专业英语语法：Coordination.ppt

Coordination,CoordinationI.CoordinatorsAndandrelatedcoordinatorsOrandrelatedcoordinatorsButandrelatedcoordinatorsII.Punctuationbetweencoordinatedunits,SubordinationSubordinatorsSubordinateclausesFinitesubordinateclausesNon-finiteandverblessclauses,Coordinationistypicallyrealizedbycoordinators(alsotermedcoordinatingconjunctions)whichjoinunitsatthesamelevel,whereassubordination,realizedbysubordinators(alsotermedsubordinatingconjunctions),involvesthelinkingofunitsatdifferentlevelssothattheyformahierarchy.,Asubordinatorintroducesasubordinateclausewhichisattachedtothemainclause.Thedifferencebetweencoordinationandsubordinationalsoliesintheamountofimportancethespeakerwishestoattachtothejoinedconstituents.Thesyntacticequalitybetweenthecoordinatedunitstendstobringwithitthesemanticequality.,Inatypicalcaseofcoordination,therelationbetweenthetwounitsispracticallyreversible:PeterandSusan=SusanandPeterPeterisadoctorandSusanisanurse.=SusanisanurseandPeterisadoctor.,Insubordination,however,thesubordinateclausetendstoofferthebackgroundinformationinsupportofthemainclauseasemantichierarchythatresultsfromthesyntacticinequality:Wellhaveapicnicifitsfinetomorrow.Becausetheyhadfinishedtheirwork,theywentbackhome.,1)Centralcoordinators:and,or,but2)Correlativecoordinators:both.and,either.or,not.but,neither.nor,notonly.butalso3)Semi-coordinators:nor,so,yet4)Quasi-coordinators:aswellas,asmuchas,ratherthan,morethan,a.Andandrelatedcoordinators,Othercoordinatorswhichareabletoperformasimilarfunctioninclude:both.and,notonly.butalso,aswellas,not.or,not.nor,neither.nor,etc.:,1)Igaveheracupofteaandsomebiscuits.2)BothmywifeandIwillbecomingtoseeyouaweektoday.3)Sheisnotonlyprettybutalsointelligent.4)Hegavememoneyaswellasadvice.5)Notaflynoramosquitowastobefound.6)Hedoesntlikefootballorbasketball.7)Heneithersmokesnordrinks.,Differentmeaningofand1)Theprofessorwentintotheclassroom,openedhisnotebook,andstartedthelecture.(chronologicalsequenceofevents)2)Heheardhisdogbarkatthedoor,andhelookedoutofthewindowonlytofindthathishousewassurroundedbyalargecrowdofangrypeople.(causeandeffect),3)Workharderandyoullpassthetest.(condition)4)Lizistalkativeandherhusbandisreserved.(contrast)5)Englishisdifficulttolearn,andsoisFrench.(similarity)6)Heisachainsmoker,andhestinksallover.(addition)7)Sheranandranuntilshewasoutofbreath.(repeatedorcontinuingaction),IninformalEnglish,andiscommonlyusedaftercome,go,try,wait,etc.asanalternativetotheinfinitivemarkerto,tosuggestpurpose:Comeandhaveteawithus.IllgoandseeifshesOK.Letswaitandsee.Tryandgetsomecoffee.Stayandhavedinnerwithus,willyou?Weoughttostopandthink.Hurryupandgetdressed.,b.Orandrelatedcoordinators,Whenweuseor,weusuallytalkaboutalternatives:1)Whichdoyouprefer,teaorcoffee?2)Wehavethealternativeofgoingorstaying.3)WhichJohnwouldyouliketotalkto,withorwithoutbeard?4)Doitnow,oryourefired.5)ImsureyoullenjoyyourholidayinaplacesuchasVenice,orFlorence,orsomewherelikethat.,Either.orusuallyrelatestotwopossibilitiesonlyandemphasizestheexclusivemeaningofor:1)Youcaneithercomewithmeorstayathome.2)Eitheryoudoitnow,oryourefired.,Orisalsofoundinsomeestablishedexpressions,whereitstillintroducesanalternative:1)GivemefiveminutesorsoandIllfinishthework.(aboutfiveminutes/fiveminutesormore)2)Cleanupthemess,orelse!(usedasathreat)3)Youmaystayhereforadayortwo.(adayormore/atleastaday)4)ThetribewascalledMilwaukeeorsomething.(showingthatthespeakerisnotsure),c.Butandrelatedcoordinators,Asacoordinator,butexpressesacontrastwhichcouldusuallybealternativelyexpressedbyyet,while,whereas,etc.1)Theyarepoorbut/yetproud.2)Iamobjectingtohismorals,but/yetnottohismanners.,3)Wehadintendedtocomeandseeyou,but/yetitrained.4)Heisnotbravebutbold.5)Youlikesports,while/whereas/but/yetIdratherread.6)While/Whereastheywantahouse,wewouldratherliveinaflat.,2.Punctuationbetweencoordinatedunits,WhatIneedafteradayshardworkisahotshower,acigaretteandanicecupofcoffee.Hedidntplayfootball,basketballorvolleyball.,Hewastall,darkandhandsome.Theroomissmall,cleanandcozy.(Whenadjectivescomeinthepredicativeposition,weusuallyputandbeforethelastone)asmall,clean,cozyroomatall,dark,handsomeman(Withthesegradableadjectivesintheattributiveposition,whichdenotequalities,weoftenusecommasbetweenthem),1)thecountryssocial,economicandpoliticalcri