外文翻译--2003上海国际隧道工程研讨会

附录 A 2003 上海国际隧道工程研讨会 随着新世纪的到来和我国基础设施建设的发展，各类机械化掘进水道工程的大量兴建，使得研究掘进机隧道工程技术的最优化显得尤为重要，而目前对于掘进机隧道工程的很多方面的最优化问题还没有开展研究，因而对掘进机隧道工程技术的最优化问题进行研究并应用到掘进机隧道工程是十分比要的。 鉴于对掘进机隧道工程系统分析获得的结果，我们将注意力集中到解决与资金、施工方法和掘进机类型相关的最优化问题，并对隧道掘进机及相应施工方法的选择和施工运输系统的效率进行了较为深入的研究。 科学家们采用系统工 程的 ESQ 方法，通过大量调研并结合在这一相关领域的长期实践经验，建立了掘进机隧道工程的辅助决策模型和响应程序。辅助决策最优化程序使得工程早期在掘进机选型和施工方法选择的决策中充分体现施工专家的观点成为可能，可以有效地指导掘进机隧道工程掘进机选型和施工方法选择。从经济角度讲，隧道掘进机的正确选择决定了机械化掘进隧道的成功与否，对掘进机隧道工程而言，这方面的课题是非常重要的。然而，迄今为止，隧道工程界在这方面缺少深入研究。 TBM（全断面隧道掘进机）隧道技术正向大断面、大深度、长距离掘进发展，许多技术难题已经得 到或正在得到解决。日本三菱重工、川崎重工、石川岛播磨和德国海瑞克公司在大断面和异行断面盾构掘进机的研究、发展和制造方面，不断的创新和发展。 进入 21 世纪以来，中国掀起了城市地铁工程建设高潮，上海、广州、北京、深圳、南京、天津的地铁隧道工程，纷纷引进了世界先进的盾构掘进机和工程技术，目前有 40 余台盾构正在掘进地铁隧道，并在地铁工程的设计、衬砌结构、试验研究、施工技术、工程监测和环境安全等众多方面得到了技术进步和发展。 我国首台双圆盾构掘进机应用于上海地铁 8号区间隧道工程，并以每天 56m的速度向前延伸。经过上 海隧道股份科技施工人员多年的努力，中国成为世界上第二个掌握双圆隧道施工技术的国家。在不久的将来，三圆乃至多圆隧道也将可能穿行于神州大地。双圆盾构在外行上犹如一对联体的普通盾构，在功能上却具有普通盾构不能比拟的优势。双圆盾构一次推进就能完成地铁上、下行线两条隧道，施工效率的效率不言而喻双圆隧道，不仅比普通隧道更少占用地下空间，有效地节约了空间资源、保护了环境，而且在建筑物下狭小的空间中穿行的能力也优于普通隧道；最为重要的是，双圆隧道在两条隧道相交处，每 1.5m 的距离中就自然形成一个 48cm 的通道，正好能容纳一 个成年人通过。一旦隧道中遭遇火警等险情，人员逃生和救助变得极为便利，隧道的安全性大大提高。 盾构法施工的隧道区间，有时岩性变化很大，围岩时软时硬，有些地区在同一断面内，出现上软下硬，甚至在地层中夹有坚硬的岩层或岩体，在这种情况下，继续采用盾构法掘进，在技术上、经济上和进度上都未必是最恰当的，此时，分辨不同情况，适当地选用一些传统的辅助方法，是解决问题的一种手段。 科学家们从分析不同隧道掘进机的施工单元入手，建立了不同隧道掘进机类型的隧道工程的轨道施工运输反感最优化模型。最优化分析的基本思想是先求得使时间最省 的岔道间距，然后进一步分析不同的反感的经济价格比，求出最省钱的轨道运输方案。在模型建立的过程中，科学家们将多目标最优化理论、掘进机隧道工程造价分析方法和具体的施工工艺相融合，得到了土压平衡盾构、泥水平衡盾构和双护盾构隧道掘进机的轨道施工运输方法的最优化模型。由于使用EXCEL 编程，隧道掘进工程水平运输系统的最优化程序的使用极为方便。最优化程序对国内外盾构工程进行了分析和设计。 一条隧道令人厌烦的机器 (TBM)通常由一两块护盖 (大的金属汽缸 )和拖支持机制组成。 At 在护盖的正面端切车轮的旋转被放。 在剪报车轮 后面，有一间寝室在哪里， 取决于这类型 TBM，被挖掘的土壤被或者与淤浆 (所谓淤浆 TBM)混合或者照原样离开。 TBM 的某种类型的选择取决于土壤条件。 系统给土壤 (土壤与淤浆混合 )的排除也存在。都市的挖隧道有要求地表面是未扰动的的特别的挑战。 这表明地减小必须被避免。 这种正常的方法正做这是在隧道建设期间和在隧道建设之后保持土壤压力。虽然很多对 TBMs 的研究已经被公布， 并且 TBMs的应用性已经被讨论，相当多的意见的差别仍然在作者之间存在挖隧道的 TBM的可行性的评价因为应该被考虑到的大量参数经常错综复杂 .隧道 令人厌烦的机器效率和能力已经被明显地在过去 15 年增加， 并且可能性今天非常不同于在70 和 80 年代存在的那些， 当因为政治和经济关心一条地中海 -死海运河和隧道工程的老计划被提议并且抛弃时。 今天， 根据最有经验的隧道令人厌烦的专家， 建造一条分裂的 10 米内径的混凝土的衬砌隧道从 Palmahim 到价值大约 10亿美元的 Nahal Avnat 是可能的。 参考隧道估计连接在设计下看见一估计以高级隧道哈尔克罗组有限公司，英国的设计工程师准备的概念 。 我国新一代全断面掘进机在中国第二重型机械集团公司研制成功，这标志 着我国在该种设备制造领域已达到世界先进水平。 据二重集团有关专家介绍，全断面掘进机是专门用于地下隧道工程开挖的智能化大型成套装备，能一次挖掘成型，同时对隧道进行水泥加固，使岩石隧道工程告别了 “ 隧道隧道，打眼放炮 ” 的老办法，具有快速、安全、高效、环保的特点。首台产品直径 3.65 米，每 24 小时掘进速度可达 180米，将被用于云南掌鸠河引水工程。专家估计，未来 20 年内全国铁路、公路、水利、油气、市政等工程共需完成 5800 公里隧道。长期以来，我国使用的掘进机都依赖整机引进。新一代全断面掘进机的问世有助于降低我国隧道施 工成本，具有广阔市场前景 . 煤矿锚杆孔钻进设备的发展前途 锚杆支护是有宜于加快井巷掘进速度、提高顶板支护效果、降低支护劳动强度和减少支护材料消耗的先进技术。我国仅国有重点煤矿每年掘进 500 多万米巷道， 1997 年末，锚杆支护率全国平均已达 31.5%，按规划，到 2000 年，锚杆支护率平均应达到 50%，但已有大同、邢台、平顶山、铁法、西山、龙口等 16 个矿务局率先使锚杆支护率超过 50%。国外先进采煤国锚杆支护率往往超过 80%。 锚杆孔钻进是锚杆支护施工的重要环节，锚杆支护的发展需要大量锚杆孔钻进设备作保证。锚杆 孔钻进设备包括锚杆钻机和配套钻具 (钻杆、钻头等 )。分析锚杆孔钻进设备现状，展望它的发展前途，有助于不断促进锚杆孔钻进设备的技术进步，使其适应锚杆支护技术的需要。 1 锚杆孔钻进设备以锚杆钻机为主体。锚杆钻机按结构分为单体式、钻车式、机载式；按动力分为电动式、气动式、液压式；按破岩方式分为回转式、冲击式、冲击回转式、回转冲击式。与锚杆钻机配套的钻具，因破岩方式不同而不同，总的来说有回转类破岩钻具、冲击类破岩钻具以及回转冲击类破岩钻具。国外锚杆孔钻进设备的品种与功能多样，技术性能优越，可靠性高。 2 煤矿用锚杆孔钻 进设备存在的主要技术问题 2.1 开发的品种多，但性能适宜且可靠性好的产品不多 ；2.2 回转式锚杆钻机扭矩性能偏低，加上钻头耐磨性能的影响，尚不能满足抗压强度大于 60 MPa 高磨蚀性岩石的锚杆孔钻进 ； 2.3 锚杆钻机产品可靠性差，很多产品难以在井下连续正常使用 ； 3 煤矿锚杆孔钻进设备的前途 : 锚杆孔钻进设备是锚杆支护发展的客观需要，它必然按一定规律向前发展，锚杆钻机及其配套钻具的研究、开发、生产与使用，都必须符合客观规律。分析国内外有关信息，总结经验教训，注意煤矿锚杆孔钻进设备发展的基本趋向，有利 于使产品在市场竞争中不断发展。 3.1 气动、液压单体回转式锚杆钻机是一个时期的主流 ；3.2 研究锚杆钻机扭矩与改革钻头是发展回转式锚杆孔钻进设备的关键 ；3.3 高新技术的发展，有宜于锚杆孔钻进技术的变革。 几十年来，锚杆孔钻进设备已有了一定的提高，随着知识经济的发展，锚杆钻机及其配套钻具会逐渐有所变革，预计在以下方面会引起产品的重大变化： (1)结构参数的优化以及高科技新材料的应用，使单体锚杆钻机性能提高、重量减轻。 采用了高新技术的岩石钻头将使回转式钻进方式扩大应用范围。 (2)高科技微电子技术在不同动力、 不同类型锚杆钻机上的应用，可能会使锚杆钻机发生某 些根本性的变革，例如改变钻机特性、改善操作性能、提高可靠性等。国外已探讨计算机控制的锚杆孔钻进与锚杆安装的综合性自动化设备。凿岩机器人的成功应用必将有力地促进锚杆孔钻进设备的进步。 (3)锚杆孔钻进设备的发展，以锚杆支护技术与凿岩技术的发展为基础，锚杆支护新类型 、新材料的出现会对锚杆钻机的结构参数、技术性能与功能提出新的要求。锚杆孔钻机的开发必须紧随锚杆支护的技术发展。同时，凿岩技术的发展会促进锚杆孔钻进设备的提高。不同凿岩方式的研究以及通用凿岩机具的研究 成果，都将会及时地移植到锚杆孔钻进设备的开发上来。 (4)锚杆孔钻进设备是锚杆支护的关键设备，它影响着锚杆支护的质量 -锚杆孔的方位、 深度、孔径的准确性以及锚杆安装质量，又涉及操作者的人身安全、劳动强度与作业条件。 锚杆孔钻进设备的核心是高效与安全。发展煤矿锚杆孔钻进设备以高效、安全为核心，就会有强劲的竞争力，这是产品具有发展前途的根本。 附录 B Organizing Committee of 2003 Shanghai International Symposium on Tunnel Engineeringwith the development of our building infrastructure in the new century, the construction of different types of TBMprojets is booming. Therefore, it is important to study the optimization of TBM tunneling technology. Since the study of the optimization technology is still neo in many finelds of TBM tunneling, it is necessary to study this subject and ultimately apply the result of study to real projects. Based on the result of system engineering analysis tor TBM tunneling, we should focus on solving the optimization problems that relate to capital spending. Construction methods and TBM machines . This is the reason why we paid special attention in this article to the selection of TBM machines and related construction methods . By applying both the leveling method of Operations Research and ESQ method of System Engineering , the TBM Tunneling Decision Aids model and its program (TBMT-DAM) have been set up based on my extensive research and experience in this field. Thanks to the TBMT-DAM, it becomes possible for the construction specialists knowledge to be adopted in the early stage of the TBM project for and its related construction methods selection. This is crucial to guide the selection of TBM and its related construction methods effectively . From the point of view of technological economy, the proper selection of TBM will influence the success of TBM tunneling . Although this subject represents the most important aspect of TBM tunneling, relevant theoretincal research is still rare . This article thus provides new research results for the TBM tunneling field. TBM(Tunnel Boring Machine) driven tunneling technique would be expected to be developed towards larger cross section,hyper deep depth,and longer distance,with many technical problems having been resolved or being resolved.Mitsubishi,Kaoasaki,IHI lf Japan and Germanys Herrenknecht have all made continuous innovation and success in R&D and manufacture of shield machines in terms of large cross section and copy profiled section. Entering the 21 century, China has since been seen a high tide of urban traffic tunnel project construction,by introducing successively shield tunneling technology and engineering technique of advanced world level,ad more than 40 shields are tunndling Metro tunnels where technical advancement and development have been gained in the aspects of project design,lining design,testing and study,construction technology,engineering monitoring&measuring,environmental safety or others for which 19 lecruies were made concerning Metro tunnel construction. The first in China DOT shield deployed in running section ,Shanghai Metro Line 8, has been thrusting forward at a speed 5-6m/day .Due to efforts made by technical people and tunnellers of STEC. China becomes the worlds second country to grasp the construction technique of DOT tunnel. In a near future triple 0 or multiple 0 tunnels might be snsking through Chinas ancient land. Chinas first DOT shield aooears to be a pair of strapped conventional shields, with superior functions incomparable to conventional shields . After one thrust by DOT shield, two tubes (upperbound and lowerbound) would be completed with work efficiency out of question . DOT tunnel occupies less under ground space than the conventional one , efficiently sauing space resource,and protecting environment,besides,the ability with which the shield can probe its way within narrow space between buildings is also superior than that of conventional one. The most important point rests at the place where two tubes intersects,as a natural 48cm passage is generated at each 1.5m spacing to allow one adult person passing through .Once shoud there be afire alarm or the like hazardous situation,people escape and rescue can easily be auailable,thus enhancing the safety of tunnel . In some cases, there are outstanding differences of rock property between the upper and the lower in a running section, for example, the upper medium is very soft while the lower very hard, even there are some hard rock er rock body scattering in the soft stratum. In that case, probably it is not the best choice to use shield tunneling method to construct the tunnel in terms to technicality, economic and scheduled progress. Acoording to different conditions, we could properly adopt some traditional means to solve those kinds of problems in shield tunneling project. Scentisis from analysis of each construction node for different TBMs, establishes different optimized models of rail transportantion proposal during tunneling by different types of TBMs. The basic thinking of optimized analysis is to find the most time saving branch off spacing, then to analyze further cost effectiveness tor different proposals, leading to find out the most money saving transportation proposal. During the process of modeling, scentists have fusde together multi-targer optimization theory,construction cost analysis method of TBM tunneling , with specific construction technology, therefore he gers at hand optimized model of rail track transportation methods tor TBM, Hydroshield , and Double shield TBM. Since by utilizing EXCEL programming, it makes much easier for application of optimized programme in horizontal transportation system duiing tunneling. The optimized programme has taken up analysis and design of shields both domestic and overseas. A tunnel boring machine (TBM) typically consists of one or two shields (large metal cylinders) and trailing support mechanisms. At the front end of the shield a rotating cutting wheel is located. Behind the cutting wheel there is a chamber where, depending on the type of the TBM, the excavated soil is either mixed with slurry (so-called slurry TBM) or left as-is. The choice for a certain type of TBM depends on the soil conditions. Systems for removal of the soil (or the soil mixed with slurry) are also present. Urban tunneling has the special challenge of requiring that the ground surface be undisturbed. This means that ground subsidence must be avoided. The normal method is doing this is to maintain the soil pressures during and after the tunnel construction. Although a great deal of research on TBMs have been published, and the applicability of TBMs has been discussed, considerable differences in opinion still exist between authors .The assessment of the feasibility of TBM tunneling is often complicated by the large number of parameters that should be taken into account .Tunnel Boring Machine efficiencies and capabilities have been tremendously increased in the last fifteen years, and the possibilities today are greatly different from those that existed in the seventies and eighties when the old plans for a Mediterranean Sea-Dead Sea canal and tunnel project was proposed and abandoned because of political and economic concerns. Today, according to the most experienced tunnel boring experts, it is possible to build a segmented concrete lined tunnel of ten meter inside diameter from Palmahim to Nahal Avnat for approximately one billion US dollars. Refer to the tunnel estimates link under design concepts to see an estimation prepared by the senior tunnel design engineer of Halcrow Group Ltd, UK .The whole section tunnelling machine of a new generation of our country is developed successfully in the second heavy-duty mechanical group company of China, this indicates our country has already reached the advanced international standards on this kind of equipment manufacturing field. According to the introduction of relevant experts of dual group, the whole section person who tunnel used in underground tunnel intelligent to equip in a complete set while being full-length specially, can one excavate shaping, strengthen the cement to the tunnel at the same time , make the rock tunnel project say good-bye to tunnel tunnel , old method on punch a hole to set off firecrackers , have fast, safe, high-efficient, characteristic of environmental protection. First sets of products 3.65 of diameter, tunnel speed can up to 180, use quilt for Yunnan palm turtledove s river diversion works every 24 hours. The expert estimates , such projects as the national railway , highway , water conservancy , oil gas , municipal administration ,etc. need to finish tunnel of 5800 kilometers altogether in the following 20 years. For a long time, the tunnelling machine that our country uses relies on the complete machine to introduce . A new generation the whole section appearance of person who tunnel is it reduce of our country tunnel construct the cost to contribute to, have wide market prospects. The coal mine anchor man pole bore drills into the development prospect of the equipments Stock is it is it have suitable to accelerate well lane tunnel speed , raise roof prop up result of protecting , is it prop up labour intensity of partial toing and reduce and prop up and protect the advanced technology that materials consume to reduce to protect to prop up. Our country country colliery tunnel 5 million more than tunnel every year with particular emphasis only, will it be the end 1997, stock prop up average to up to 31.5% the whole country of protecting etc., according to planning, by 2000, the stock should be up to 50% equally while propping up the protecting rate, but already such 16 mineral bureaus as Da Tong , Xingtai , Pingdingshan , iron processes , Western Hills , Longkou ,etc. have taken the lead in making the stock prop up the protecting rate and exceed 50%. Foreign advanced person mine country stock prop up partial toing rate exceed 80% often. Stock hole creep into it is stock that prop up important link constructed to protect, stock prop up protect development need a large number of stock hole creep into equipment guarantee. The hole of the stock creeps into the equipment and includes the stock rig and related drilling tool (drilling rod , bit ,etc.). It is analysed that the hole of stocks creeps into the current situation of the equipment , look forward to its development prospect , contribute to promoting the hole of stocks to creep into the technological progress of the equipment constantly, make it meet stocks and prop up the need which protects technology. The hole of the stock creeps into the equipment and relies mainly on stock rig . Stock rig divide the single style into, get into the train type, airborne type according to the structure； Divided into a battery operated , pneumatic type , hydraulic pressure type according to motive force； Divided into turning round type , impacted , striking the turning round type , turning the impacted round according to the broken rock way. Drilling tool related to stock rig , because broken rock ways are different different, have broken rock drilling tool , bludgonning into type broken rock drilling tool of turning round etc. and turn the striking type broken rock drilling tool round generally speaking. Foreign stock hole creep into variety and various function of equipment , superior technical feature have, dependability is high. 3 collieries of stock holes creep into the future of the equipment: Stock hole creep into equipment whether stock is it protect desirability of development to prop up, it must develop forward according to sure law, research , development , production and using of stock rig and related drilling tool , must accord with the objective law . Analyse domestic and international relevant information, summarize the experience and lessons , notice that the stock hole creeps into the tending to basically of equipment development in the colliery, help to make the products develop constantly in the market competition. 3.1 Pneumatic, the single turning round type stock rig of hydraulic pressure is a mainstream of one period； 3.2 Study stock rig torsion and reform bit development person who turn round stock hole creeps into the key to the equipment； 3.3 Development of new and high technology, is it should creep into change of technology on stock hole to have In these decades, the hole of the stock has already to creep into the equipment had certain improvement, with the development of kownledge economy, stock rig and related drilling tool will be improved to some extent gradually, it is estimated that can cause the great change of the products in the following: (1)Structure optimization and Hi-Tech new application of material of parameter, make single stock rig performance raise, weight lightens. Have adopted the rock bit of the new and high technology to make the turning round type creep into the way and expand the range of application. (2)Application on diff