浅谈提高阅读能力的技巧

1 / 20 浅谈提高阅读能力的技巧 Abstract,suchasfindingmaterials,gettinginformationorchattingonline,thereaderwillhavetoconnect,scanningandsk,vocabularyisanimportantfactorandwecanguessorinferthemeaningofsome,culturefactorsareessential,wewillincreaseourreadingspeedandcomprehension. keyWordsscanning;skimming;guessingword;culturalfactors 【摘要】阅读是英语学习中的一个基本的技能。人们有更多的机会接触到英语文章，无论是查阅资料，获取信息，还是娱乐休闲，上网聊天，人们所见到的英语文章越来越多，而文章所涉及到的范围也越来越广。很多学者已在诸多领域对如何提高阅读技能作了研究。这篇论文着重讲了三个方面。阅读过程中，略读和寻读技巧是掌握文章大意的捷径。此外，词汇是阅读中的重要因素之一。我们可 以通过词的结构和情景线索来猜新词和难词。文化因素也很重要，因为它影响着我们的思维判断。掌握这些有用的技巧，我们就能提高阅读的速度与增强理解力。 【关键词】寻读；略读；猜词；文化因素 2 / 20 Withthedevelopmentofsociety,suchasfindingmaterials,gettinginformationorchattingonline,theywillhavetoconnectwithEngli, reading,writing,speakingandlistening,theywillcomeacrossmanyproblems,forexample,newwords,theauthor sintensionandsoon.“masteringreadingskillswillhelpusgetmoreinformationfromanarticleasfastaspossible.”1R66Alotofs,thispaperistalkingaboutafewreadingskillsthatseemmoreimportant. Goodreadersuseseveraltechniquestomaketheirreadingmoreeffective.“Studentsneedtomaketheirbrainsmoreabsorbentbyusingafewsimpleskillssuchasskimmingandscanning.”2R119Sotobeginwiththisissue,theyshouldknowaboutthetechniquesofskimmingandscanning. “Skimmingisawayofco nvertingmaterialsquickly,theinterest,itmaybeveryusefultoskimoversomethingquicklytogetthemainidea,tobuildupone sgeneralbackgroundonatopic,ortosatisfyone scuriosityaboutthetopicwithoutspendingalotoftimeoni3 / 20 t.”3R120Inthisway,ski tyetread,theywillbeablelmoreslowlyandcarefully. Whenreaderslookoverthedailynewspapertofindoutthemainoutlines,skimmingitwillhelpthemdecidebygivingthemanoverallimpressionofthearticle. Toskim,readerscanlookforoneormoreofthesefouraids:subheadings,sentencesatthebeginningofparagraphs,wordsthatarerepeated,sotheycanuseatleastoneofthefollowingaids. Whenreadersskimseveralpagesthathavesubheadings,theireyeswillstopattheseheadingsbecausetheyusuallyappearinadifferentkindoftypefromthetextortherestofthewordingonthepage,sopayingattentiontothesubheadingswillhelpthemgetanoverviewofwhatisonthepages. Iftherearenosubheadingstoguidethereaderswhentheyskim,theyshouldlookatthebegi,especially,iftheylookquicklyatthebeginningsoftheparagraphsonapage,theycanoftengetagoodideaofthecontentofthatpage. onewordcluetothecontentofmaterialtheyareskimmingist4 / 20 hattheimportantwords lookquicklyatthematerialtheyareskimming,theywillknowthatthecontentofthepageisprobablyaboutthewordsthatarerepeatedmostoften. .Insomekindsofreading,especiallyintextbooks,importantwordsarehighlightedbyaspecialkindoftype(likeboldfaceoritalics).Asthesewordsseemdifferentfromtheotherwords,theywillprobablycatchreaders ,thematerialreadersareskimmingwilltellmoreaboutthoseparticularwords. Whenonebeginstopracticeskimming,;throughpracticeoneshouldbeabletocovermaterialsattwoorfourtimestherateofnormalreadingwithcomprehensionthatwillbeenoughforone spurposes. “Scanningisareadingskilltofindaparticularpointofinformationquicklyinatext.”4R120Scanningisawayoflookingforspecif,inscann,theymayslowdowntheirreading5 / 20 speedandreadthepassagetomakesuretheyhavefoundtherightinformationortoseeiftheywanttostartreadingmorecarefullyatthatpoint. Scanningisveryusefulforreaderictionary,lookingforacertainadvertisement,orfindingadataoraname,whentheylookfortheamountorthenumberofsomething,theysimplylookattheArabicnumerals,whentheywanttofindthenameofapersonoranorganization;on. Whetherreadersskimorscandosition. “Wordsarethebuildingblocksofreading.”5R37Duringtheprocessofreading,“tolerant”somen ewwords,butwhentheycometoakeyword,theyhavecertainlylearnedhowtouseadictionarytohelpthemfindthemeaningsofwordsandper,Idon tthinkitisagoodwayusingadictionaryallthewaya,itnotonlywastestheirtimeandenergy,s. anbecombinedtomakewords,r,themiddleisroot,: Prefixrootsuffix Persistence 6 / 20 (Through)(Stand)n. Rootsandaffixesaret,rootsandaffixesareconstantinmeaning ,thewordelement“tri”alwaysmeans“three”andthewordelement“able”alwaysmeans“capable.”Therefore,whenreaderslearnsomeoftheseelements,theirvocabularyin,theyshouldmastertheskillofguessingmeaningandmakegooduseofprefixandsuffix. AccordingtoAcomprehensiveGrammaroftheEnglishLanguage(byQuirketal,1985),majorprefixesareclassifiedintothefollowingcategoriesbytheirmeaning： 6R76 ().Negativeprefixes Prefixesmeaningexamples Un-notunhappy Non- notnonsmoker ()pejorativeprefixes Prefixesmeaningexamples mis-wronglymislead Pseudo-falsepseudo-democracy ()prefixesofdegreeorsize Prefixesmeaningexamples out-ssurpassingoutgrow 7 / 20 Sub-belowsubnormal ()prefixesofattitude Prefixesmeaningexamples Anti-againstantislavery ()locativeprefixes Prefixes meaningexamples Trans-acrosstransplant ()prefixesoftimeandorder Prefixes meaningexamples Pre- beforeprewar Post- afterpostwar ()nounsuffixes suffixesmeaningexamples -er(or)apersondriver/actor -essfemalehostess ()verbsuffixes suffixesmeaningexamples -ifyturnintodiversify -izecomepopularize ()adjectivesuffixes 8 / 20 suffixesmeaningexamples -fulfull ofpitiful -lesswithout,outmeaningless manysuffixescanbeaddedtowordsasendings,“ist”or“er”or“or”or“ar”or“tor”means“apersonorthingthatdoesormakesapractice.”Thereforeyouknowthata“dentist”isonewhoworksonteeth,an“actor”isonewhoactsrolesorparts,a“con ductor”isonewhoconductsanda“lecturer”issomeonewholectures. “Itisnotalwayseasytofigureouttheexactmeaningsforwordsfromprefixes,aningsofmanywordswithouthavingtolookthemupinadictionary.”7R26Iftheyarefamiliarwiththewordanalysesandmasterthemeaningandusageoftheelements,theskillofguessingcompoundwordsisalsoveryuseful. Sometimes,readerswillcomeacrosssomewordsorgroupsofwordswhichareexpectedto“gotogether”onaccountoftheirlogicalconnections,suchas:grass-green,school-student,hit-ball,swim-pool,abulary. 9 / 20 “Determiningthemeaningofunknownwordsfromcontextisimportantforareader.”8R112contextcluesarewordsorsenten,ryandbecomemoreeffectivereaders. Writersuseatleastsixkindsofcontextclues:experience,example,summary,synonymorrestatement,typographyandcomparisonand/,theyneedtoknowifthecluesareused,theycanspotthemwhentheyread. ding,watchingtelevision,theyhaveacontexttofollow.“Forexample,weknowaboutthechronometerandgeography,customsandhabits,faith,politicalstructuresandsocialregime,whichcanhelpustounderstandthearticlesdeeplyandimproveourabilityofinferringorguessingthemeaningofnewwords.”9R24 Example: Whenmypineappleplantblooms,itdevelopsacolorfulinflorescence,whichlosesitsflowersandturnsintoafruit. Usingexperienceascontextclue:Althoughreadersmaynotknowthemeaningoftheword“inflorescence”,theycantellfromthesentencethatan“inflorescence”issomethingth10 / 20 atdevelopsorappearsonaplant,losesitsflowers,buttheirexperiencet,byusingtheirexperienceasacluetheycanguessthattheword“inflorescence”means“blossom.” Experienceisespeciallyessentialifthon,butthisunderstandingissuperficial,anddeepunderstandingwillmoreorlessdependonwhethertheyhaverelevantinformationonthissubject. Inordertoclarifyanimportantconceptormakeanabstractconceptclear,theauthosthemeaningofnewwords. Examples: “(1)mollusks,suchasclamsandsnails,areusedasfood. Think:Idon tknowtheword“mollusk”.Butaccordingtothesentence,“mollusks”mustmeanshellfish. (2),theyusedbayonetsandmuskets. Think:“weapons”,“bayonets”and“muskets”areusedinfighting.”10R41 (3)Definedmostbroadly,folkloreincludesallthecustoms,beliefandtraditionthatpeoplehavehandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration. 11 / 20 Think:Theexamplesfollowingtheword“include”pointoutthecontentsof“folklore”;combinedwithourknowledgewecanknowthesecontentsbelongtowhichfieldandwecanknowthemeaningof“folklore”. Sometimesreadersencounteranunknownwordbuttheycanfigureoutthemeaningbecausethecontextsuppliesthemwithasummary;thatis,theauth,theunknownword,maycomeeitherbeforeoraftertheinformationofsummarizes. Examples: “(1),curly hairandbigbrowneyes;shewastall,slimandhadperfectposture. Analysis:Thesentencefollowingtheword“comely”descr,thecluesindicatethat“comely”means“attractive -looking”or“pretty”. (2)jan shairwasamess;herclothesweretorn; Analysis:Alltheinfor,“disheveled”mus tmean“indisorder”orwitheverythingoutofplace.”11R43 (3),women,andchildrenandshotthemall. Analysis:Thesentencefollowingtheword“decimate”showsusonemiserable,thecluesindicatethat“decimate”means“kill”or“destroy”. 12 / 20 Asynonym,whichisawordthatmeansnearlythesameasanotherword,isonetypeofconforit,“restatement”clue,becausethesynonymrestatestheidea. Examples: (1)“Insomeisolatedregionsintheworld,whichareseparatedfromtherestofcountry,theredoesnotseemtobeagreatconcernwithconservingnaturalresources. Analysis:Theword isolated means separatedfrombecausethemeaningof isolated wasrepeatedinsecondsentence.”12R30 (2)Thecandidatewassurroundedbyhisfollowers,hisadherents. Analyses:“adherents”appearsafterthe“adherents”is“followers.” (3)Itwouldhavebeeneasierfortheparentstoteachthechildtousetheword“bathroom”insteadof“lavatory.” Analysis:Theunfamiliarwordlavatoryfollowsthefamiliarword“bathroom”.Thephraseinsteadof”,themeanin13 / 20 goflavatory”is“bathroom”. commas,dashes,andparenthese,dashesorparenthesesarecertainlytypographicalsignals,theymayalsoserveasexampleclues,synonymclues,youshouldbeinthelookoutforit. Examples: (1)Thepupilsoftheeyesdilate(growlarger)inthedark. Theclue:Parenthesesfollowtheunfamiliarword“dilate”.“dilate”means“growlarger”. (2)youmustarrivepunctually-ontime-forthetest Theclue:Thedefinitionoftheword“punctually”“punctually”means“ontime.” (3)jerrywasambivalent,inconflict,aboutwhattomajorinatcollege. Theclue:Theword“ambivalent”isdefinedbythewordsbetweenthecommas,so“ambiv alent”means“havingconflictingfeelingsorthoughts”. /orcontrastclues comparisonmeanssimilarity;,areadercanunderstandthemeafersfromanideaexpressedinfamiliarwords. 14 / 20 “,theauthormustusesomehomologouswordsorthroughthelogicrelationinthecontextorthedescriptionforthecontrastofthosedifferentthingsorphenomena.”13R23Inaddition,whenshowingthiskindofcontrast,theauthorwillcommonlyusesomesymbolwordssuchas“but”,“yet”,“however”,“despite”,“though”,“ratherthan”,“unlike”,“not”,“inspiteof”,“incontrast”,“though”andtheco -ordinateslinkedby“while”antonyms. Examples: (1)“Billwasgoodatart,music,andphotography,andhisbrotherwasevenmoreversatile. Theclue:IfBillisdescribedasbeinggoodatart,music,andphotography,thenhisbrothermustbeevenmore“variedandcompetent”hewriter (2)Unlikehisbrother,whowasfriendlywitheveryone,Bobwasquitesurly. Theclue:Thesent“unlike”showsthat“friendly”andthereforemeans bad-temperedorunfriendly. ”14R47 (3)“,incontrast,isquitehumbleandmodest. Theclue:Theword“supercilious”“incontrast”showstherelationshipswiththefollowing“humbleandmodest”,15 / 20 andwecanventuretoinferitmeans“nothumbleormodest”.15R23 Theabovecontextcluesareimportantwaystohelpreadersimprovetheirreadingskills. Readingisnotaone-wayactivity, ,toexpandtheirvocabulary,ntextclues ,orwaitingforanotherpersontodefinetheunknownword,tryusingcontextcluesandguessingskills,thentrytofigureoutmeaningsforthemselves. Soinmyopinion,ills. ,ifreadersunderstandthedifferentculturesofEnglishspeakingcountriesandtheirdistinguishedthought,itswillhelpthemtounderstandtheinnermeaningofthep “Whatisculture?(1921)says, culturemaybedefinedaswhatasocietydoesandthinks ,kohls(1929)definescultureasanintegratedsystemoflearnedbeha(1978), cultureisacollectionofbeliefs,habitslivingpatternsandbehaviorsgeographicareas .”16R62Thesescholars,definition,oms,traditions,socialhabits,values,itincludesvirtuallyeverythingthatgroupsofpeoplethink16 / 20 ,say,doandmake. Duringtheirreading,languageisthesymbolofculture.“SamovarandPortersaid, Languageisareflectionofitsculture. Languageandcultureareinseparable.”17ofit,alanguagelearnercannevermasterthelanguagewithoutbeingwellinformedaboutitsrelevantculturalbackgroundinformation,Andalsowiththedevelopmentoflinguistics,manyexpertsoftodayinviewofteachingofaforeignlanguagebelievethatlearningaforeignlanguagedoesn tmeanmerelylearningitsphoneticsgrammarandindividualwords,butmeanslearningboththelanguageanditsculture. knowingthephonetics,“Thuswhenlearningaforeignlanguage,weshouldkeepinmindthatlearningitsculturalinformationis,whenweknowtheoriginofThanksgivingDay,wewillhavenodifficultyinunderstandingtheirwayofcelebrationwithaturkey;andifweknowtheearliersettersfromEuropeinAmericancontinent,wewillfindnoproblemofunderstandingthecommonAmericancharacteristics seekingforfreedomandindividuality,etc.”18R101 ofgoodharvest,InAugustorSeptember,peoplekeepflowersintheirhomesfortendaysbeforethemaindayofparadeofele17 / 20 phants,whenreaderscomeacrosstheboatrace,theywillconsideritasaactivitytomemorizethegreatpatriot,ndia,readerscanfindthatculturalbackgroundplaysaveryimportantroleinreading. culturalbackgroundaffectsreaders thinking,especiallyinreading;itdeterminesandinfluencestheirunderstandinginthefollowings: ions henhegivesanexampletosupporthisidea,English Awrongconceptonawordmayalsohinderstudentsfromunderstanding,tounderstandatextdoesnotmeanonlytoknowtheroughidea,themoretheycanunderstandthetext. Thereisalsosom