阅读理解：主旨大意型解试题分析与答题技巧(曾少珍).ppt

阅读理解试题分析与答题技巧之：,主旨大意型,一、题型特点,主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意。一般不易在文中直接找到答案。,二、题干表现形式：,1).主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式:ThemainideaofthepassageisThepassageismainlyaboutThepassageismainlydiscussesWhichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?2).目的类主旨大意题TheauthorsmainpurposeinwritingthepassageistoThepassageismeantto.Thepurposeofthisarticleisto3).标题类主旨大意题ThebesttitleforthepassagemightbeThebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe,4,三、应试技巧,1、确定主题句；2、文章“着墨”最多的点即文章的主旨意。,Return,三、应试技巧：如何寻找主题句,一、主题句的特点主题句所表达的意思具有概括性句子结构简单明了,作者一般不会采用长句或结构复杂的句子作为文章的主题句文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释,说明,论证或扩展.,应试技巧如何寻找主题句,Passage1Thepandaisapopularanimal.StoriesaboutthepandaintheWashingtonZooarealwaysfrontpagenewsandimportantfeaturesontelevisionnewscasts.Stuffedpandasareamongthemostpopulartoysforchildren,andpandapostcardsarealwaysindemandinzoogiftshops.,）文首开门见山,提出主题,随之用细节来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想.最常见的演绎法写作方式.,Passage2,Todaytheproblemofenvironmenthasbecomemoreandmoreserious.Theworldpopulationisrising,soquicklythattheworldhasbecometoocrowded.Weareusingupournaturalresourcestooquicklyandatthesametimewearepollutingourenvironmentwithdangerouschemicals.Ifwecontinuetodothis,humanlifeonearthwillnotsurvive.Manhasmadegreatprogressinenvironmentprotection.Governmentsofmanycountrieshaveestablishedlawstoprotecttheforestsandsearesourcesandwastewaterandpoisonousgaseshavebeenalsodealtwith.Stillmoremeasuresshouldbetakentosolvetheproblems.Peopleshouldbefurthereducatedtorealizetheimportanceoftheproblem,tousemodernmethodsofbirthcontrolandlearntorecycleournaturalresources.Wearesurethatweshallhaveabetterandcleanedplanetinthefuture.,ShuPulonghashelpedatleast1000peoplebittenbysnakes,“Itwasseeingpeoplewithsnakesbitesthatledmetothecareer.“shesaid“ThesadstorytouchedmesomuchthatIdecidedtodevotemyselftohelpingpeoplebittenbysnakes.Shusaid.,2).首尾呼应为突出主题,作者先提出主题,结尾时再次点出主题,这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见.通常,前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复,后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味,Ahumanbodyappearstoberathersoftanddelicate,comparedwiththatofawildanimal,butitisactuallysurprisinglystrong.Indeed,itsverysoftnessandloosenessisanadvantage;itmakesmangoodatmovingaboutmovementofalllivingthingsofhisownsize,becausehecandosomanydifferentthingswithhislimbs.Mansgamesshowhowhecancontrolhisownbody.Nootherlandcreaturecanswimasskillfullyasman;morehassuchvariedgrace;veryfewlivesaslongashe;noneissostronginitsnaturalresistancetodisease.Thereforemanhasagreatadvantageinhisbattleagainsttherisksofdamageanddeaththatthreatenhim.,3).文尾在表述细节后,归纳要点,印象,结论建议或结果,以概括主题.这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式,10,Example3Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.,(3)在短文中间主题句也可以安排在段中间,此时前面只提出问题，文中的主题由其后陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,然后再作进一步的解释,支持或发展.,_,_,5).无主题句即主题句隐含在全文中,没有明确的主题句.必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。,JoshuaBinghamstudied4yearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.Q:Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.HowJoshuaBinghambecamealawyer.B.Binghamisadiligentstudent.C.JoshuaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation.D.Agoodlawyerneedsgoodeducation.,C,6).注意标志词,文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后.Onthewhole,inshort,allinall,thereforeIagreewiththeopinionthatGivenallthesepointsabove,IwouldsupporttheideathatForallthereasonsmentionedabove,Iwouldprefer“forexample”“first”“second”等之前的句子中或者“”“aboveall”等之后的句子后。,应试技巧,三、选项分析正确选项的特点含有抽象名词和概括性词语.四个选项中,含有approach,concept,chance,opportunity,various,both,general,many,difficult,way,necessity,necessary,importance等词的选项一般是正确选项.四个选项中,内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确选项那些概括全文,内容全面,含义深刻,说明道理的选项一般是答案项,而选项内容片面,单一的内容一般是错误选项.,错误选项的特点以偏概全.只是局部信息,或是一句没有展开论述的话.过于笼统.即归纳的主题太泛,与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述.把观点强加与作者.读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解.无关信息,既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息,AnoldEnglishsayinggoes,“Sparetherod,Spoilthechild.”Inordertomakeachildonhimandlethimeatbitterfoods,dohardworkandplungehimintosuchunitororganizationwhereheofshecangetthegreatesttrainingandknowledge.InthefirstplaceDoinghardworkisalsonecessaryforachild.Finally,dontalwayskeepthechildathomeFromtheabove,wecanseethat,forachildtoaccomplishanythingintheworld,thebestwayistohaveastrictdemandonhim,lethimliveahardlifeandgowheretherearedifficulties,17,1.Englishisclearlyaninternationallanguage.Itisspokenbypilotsandairportcontroloperatorsonalltheairwaysoftheworld.Over70percentoftheworldsradioprogramsareinEnglish.,本段主题句为首句,其后的内容均说明首句。,Pleasefindoutthetopicsentenceofthefollowingpassages.,巩固练习,18,2.Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaventeatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast-foods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.,练中学,19,练中学,3Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.,20,4.JustasIsettledowntoreadorwatchtelevision,hedemandsthatIplaywithhim.IfIgetatelephonecall,hescreamsinthebackgroundorknockssomethingover.Ialwayshavetohanguptofindoutwhatswrongwithhim.Baby-sittingwithmylittlebrotherisnofun.Herefusestoletmeeatasnackinpeace.UsuallyhewantshalfofwhateverIhavetoeat.Then,whenhefinallygrowstired,ittakesaboutanhourforhimtofallasleep.,有时段落是先介绍背景和细节，接着用一句综合或概括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例，然后再围绕主题展开对有关问题的深入讨论。,_,21,5.Everynormalpersonisexpertintheskillofpronouncinghisownlanguage;butfewpeopleareevenmoderatelyproficientatpronouncingforeignlanguage.Nowtheresomanyreasonsforthis,someobvious,someperhapsnotsoobvious.ButIsuggestthatthefundamentalreasonwhypeopleingeneraldonotspeakforeignlanguageverymuchbetterthattheydoisthattheyfailtograspthetruenatureoftheproblemoflearningtopronunciation,andconsequentlyneversetabouttackingitintherightway.,22,Readingtodogsisanunusualwaytohelpchildrenimprovetheirliteracyskills(读写能力).Withtheirshiningbrowneyes,waggingtails,andunconditionallove,dogscanprovidethenonjudgmentallistenersneededforabeginningreadertogainconfidence(自信心),accordingtoIntermountainTherapyAnimals(ITA)inSaltLakeCity.Thegroupsaysitisthefirstprograminthecountrytousedogstohelpdevelopliteracyinchildren,withtheintroductionofReadingEducationAssistanceDogs(READ).TheSaltLakeCityPublicLibraryissoldontheidea.“Literacyspecialistsadmitthat