现代港口的演变发展.pdf

第二章第二章 现代港口演变发展现代港口演变发展 Evolution of Modern Ports Birds Anyport Model (1963) UNCTAD Port Generations (1992) Evolution of Modern Ports Agenda Script 2 Script 3.2 ancient times Middle ages late 18th century early 19th century World Wars 1960s The Evolution of Modern Ports 1990s 476-1453 AD Note 6 500 km Atlantic Ocean Black Sea Mediterranean Ocean Tyre Athens Rome North Sea Alexandria Antioch Rhodes Evolution of Maritime Trading Centres The Silk Road Guangzhou Xian Lanzhou Dunhuang Turpan Hotan Kashgar Samarkand Merv Bactra Bukhara Rey Hamadan Baghdad Berenike Alexandria Tyre Antioch Constantinople Athens Rome Muza Aden Kan Muscat Sur Mogadishu Mombasa Barbaricon Barygaza Muziris Calcutta CHINA INDIA PERSIA ARABIA EUROPE EGYPT JAVA Indian Ocean Arabian Sea Mediterranean Ocean Black Sea Gobi Desert Pacific Ocean SOMALIA 500 Miles Malacca Bay of Bengal 建设“海上丝路”，联通五洲四海 专题专题 Note 8 500 km Atlantic Ocean Black Sea Mediterranean Ocean Tyre Athens Rome North Sea Alexandria Evolution of Maritime Trading Centres Venice Constantinople 500 km Atlantic Ocean Black Sea Mediterranean Ocean Tyre Athens Rome North Sea Alexandria Evolution of Maritime Trading Centres Venice London Amsterdam Antwerp Gama (1497-99) Voyages of Discovery 01,0002,0003,000500 Miles North Atlantic Ocean North America Africa Europe South America West Indies Dominant wind Trade Route 1) Sugar, Molasses, Slaves 2) Flour, Meat, Lumber 1 2 Trade Winds In the fifteenth centuryIn terms of wealth and economic development, the Chinese Empire had no rival Although by the fifteenth century Chinese mariners were ahead of Europe in some areas of ocean-going ship technology and had the ships and navigation skills to explore and trade with the world, they chose not to do so. In 1433 the expeditions were halted, the ships destroyed and laws passed banning further construction of ocean- going ships, leaving the way open for European seafarers to develop the global sea transport system we have today. Martin Stopford (2009). Maritime Economics. 3rd ed. The Anyport Model Anyport is a model developed by Bird (1963) describing how port infrastructures evolve in time and space. Initial setting strongly dependent on geographical considerations. Standard evolution starting from the original port (most of the time a fishing port with trading and shipbuilding activities) with several quays1. Simple in terms of terminal facilities. Port-related activities mainly focused on warehousing and wholesaling, located on sites directly adjacent to the port. 1 Setting The industrial revolution acting as a trigger: Growing amounts of freight and passengers; Larger ships; Quays expanded and jetties constructed2; Dock constructions3 required; Rail lines integrating with port terminals; access to hinterland; Port-related activities expanding tremendously to include industrial activities. 1 2 Expansion Setting Construction of specialised piers to handle freight such as containers, ores, grain, petroleum and coal4. Expanded warehousing needs. Larger ships; dredging; long jetties; greater depth. Activity migration; increased handling capacities. Original sites abandoned; port facilities reconverted5. 1 2 3 Specialisation Expansion Setting Beyond the Model Not to display a set pattern, but to provide a base for comparison. Port-City relationship Regionalisation Container terminal development Although “local-for-local”, still revealing a general development process of ports. A number of authors have amended the original model to include more recent developments. Setting Expansion Specialisation Regionalisation City Port 1 2 3 4 General Cargo Bulk Cargo Containerised Cargo Urban Area Reconversion Freight Distribution Centre Freight Corridor Port Evolution further to the Anyport Model Changes in Growth Anyport Model Physical development Port location Financing Customs procedures Physical developmentPhysical development Discharge point as closely as possible; aground if necessary. 1- Primitive A series of purpose-built quay walls for ships to berth at. 2- Marginal Quay Extension Number of berths extended by artificial embayments. 3- Marginal Quay Elaboration Artificial docks constructed with tidal basins and complex patterns. 4- Dock Elaboration Long straight quays purpose-built for large steel ships. 5- Simple Lineal Quayage Quays and jetties built in specific areas for ships and cargoes. 6- Specialised Quayage PhysicalPhysical Location Location Financing Financing Customs Customs Original port site: Port locationPort location First bridge over river Warehouse shipping groups PhysicalPhysical Location Location FinancingFinancing Customs Customs Customs proceduresCustoms procedures In the old days, exchanges between sea and land transport vehicles were made in the most direct of ways. However, the continuous increase of ship sizes relative to sizes of trucks and rail cars induced the ports to choose an indirect route. PhysicalPhysical Location Location FinancingFinancing CustomsCustoms 14001400- -1800, Haringhaven1800, Haringhaven Rotte + dam Rotterdam Migration Small shipping villiage Mercantile port 18001800- -1900, Industrial Revolution1900, Industrial Revolution Ships increasingly made of steel instead of wood Sailing ships Steamers Use of machines New port basins for the first time 19201920- -1940, 1940, WaalhavenWaalhaven and Merwehaven,1st and and Merwehaven,1st and 2nd Petroleum 2nd Petroleum harboursharbours The importance of petroleum realised Western Europes oil supply gateway right from the start 19461946- -1960, Reconstruction1960, Reconstruction EemhavenEemhaven and and BotlekBotlek 40% destroyed during WWII Reconstruction of the flattened port So well performance that soon no enough space Decision to expand in a westerly direction 19601960- -1970, Europoort1970, Europoort Petroleum increasingly important for post-war economy Vast tankers calling for deeper draft Construction of Europoort Depth of 20m+ 1970, 1970, MaasvlakteMaasvlakte No more space in Europoort Decision to create land in the sea 19901990- -2008, 2008, MaasvlakteMaasvlakte Rotterdam 港口演化 港口空间转换概念 Bird(1971)Anyport 阐明了港口如何从简单的安全港湾发展成专用性强、空间配置合理的港口区。 Hoyle(1988)港口发展的四种阶段 1）初期城市港口 2）扩张中的城市港口 3）现代工业化港口 4)从水线前沿后撤的城市港口 Klink (1995)空间转换的四个阶段 1）港口城市 2）港口区域 3）港口功能区 4）港口网络带 作为货物装卸，储存和增值服务的所在地，港口的吸引力会因时而变,因 为新技术的开发和居民偏好的变化是不会终止的。 港口作业面 积的增加 港口空间转换概念 Charlier（1992）针对某一特定的港口设施，开发出一个分析模 型。 L2 L1 L3 T4 下游 时间 T2 上游 T3 T5 T1 L5 L4 成长 成熟 成长 成长 成长 成长 闲置 成熟 成熟 成熟 遗弃 闲置 闲置 重新开发 遗弃 Time span Distance from the center of city B Space taken by port D型模式的变异 Distance from the center of city A 到达市中心的距离 港口占 用空间 C型 港口空间 发展模式 时 间 轴 到达市中心的距离 港口占 用空间 A型 港口空间发 展模式 时 间 轴 渐变模式 B型 港口空间发展模式 大港适距起步模式 空间跳跃模式 双城港模式 双港并存模式 到达市中心的距离 港口 占用 空间 D型 港口空 间发展模式 时 间 轴 新加坡、迪拜、勒阿弗尔、防城港 Early 1990s Globally radical changes UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) Three generations of portsThree generations of ports Ports operating in isolation, acting as an interface between land and sea transport. Ports isolated from transport and trade activities, and remote from many of the requirements of their users. A similar isolation between the port and the surrounding municipality with little co-operation taking place. Various companies operating within a port also being isolated and therefore never acting together in promoting the port at a commercial level. First-Generation Ports (pre 1960s) 运输枢运输枢 纽中心纽中心 水陆换水陆换 装中心装中心 水陆联运水陆联运 的转接点的转接点 装卸和装卸和 服务中服务中 心心 Second-Generation Ports (1960s-1980s) Broad range of functions as transport, industrial and commercial service centres. Scope of activities extended to add value commercial activities. Industrial facilities built up extending towards the hinterland. Closer relationship between ports and their transport and trade partners. Ports were thus no longer operating in isolation from the wider transport industry! 贸易的贸易的 物流中物流中 心心 Third-Generation Ports (1980s-) A product of global containerisation and intermodalism. Dynamic nodes in the complex international production / distribution network. A proactive approach in order to develop into integrated transport centres and logistics platforms for international trade. Port services more specialised, with traditional services of first- and second-generation ports co-existing with modern activities. Information technology more prominent. Fourth-Generation Ports ? Source: UNCATAD Ports Newsletter Nov. 1999 “physically separated but linked through common operators or through a common administration” 物理空间上分离但通过公共经营 人或管理部门链接。 综合性综合性 资源配资源配 置中心置中心 * Table 2.2* Table 2.2 Summary on the UNCTADs Four Generations of Ports Period of development Main cargo Attitude and strategy of port development Scope of activities Organisation characteristics Production characteristics Decisive factors 网络化特征 供应链特征 与所在城市融为一体，并以港口为核心规划和发展整个城市的产业布局和功能定位 第四代港口从强调自己是一个中心转变为更强调自己是供应链中的一个环节 第四代港口之间的竞争是协同竞争 第四代港口成为资源配置的枢纽 具有现代化港口的一切技术和服务特征 港口服务柔性化 港口运营精益化 第四代港口是绿色港口 港口产业以服务业为中心 第四代港口的特征第四代港口的特征 空间地空间地 域特征域特征 经济特征经济特征 市场特征市场特征 功能特征功能特征 供应链特征供应链特征 运营特征运营特征 技术特征技术特征 产业产业 特征特征 生态特征生态特征 第一 代港 口 港口相对 于所在城 市（区域） 独立 港口经济独 立 港口企业处 于垄断地位 单一的装卸、 堆存等传统 功能 港口作为独立节 点存在 粗放式的传统 管理模式 非专业化的，传统 的搬运和装卸技术、 人工信息处理 劳动 密集 型 港口发展对生态产 生严重的负面影响 （资源的浪费、环 境污染等） 第二 代港 口 港口与所 在城市 （区域） 在地域上 出现交叉 港口经济与 周边城市 （区域）经 济关联 港口内企业 之间的竞争 在传统功能 上集成工业、 贸易等临港 产业功能 港口业务沿物流 链两端延伸，逐 步整合一些物流 服务提供商 规模化的，强 调效率的管理 模式 专业化（集装箱等 专业化码头），机 械化作业技术、计 算机信息管理技术 的应用 资本 密集 型 港口发展对生态产 生负面影响，但已 有一定的环保意识 （如采取环境的措 施等） 第三 代港 口 港城地域 上一体化 港口经济与 周边城市 （区域）经 济融合 区域内港口 之间的竞争 综合物流服 务功能，成 为物流中心 港口整合物流链， 并以港口为中心 的完整的物流链。 开始以物流服务 供应链方式出现 融入产品供应链 的趋势 引入质量管理 等现代管理方 法的，强调服 务的管理模式 大型化（可服务大 型船舶作业），机 械化和自动化作业 技术、港口内部集 成化的计算机信息 管理和与外部的信 息联系（EDI等） 技术 密集 型 已关注港口发展对 生态的影响，注重 环境保护 第四 代港 口 不同城市 （地域） 的港口的 一体化 港口经济与 多个城市 （区域）经 济融合 港口供应链 之间的竞争， 强调供应链 内部的港口 协同 多个港口以 及物流链功 能的整合 以港口为核心的 物流服务供应链 形成 精益化、柔性 化、敏捷化的， 强调服务管理 模式 作业系统的整合和 自动化，港口供应 链信息的网络化和 共享化 知识 密集 型 保护生态已成为港 口发展首要考虑的 因素，强调绿色港 口（环境友好型， 节约型港口，全面 可持续发展港口） 四代港口划分的明显特征比较四代港口划分的明显特征比较 港口代际划分的量化标准 港城关联度港城关联度 市场竞争市场竞争 活动范围活动范围 港口功能港口功能 管理水平管理水平 现代化现代化 可持续发展可持续发展 港城地域关联度港城地域关联度 A港城全面一体化 B港口与所在城市（区域）的发展相互依存，相互连接 C港口与城市（区域）关系逐渐密切 D港口与所在城市（区域）相互独立 港城经济关联度港城经济关联度 A港口经济与多个城市经济关联融合 B港口经济与所在城市（区域）经济融合 C港口经济与所在城市（区域）经济关联 D港口经济独立 第五代港口（第五代港口（21世纪世纪10年年-） ? 联营合作子母港 即以大型港口为母港（中转港），以国际陆 港、支线港和设在内陆的港区为子港，形成母港 与各个子港联合经营、合作发展、共生共荣的子 母港群。 Source: 第八次物流学术年会，2009年 originating and terminating loading and unloading concentrating traffic interchanging classifying warehousing interfacing servicing and maintaining packing and repacking A function is a set of organised, structured and complementary tasks which are carried out by persons or groups and contribute to achievement of the objectives of the organisation in which they work. The Transport Function Convergence and Distribution Maritime/land Convergence, direct or indirect Distribution, direct or indirect Transport | Trade & Commerce | Industry | Logistics The Transport Function The main function of a port is to transfer goods from land to sea transportation and vice versa. In other words, the main function of a port is to supply services to freight and ships. Moving cargo from quay to transit storage Departure of land vehicle from port area Passage of ship thru approach channel up to quay Discharge of cargo from ships hold to quay Transit storage Moving cargo from transit storage to the loading platfrom Loading cargo on to inland transport vehicle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Transport | Trade & Commerce | Industry | Logistics Facilities and Activities jetties, channels, lighthouse, anchorage ground, locks, berth, pilotage, information system, supervision and control fresh water, fuel, food, communication service, waste disposal recreational facilities for crew towage, cargo handling, storage area, warehouses, docks, roads, communication station, control centre, water supply and drainage, supervision loading/unloading machines, transport vehicles and tools, power devices, communication devices Opening of hatches Closing of hatches ARRIVAL OF SHIP DEPARTURE OF SHIP Navigation aids Approach channel Pilotage outside port Lock Sheltered water area Port pilotage Towage Mooring/Unmooring Berth Unstowing Stowing Cargo handling on board Cargo handling on board Transfer to/from quay Cargo handling on quay Transport to/from storage Delivery/Reception Cargo departing for hinterland Cargo arriving from hinterland Cargo movement Ship movement Other services to cargo Other services to ship Warehousing Surveillance Tallying Marking Weighing Sanitary measures Reconditioning Rent of equipment Lighterage Radio radar Surveillance Supplies: Water, telephone, bunkers, stores Repairs Marine police Fire fighting Medical service Waste disposal Rent of equipment The Trade Function A derived function. Ports offer convenience for cargo owners. Trading companies tend to build setups in port / port cities. Spot market, futures market, auction, exchange, etc. Entrepot trade. Trading activities in turn provide cargo sources. Entrepot trade 转口贸易 The Commercial (Service) Function Servicing a ports transport, trade and industrial functions. Hotels, restaurants, recreation, travel agency, etc. Shipping agency, freight forwarding, insurance, finance, communication, consultancy, etc. Accelerating the urbanisation process of the port region. UK Refineries The Industrial Function Note 3 Transport | Trade & Commerce | Industry | Logistics Industries that depend on the ports natural conditions and serve the shipping industry e.g. shipbuilding, ship repairing, port engineering Industries whose raw materials and products mainly depend on shipping transportation e.g. metallurgical industry, petrochemical industry, electric utility industry, automotive industry, etc. 2 types of “port industries”: The Industrial Function Transport | Trade & Commerce | Industry | Logistics Main benefits: The Industrial Function Transport costs saved through location advantage. Convenience of transportation and communication to and with the international market. Abundance of resources. Maritimization of Industries Transport | Trade & Commerce | Industry | Logistics MIDAs-Maritime Industrial Development Areas Factors affecting port industrial development: The Industrial Function Geographical location and natural conditions Technical progress in shipbuilding and improvement of transport modes Space available for port industrial development Attitudes and policies of the central and local governments and port authorities towards port industries Transport | Trade & Commerce | Industry | Logistics Industry Ship/shore cargo interface