COST04JobOrderCosting(成本管理会计-复旦,洪剑鞘).ppt

JobOrderCosting,Chapter4,Introduction,Howmuchdoesitcost?Managersaskthisquestionformanypurposes,includingformulatingoverallstrategies,productandservice-emphasisdecisions,andpricingdecisions.Thischapterpresentsbasicconceptsofjobcosting.,LearningObjectives,DescribethebuildingblockconceptsofcostingsystemsDistinguishbetweenjobcostingandprocesscostingOutlineaseven-stepapproachtojobcostingDistinguishactualcostingfromnormalcosting,LearningObjectives,Tracktheflowofcostsinajob-costingsystemProrateend-of-periodunder-oroverallocatedindirectcostsusingalternativemethodsApplyvariationsofnormalcosting,成本核算流程对外报告,1、按照成本计算目的，确定成本核算对象，如产品种类、产品批别等。2、划分生产成本和期间费用的界限，生产成本指应计入产品成本的那部分费用。3、在生产成本中，划分直接成本和间接成本，即为每个成本核算对象确定直接成本项目（如直接材料、直接人工等）。,成本核算流程对外报告,4、帐户设置生产成本基本生产成本：按成本核算对象开设生产成本明细帐（成本计算单）。辅助生产成本：按辅助生产车间种类（如供水、供电、运输、机修等）开设明细帐。制造费用按不同车间、部门开设明细帐。,成本核算流程对外报告,一项成本费用发生,生产成本还是期间费用？,期间费用,损益表管理费用销售费用财务费用,基本生产成本还是辅助生产成本？,成本核算流程对外报告,辅助生产成本明细帐,直接成本还是间接成本？,基本生产成本明细帐,制造费用明细帐,当期损益,成本核算流程对外报告,-基本生产成本明细帐（成本计算单）,完工产品成本,期末在产品成本,损益表销售成本,资产负债表存货,LearningObjective1,Describethebuildingblockconceptsofcostingsystems,BuildingBlockConceptsofCostingSystems,Thefollowingfivetermsconstitutethebuildingblocksthatwillbeusedinthischapter:Acostobjectisanythingforwhichaseparatemeasurementofcostsisdesired.,BuildingBlockConceptsofCostingSystems,Directcostsofacostobjectarecoststhatarerelatedtotheparticularcostobjectandcanbetracedtoitinaneconomicallyfeasibleway.Indirectcostsofacostobjectarecoststhatarerelatedtotheparticularcostobjectbutcannotbetracedtoitinaneconomicallyfeasibleway.,BuildingBlockConceptsofCostingSystems,Therelationshipamongthesethreeconceptsisasfollows:,DirectCosts,CostTracing,CostObject,IndirectCosts,CostAllocation,CostAssignment,Costpoolisagroupingofindividualcostitems.Costallocationbaseisafactorthatisthecommondenominatorforsystematicallylinkinganindirectcostorgroupofindirectcoststoacostobject.,BuildingBlockConceptsofCostingSystems,LearningObjective2,Distinguishbetweenjobcostingandprocesscosting,Job-CostingandProcess-CostingSystems,Therearetwobasicsystemsusedtoassigncoststoproductsorservices:JobcostingProcesscosting,Job-CostingandProcess-CostingSystems,Inajob-costingsystem,thecostobjectisanindividualunit,batch,orlotofadistinctproductorservicecalledajob.Inprocesscosting,thecostobjectismassesofidenticalorsimilarunitsoraproductorservice.,Job-CostingandProcess-CostingSystems,Processcostingallocatescostsamongalltheproductsmanufacturedduringthatperiod.,Job-CostingandProcess-CostingSystems,Job-costingProcess-costingsystemsystemDistinctunitsMassesofidenticalofaproductorsimilarunitsofaorserviceproductorservice,LearningObjective3,Outlineaseven-stepapproachtojobcosting,GeneralApproachtoJobCosting,Thefollowingseven-stepsapproachisusedtoassignactualcoststoindividualjobs:Identifythechosencostobject(s).Identifythedirectcostsofthejob.Selectthecost-allocationbase(s).Identifytheindirectcostsassociatedwitheachcost-allocationbase.,GeneralApproachtoJobCosting,Computetherateperunitofeachcost-allocationbaseusedtoallocateindirectcoststothejob.Computetheindirectcostsallocatedtothejob.Computethecostofthejobbyaddingalldirectandindirectcostsassignedtoit.,GeneralApproachtoJobCosting,D.L.Sportsmanufacturesvarioussportinggoods.D.L.isplanningtosellabatchof25specialmachines(Job100)toHealthyGymfor$104,800.AkeyissueforD.L.Sportsindeterminingthispriceisthecostofdoingthejob.,GeneralApproachtoJobCosting,Step1:ThecostobjectisJob100.Step2:IdentifythedirectcostsofJob100.Directmaterial=$45,000Directmanufacturinglabor=$14,000,GeneralApproachtoJobCosting,Step3:Selectthecost-allocationbase.D.L.chosemachineshoursastheonlyallocationbaseforlinkingallindirectmanufacturingcoststojobs.Job100used500machinehours.2,480machinehourswereusedbyalljobs.,GeneralApproachtoJobCosting,Step4:Identifytheindirectcosts.Actualmanufacturingoverheadcostswere$65,100.Step5:Computetherateperunit.Actualindirectcostrateis$65,1002,480=$26.25permachinehour.,GeneralApproachtoJobCosting,Step6:Computetheindirectcostsallocatedtothejob.$26.25permachinehour500hours=$13,125,GeneralApproachtoJobCosting,Step7:ComputethecostofJobNo.100.Directmaterials$45,000Directlabor14,000Factoryoverhead13,125Total$72,125,GeneralApproachtoJobCosting,Whatisthegrossmarginofthisjob?Revenues$104,800Costofgoodssold72,125Grossmargin$32,675Whatisthegrossmarginpercentage?$32,675$104,800=31.2%,TwoMajorCostObjects,ProductsResponsibilitycenters,WhatareSourceDocuments?,Theyaretheoriginalrecordsthatsupportjournalentriesinanaccountingsystem.,WhatisaJobCostRecord?,Itisadocumentthatrecordsandaccumulatesallthecostsassignedtoaspecificjob.Itisthebasicrecordforproductcosting.,WhatisaMaterialsRequisitionRecord?,Itistheformusedtochargejobcostrecordsanddepartmentsforthecostofdirectmaterialsusedonspecificjobs.,WhatisaLaborTimeRecord?,Itisusedtochargejobcostrecordsanddepartmentsforlabortimeusedonspecificjobs.Itshowsthetimeeachemployeespentonindividualjobs.,LearningObjective4,Distinguishactualcostingfromnormalcosting,ActualCostingSystem.,isajob-costingsystemthatusesactualcoststodeterminethecostofindividualjobs.Actualcostingisamethodofjobcostingthattracesindirectcoststoacostobjectbyusingtheactualdirect-costrate(s)timestheactualquantityofthedirectcostinput(s).,NormalCosting.,isacostingmethodthatallocatesindirectcostsbasedonthebudgetedindirect-costrate(s)timestheactualquantityofthecostallocationbase(s).,NormalCosting,AssumethatD.L.Sportsbudgets$60,000fortotalmanufacturingoverheadcostsand2,400machinehours.Whatisthebudgetedindirect-costrate?$60,0002,400=$25perhourHowmuchindirectcostwasallocatedtoJob100?,NormalCosting,500machinehours$25=$12,500WhatisthecostofJob100undernormalcosting?Directmaterials45,000Directlabor14,000Factoryoverhead12,500Total$71,500,LongerTimePeriodUsedtoComputeIndirect-CostRates,Thenumeratorreason(indirectcosts):Theshortertheperiod,thegreatertheinfluenceofseasonalpatternsonthelevelofcosts.Thedenominatorreason(quantityoftheallocationbase):Theneedtospreadmonthlyfixedindirectcostsoverfluctuatinglevelsofoutput.,LearningObjective5,Tracktheflowofcostsinajob-costingsystem,GeneralLedgerandSubsidiaryLedgers,TheWork-in-ProcessControlaccountpresentsthetotalsoftheseparatejob-costrecordspertainingtoallunfinishedjobs.Thejob-costrecordandWork-in-ProcessControlaccounttrackjobcostsfromthetimejobsarestarteduntiltheyarecompleted.,Transactions,PurchaseofConversionintoMaterialsWork-in-ProcessandOtherInventoryManufacturingInputsConversionintoSaleofFinishedFinishedGoodsGoodsInventory,Transactions,Purchaseof$80,000worthofmaterials(directandindirect)oncredit.MaterialsAccountsPayableControlControl1.80,0001.80,000,Transactions,Materialscosting$70,000weresenttothemanufacturingplantfloor.$45,000wereissuedtoJobNo.100and$10,000toJob102.$15,000ofindirectmaterialswereissued.Whatisthejournalentry?,Transactions,Work-in-ProcessControl:JobNo.10045,000JobNo.10210,000FactoryOverheadControl15,000MaterialsControl70,000,Transactions,MaterialsWork-in-ProcessControlControl1.80,0002.70,0002.55,000ManufacturingOverheadControlJob1002.15,0002.45,000,Transactions,Totalmanufacturingpayrollfortheperiodwas$22,000.JobNo.100incurreddirectlaborcostsof$14,000andJobNo.102incurreddirectlaborcostsof$3,000.$5,000ofindirectlaborwasalsoincurred.Whatisthejournalentry?,Transactions,Work-in-ProcessControl:JobNo.10014,000JobNo.1023,000ManufacturingOverheadControl5,000WagesPayable22,000,Transactions,WagesPayableWork-in-ProcessControlControl3.22,0002.55,0003.17,000ManufacturingOverheadControlJob1002.15,0002.45,0003.5,0003.14,000,Transactions,Wagespayablewerepaid.WagesPayableControl22,000CashControl22,000WagesPayableCashControlControl4.22,0003.22,0004.22,000,Transactions,Assumethatdepreciationfortheperiodis$26,000.Othermanufacturingoverheadincurredamountedto$19,100.Whatisthejournalentry?,Transactions,ManufacturingOverheadControl45,100AccumulatedDepreciationControl26,000VariousAccounts19,100WhatisthebalanceoftheManufacturingOverheadControl?,Transactions,ManufacturingOverheadControl2.15,0003.5,0005.45,100Bal.65,100,Transactions,$62,000ofoverheadwasallocatedtothevariousjobsofwhich$12,500wenttoJob100.Whatisthejournalentry?Work-in-ProcessControl62,000ManufacturingOverheadControl62,000Whatarethebalancesofthecontrolaccounts?,Transactions,ManufacturingOverheadWork-in-ProcessControlControl2.15,0006.62,0002.55,0003.5,0003.17,0005.45,1006.62,000Bal.3,100Bal.134,000,Transactions,ThecostofJob100is:Job1002.45,0003.14,0006.12,500Bal.71,500,Transactions,Jobscosting$104,000werecompletedandtransferredtofinishedgoods,includingJob100.Whateffectdoesthishaveonthecontrolaccounts?,Transactions,Work-in-ProcessFinishedGoodsControlControl2.55,0007.104,0007.104,0003.17,0006.62,000Bal.30,000,Transactions,WhatisthejournalentrytotransferJob100?FinishedGoodsControl71,500Work-in-ProcessControl71,500,Transactions,Job100wassoldfor$104,800.Whatisthejournalentry?AccountsReceivableControl104,800Revenues104,800CostofGoodsSold71,500FinishedGoodsControl71,500,Transactions,WhatisthebalanceintheFinishedGoodsControlaccount?$104,000$71,500=$32,500Assumethatmarketingandadministrativesalarieswere$9,000and$10,000.Whatisthejournalentry?,Transactions,MarketingandAdministrativeCosts19,000SalariesPayableControl19,000,LearningObjective6,Prorateend-of-periodunder-oroverallocatedindirectcostsusingalternativemethods,BudgetedIndirectCosts,Budgetedindirect-costratescanbeassignedtoindividualjobsonanongoingandtimelybasis.However,budgetedratesarebasedonestimatesmadeupto12monthsbeforeactualcostsareincurred.Adjustmentsmayneedtomadebyyearend.,End-Of-PeriodAdjustments,Underallocatedindirectcostsoccurwhentheallocatedamountofindirectcostsinanaccountingperiodislessthantheactualamountincurred.Overallocatedindirectcostsoccurwhentheallocatedamountofindirectcostsisgreaterthantheactualamountincurred.,End-Of-PeriodAdjustments,Under-oroverallocatedindirectcosts=IndirectcostsincurredIndirectcostsallocatedUnderapplied(oroverapplied)indirectcostsandunderabsorbed(oroverabsorbed)indirectcostsareequivalentterms.,End-Of-PeriodAdjustments,AssumethefollowingannualdataforD.L.Sports:ManufacturingOverheadControlBal.65,100ManufacturingOverheadAppliedBal.62,000,End-Of-PeriodAdjustments,Howwastheallocatedoverheaddetermined?2,480machinehours$25budgetedrate=$62,000$65,100$62,000=$3,100(underallocated),End-Of-PeriodAdjustments,Reasonsfortheunderallocatedamount:Numeratorreason(indirectcosts)Denominatorreason(quantityofallocationbase),End-Of-PeriodAdjustments,Actualmanufacturingoverheadcostsof$65,100aremorethanthebudgetedamountof$60,000.Actualmachineshoursof2,480aremorethanthebudgetedamountof2,400hours.,End-Of-PeriodAdjustments,Approachestodisposingunderallocatedoroverallocatedoverhead:AdjustedallocationrateapproachProrationapproachesImmediatewrite-offtoCostofGoodsSoldapproach,AdjustedAllocationRateApproach.,restatesallentriesinthegeneralandsubsidiaryledgersbyusingactualcostratesratherthanbudgetedcostrates.Actualindirect-costrateiscomputedattheendoftheyear.Everyjobtowhichindirectcostswereallocatedduringtheyearhasitsamountrecomputed.,AdjustedAllocationRateApproach,Actualmanufacturingoverhead($65,100)exceedsmanufacturingoverheadallocated($62,000)by5%.3,10062,000=5%Actualmanufacturingoverheadrateis$26.25permachinehour($65,1002,480)ratherthanthebudgeted$25.00.,AdjustedAllocationRateApproach,D.L.Sportscouldincreasethemanufacturingoverheadallocatedtoeachjobby5%.ManufacturingoverheadallocatedtoJob100undernormalcostingis$12,500.$12,5005%=$625$12,500+$625=$13,125whichequalsactualmanufacturingoverhead.,ProrationApproach,Prorationisthespreadingofunder-oroverallocatedoverheadamongendingworkinprocess,finishedgoods,andcostofgoodssold.,ProrationApproach,Basistoprorateunder-oroverallocatedoverhead:Totalamountofmanufacturingoverheadallocated(beforeproration)EndingbalancesofWork-in-Process,FinishedGoods,andCostofGoodsSold,ProrationApproach“A”,Manufacturingoverheadcomponentofyear-endbalances(beforeproration):Work-in-Process$23,50038%FinishedGoods26,00042%CostofGoodsSold12,50020%Total$62,000100%,ProrationApproach“A”,$3,10038%=$1,178toWork-in-Process$3,10042%=$1,302toFinishedGoods$3,10020%=$620toCostofGoodsSold,ProrationApproach“A”,ManufacturingOverheadFinishedGoods65,10062,00032,5003,1001,302033,802CostofGoodsSoldWork-in-Process71,50030,0006201,17872,12031,178,ProrationApproach“B”,EndingbalanceofWork-in-Process,FinishedGoods