和动词，其位置在句中也比较灵活。但是，程度副词一般放在所修饰词的前面，而频率副词放在主要谓语动词前、系动词/助动词后。同时有几个副词时，其位置排列如下：程度副词(或表示程度介宾结构)方式副词(或表示方式的介宾结构)地点副词(或表示方式的介宾结构)时间副词(或表示方式的介宾结构)等。e.g.Allthemembersoftheprojectgroupoftendiscussedtheresearchschedulequitecarefullyinthelaboratorylastweek.,(2)用修饰短语扩展（expandingwithmodifierphrases),用介词短语扩展（expandingwithprepositionalphrases)e.g.Withgreatfeeling,MartinLutherKing,Jr.expressedhisdreamoffreedom.,2)用不定式短语扩展（expandingwithinfinitivephrases)e.g.Ittookusthreeyearstoimplementourfirstresearchproject(真实主语).,3)用动名词短语扩展（expandingwithGerundphrases)e.g.Itisveryusefulpracticinglisteningandspeakinginlanguagestudy(真实主语).,4)用分词短语扩展（expandingwithparticipialphrases)e.g.AnnoyedbythepoorTVreception(状语),Mr.Leedecidedtogetanewantenna.,*并列法(coordination),(1)用并列句扩展（expandingwithcompoundsentences),a.使用并列连词法（compoundsentenceswithcoordinators),其句式为：independentclause,+coordinator+independentclause并列连词只有7个：for,and,nor/neither,but,or,yet,so.e.g.TheJapanesehavealongerlifeexpectancythananyotherpeople,fortheirdietisextremelyhealthful.,b.使用连接副词（compoundsentenceswithconjunctiveadverbs),其句式：independentclause;+conjunctiveadverbs,+independentclause连接副词主要有：furthermore,besides,inaddition,moreover,also,still,however,nevertheless,nonetheless,otherwise,therefore,consequently,thus,accordingly,hence等。e.g.Washington,D.C.smetrosystemiscleanandefficient;therefore,hundredsandthousandsofpeopletakeiteveryday.,c.使用分号连接(compoundsentenceswithasemicolon).其句式：independentclause;+independentclause.e.g.DianastudiestraditionalChinesemedicineinChina;shemissesherfamilyinEnglandalot.,并列句连接词(Coordinators),(2)用平行结构扩展（expandingwithparallelism)把两个或更多的具有相同语法结构的句子或句子成分以同一语法形式和修饰方式平行地组合起来，表达同等重要的信息，这样的句子结构即为平行结构。这种平行结构既避免了不必要的重复，又扩大了信息内容，还可起到加强语气的作用。e.g.Thethreemostcommonpurposeofwritingaretoinform,toentertain,andtopersuade.,注意：平行结构中并列成分必须相同：名词与名词相连，动词与动词相连，从句与从句相连，动词相连时也必须以相同的形式连接。而且在平行句中常使用成对的关联词(correlatives),e.g.Bothand,eitheror,notonlybutalso,notbut,neithernor等。e.g.1)Itisimportantforengineerstothinklogically,toanalyzecarefully,andtomakedecisionsrealistically.2)writingisaskilllikedriving,typing,orcooking.3)Shouldscientistsgointoresearch,orshouldtheyteach,orshouldtheyworkinindustry?,*从属法（subordination),(1)用名词从句扩展(expandingwithnounclause),包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词从句的词有以下几种：连词：that;if;whether连接代词：who,whose,whom,whoever,what,whatever,which,whichever连接副词：how,why,when,wheree.g.1.Whatthereporterneedsmostisanalertmind.2.Ithink(that)theremustbesomemisunderstandingbetweenus.3.WhatIlikebestaboutmycurrentstyleofargumentisthatIlistenandtrytounderstandotherspointsofview.4.Wearenotinvestigatingthequestionwhetherheistrustworthy.,(2)用形容词从句扩展（expandingwithadjectiveclause)，即定语从句关系代词：as,who,whom,whose,that,which关系副词：when,where,whye.g.Fortunately,wehaveastatisticssoftwarethatwilldoallthecalculations.,(3)用副词从句扩展（expandingwithadverbialclause)即状语从句e.g.Businessissocompetitivenowadaysthatwemustimproveourefficiency.,从属连接词(subordinators),英语句子是受严格的语法规则制约的，在写作中如果违背这些规则，那么写出的句子就会使人无法理解，或引起歧义。要想避免发生这些情况，在写作时就必须处理好句子结构方面的几个问题。,残缺句、接排句、误置修饰语和悬垂修饰语是句子结构中最常见的错误。本节将对这些问题逐一进行分析，以帮助学生弄清写作中出现这些问题的原因，并掌握纠正错误的方法。,(1).残缺句（SentenceFragments)所谓残缺句，顾名思义，是指不能独立成句的一个不完整的句子片段。尽管残缺句在形式上像句子一样是以大写字母开头，并在结尾处带有标点，然而在逻辑上并不能单独表达完整的意思，仅是一组词而以已。请看下列句子：,5.Sentencestructureproblems句子结构常见错误,Fragment:wonderingwhathissonwasgoingtodo.(Towhere?Whynotcome?),Revisedsentence:Mr.smithhadbeenwonderingwhathissonwasgoingtodo.,Fragment:Havingdrivenacrossthedesert.Weenjoyedthecoolweather.,Revisedsentence:Havingdrivenacrossthedesert,weenjoyedthecoolweather.,*避免残缺句的最好办法是注意区别句子和句子的一部分。我们知道句子的最基本特点是在语法和逻辑上是一个完整的意义表达单位，它至少要有一个主语和谓语。改写残缺句主要有以下方法：将句子中的句号变成逗号，或把分隔开的短语或从句同它所属的句子合并成一个能表达完整意思的句子。(e.g:BecausewehaveCET-4certificates,wecangraduatewithabachelordegree)。,(2)run-onsentence(接排句/不断句）,所谓接排句就是两个或更多的句子混合交织在一起，而没有正确的标点符号标明它们之间关系的句子。这样的句子，意思含混不清，使读者不能理解各部分之间的关系。接排句有两种形式：一是融合句（fusedsentence),即句子之间没有标点符号和句间连接词；另一种更为常见的是逗号连接（commasplice),即没有并列连词，只用逗号代替分号和句号，把两个完整的意思连接起来。,e.g.Thegirlsscoredhigherinmaththeboysscoredhigherinverbalskills.Thegirlsscoredhigherinmath，theboysscoredhigherinverbalskills.,revised:Thegirlsscoredhigherinmath.Theboysscoredinverbalskills.Thegirlsscoredhigherinmath,whiletheboysscoredhigherinverbalskills.,(3)Misplacedmodifiers(误置修饰语）,在写作中，为使句子生动和更具有吸引力，常常需要添加修饰语。按照英语的构句规则，充当定语或状语的词、短语或从句必须尽可能地靠近所修饰的成分。,Hesoldtheoldcartothemanwithleatherseats.Pleasegivethebooktotheboywiththebluecover.,如果一个修饰语既可以修饰其前面的词也可修饰其后面的词，这样的的修饰语称为歧义修饰语.歧义修饰语应紧挨的地放在它所惟一修饰的词的前面或后面。,e.g.Weagreedonthenextdaytomaketheadjustments.Studentswhopracticewritingoftenwillbenefit.,Revised:Weagreedtomaketheadjustmentsonthenextday.Studentswhooftenpracticewritingwillbenefit.,(4)danglingmodifiers(悬垂修饰语）,悬垂修饰语是与句子的主语不能构成逻辑关系的修饰语。悬垂修饰语可以出现在句中的任意位置，但多位于句首。,常用的修改方法有：1)找出句子中隐含的主语，对所修饰的短语提供行为者（actor).2)补足悬垂短语或省略从句必要的成分，扩展成为一个完整的从句，由行为者作主语。,e.g.Attheageofsixmyuncleboughtmyfirstpet,agoldfish.,Revised:Attheageofsix,Ireceivedmyfirstpet,agoldfishfrommyuncle.WhenIwassix,myuncleboughtmemyfirstpet,agoldfish.,(5)过多使用并列句,EugeneONeillwasanAmericanplaywright,andhehadanunhappychildhood,andhetoldthestoryofhischildhoodinaplayentitledALongDaysJourneyIntoNightandhesaiditwaswrittenintears.Revised:EugeneONeill,anAmericanplaywright,toldthestoryofhisunhappychildhoodinaplayentitledALongDaysJourneyIntoNight,whichhesaidwaswrittenintearsandblood.,（6）过多使用从句,Heisamanwhoishonest,whoalwayspayshisjustdebts,andwhoobservesthegoldenrulesinhisdealingswithothers.Revised:Heisanhonestmanwhoalwayspayshisjustdebtsandobservesthegoldenrulesinhisdealingswithothers.,6.Exercises,练习一：改正下列句子中语法结构不当的地方。Furthermore,thereareeducationalproblems.Whichcanhelppeoplelearning.Theywantsuccessintheircareerthismeanstheywillfailintakingcareoftheirfamilymembers.Thustheirtimewillnotbespentonthingsdonotdeservethetime.Teachersareexperiencedexpertsinthisrespect.Hecanshowthestudentshowscientificresearchiscarriedout.WhenIwokeupIsawhimasleepinbed,Ididnthearhimwhenhecameback.BecauseIhadbeensleepingsoundly.,Furthermore,thereareeducationalproblemswhichcanhelppeoplelearn.Theywantsuccessintheircareerevenifthismeanstheywillfailintakingcareoftheirfamilymembers.Thustheirtimewillnotbespentonthingsthatdonotdeservethetime.Teachersareexperiencedexpertsinthisrespect.Theycanshowthestudentshowscientificresearchiscarriedout.WhenIwokeupIsawhimasleepinbed.Ididnthearhimwhenhecameback,becauseIhadbeensleepingsoundly.,练习二：合并下列句子1.Somepeoplebelievehigherbusfarewillbenefitthebuscompanies.Itwillalsobenefitthecitizens.2.Allwanttomakethethingsclear.Allarereluctanttodosobecausetheyfeeltheywilllosetheirfaceindoingso.3.Someofthemarerealscientists.Theymakewritingsciencefictiontheirhobby.4.Thegirlbegantolearntoplaythepianowhenshewasachild.Hermotherwasafamouspianist.,1.Somepeoplebelievehighbusfarewillbenefitnotonlythebuscompaniesbutalsothecitizens.2.Allwanttomakethingsclear,butallarereluctanttodosobecausetheyfeeltheywilllosefaceindoingso.3.Someofthemarerealscientistswhomakewritingsciencefictiontheirhobby.4.Thegirl,whosemotherwasafamouspianist,begantolearntoplaythepianowhenshewasachild.,练习三：修改下列句子中冗长的地方1.Butwhentheycometotheendoftheirlife,theyoftenfindthattheirliveshavebeenwastedinvain.2.Theylongforknowledgeandexperienceaboutarts,buttheschoolgivesthemlittleknowledgeandexperienceaboutarts.First,recyclingcanreducethepollutionthatiscausedbygarbageandwastewater.,1.Butwhentheycometotheendoftheirlife,theyoftenfindthattheirliveshavebeenwasted.2.Theylongforknowledgeandexperienceaboutarts,buttheschoolgivesthemlittle.3.First,recyclingcanreducethepollutioncausedbygarbageandwastewater.,练习四：用另外的句子(结构)陈述下列句子的意思，使其表达多样化。1.Nowadaysthereisworseningairpollutioninmanycities.2.Ifpeopleusecounterfeitdiplomas,itwilldoharmtobothindividualsandthesociety.3.Subwayismoreefficientthanautomobilesandbicycles.4.Mrs.Jones,thefamouswriter,wasamonghisneighbors.,1.Nowadaysairpollutionisworseninginmanycities.2.Usingcounterfeitdiplomaswilldoharmtobothindividualsandthesociety.3.Comparedwithautomobilesandbicycles,subwayismoreefficient.4.Mrs.Jones,oneofhisneighbors,isafamouswriter.,练习5使用学过的方法改写下列段落,Whethercollegegraduatesarehelpedtofindemploymentquicklybytherevised