高考英语阅读理解能力的提高.ppt

高考英语阅读理解能力的提高,1、阅读理解的语言基础,1）篇章的联结手段,2）词汇衔接与逻辑关系语,2、阅读理解的技巧和方法,1）正确阅读习惯的养成,2）正确有效的阅读方法,3、阅读理解题的题型分析,1）文章的主旨和大意,2）主旨大意语事实和细节,3）根据上下文揣测词义,4）句子的意义与上下文之间的逻辑关系,5）判断推理和引申,6）领会作者的观点、意图和态度,1、阅读理解的语言基础,阅读理解题的测试目的：,应试者的综合语言能力：,运用语言知识（词汇和语法）的能力；认知能力；阅读技能.,1）篇章的联结手段,语篇的连贯性是通过合理的联结来体现出来的。,主要的联结方式有：语法手段、词汇衔接和逻辑关系语,1、时间关联成分：,表示事物发生的顺序：先时性、同时性和后时性。,1）先时性关联成分：,形容词：earlier,former,previous,副词：already,before,ago,beforehandfirst,previously,介词：beforethis/that,inadvance,bynow,notlongbefore,untilnowuntilthen,uptonow/then,Examples:,Hefinallyhandedagoodessay.Hispreviousessayswereallpoor.,Ifyouwanttohavedinnerinthisrestaurantatthistimeoftheday,youdbettermakeapreservationbeforehand.,1）同时性关联成分：,形容词：contemporary,副词：meantime,meanwhile,now,presently,then,justthen,介词：atthispoint,inthemeantime,inthemeanwhile,atthesametime,Examples:,ThedeathofthepresidentwasreportedonTV.Asimultaneousannouncementwasbroadcastontheradio.,Iwenttocollege2yearsago.Meanwhile,allmyfriendsgotwell-paidjobs.,1）后时性关联成分：,形容词：following,later,next,副词：after,afterwards,immediately,finally,later,since,then,soon,介词：afterawhile,inamoment,afterthat/this,Examples:,Themotherwenttothesupermarkettobuysomefoodat4:30.Later,shepickedupherchildrenatschool.,WevisitedtheGreatWhefollowingdays,wevisitedmanyotherplacesofinterest,includingtheForbiddenCityandtheSummerPalace.,2、地点关联成分：,地点关联成份主要用来表示位置、地点或方向的词语,above,around,before,beyond,beneath,closeto,further,here,infrontof,ontheleft,over,under,nextto,opposite,ontopof,atthebottom/backof,atthefootof,inside,outside等等。,OnFridaymorning,Iwasatthefrontdoortalkingtoacaller.Suddenlyweheardacrashandtwocarscollidedjustopposite.Wehurriedacrosstoseeifwecouldhelp.Onedriverwasscramblingout,bleedingprofusely,andmyvisitor,helpedhimovertothepavement.Thenalongcamesomepeople,runningupthestreet.Idashedbackingandphonedforhelp.WhenIwentoutagain,theotherdriver,tryingtomovehiscardowntheroadalittleandintotheside.,3、照应：,照应是指用代词等语法手段来表示语义关系。,Onedaythesunandthewindhadaquarrel.Thesunsaidhewasstrongerthanthewind.Andthewindsaidhewasstrongerthanthesun.,Marydidntgotoclassyesterdaybecauseshewassick.,Listentothis!TheyhavecancelledFridaysmeeting.,Tom,Mothersayswearegoingtothezootomorrow.,YousaidTimhadanaccident.Thatsreallytoobad!,2)人称照应：,人称照应是由人称代词、形容词性物主代词、名词性物主代词体现出来的。,MywifeandIareleavingforShanghaitomorrow.Wehavealreadybookedthetickets.,YouandJanecanstayhereforthenight.Imsureyoullenjoyyourselves.,PetermarriedaChinesegirl.HemetherinShanghai.Hisparentswerentpleased.Theyvisitedherparents,butnothis.,YoureallyoughttoaskSallynottotellastorylikethattoassthosefriendsofhersifshethinkstheymightbegoingtobeworkingwithJohn,unlessshecanbequitesureitsnotgoingtogoanyfurther.Ihardlythinkitwouldappealtohissenseofhumour.,2)指示照应：,表示指示照应词：指示代词：定冠词：指示性副词：,this,that,these,thosethehere,there,now,then,用that或those来指代前面刚提到的事情：Hiscarbrokedownontheway.Thatiswhyhewaslatethismorning.,Wehavenomoremoneyfortherepairs.Thatsourtrouble.,用this来指下面要谈到的事情：ThisiswhatIwanttoknow:Hasthemailarrivedyet?,this和those可以用来指代前面提到的事物，以避免重复该名词。that可以用来指代单数的可数名词和不可数名词；those则用来指复数的代可数名词。,Thewaterinthiswelliscleanerthanthatinthat.,(thatinthat=thewaterinthatwell),Thecoverofmybookismorebeautifulthanthatofyours.,（thatofyours=thecoverofyourbook）,IdontliketheclothesherebutIpreferthoseinthewindow.,（those=theclothes）,this和these指代近一些的事物；that和those指代远一些的事物。,Thereseemstohavebeenagreatdealofcarelessness.ThisiswhatIcantunder-stand.,A:Thereseemstohavebeenagreatdealofcarelessness.B:ThatswhatIcantunderstand.,Wewenttotheoperalastnight.Thatwasourfirstoutingformonths.,Wearegoingtotheoperatonight.Thiswillbeourfirstoutingformonths.,Maryhadabadcoldyesterday.Thatswhyshedidntgotothemeeting.,Theselanguageoptionsareopentoourstudents:Spanish,FrenchandGerman.,Hetoldastorylikethis:Long,longago,therelivedintheforestanoldhunter,定冠词可用来表示前照应：,JohnboughtaTVandavideoplayer.Buthereturnedthevideoplayerthenextday.,Johnboughtabike.Butwhenherodeit,oneofthewheelscameoff.,副词here可以表示前后照应；there只能表示后照应：,Hereisthenews.Thepresidentisflying,Thereseemstohavebeenagreatdealofcarelessness.HereiswhatIcantunder-stand.,HongKongisafamouscity.Ihavebeentherethreetimesonbusiness.,now和then通常用于前照应：,Wehavehadourdinner;nowletshavesomecoffee.,Inmyyoungdays,weweremoreserious.Wehaddifferentideasthen.,3)比较照应：,比较照应是通过形容词和副词的比较等级形式或其他一些表示比较的词语表现出来的，也就是那些表示同异、相似、差别、质于量的优劣的词语。,JohntooktwohourstoreachLondon.Bill,ontheotherhand,wasdrivingmoreslowly.,Tomgetstendollarsaweekforpocketmoney.Bobreceivesthesameamount.,HowmuchpocketmoneydoesBobgeteachweek?,Jimhas120stampsbutTimhasfiftymore.,HowmanystampsdoesTimhave?,3)分句照应：,分句照应是指：某些词语所指的对象不是词或短语，而是分句、句子或语篇。,既用于前照应，也用于后照应：here,this,it,Thereseemstohavebeenagreatdealofcarelessness.HereiswhatIcantunder-stand.,HereisthenewsIheardfromtheradio:TwoJapaneseairforcepilotsweremissingaftertheirtrainingjetcrashedintotheseaoffsouthernJapanyesterday.,Manystudentsneverimprove.Theygetnoadviceandthereforetheykeeprepeatingthesamemistake.Itisaterribleshame.,Itnevershouldhavehappened.Shewentoutleavingthebabyunattended.,只用于前照应：that,(the)above,theforegoing,Manyyearsagotheirwivesquarreledoversometrivialmatter,nowlongforgot-ton.Butonewordledtoanotherandthepermanentrupturebetweenthem.Thatswhythetwomennevervisiteachothershouse.,只用于后照应：asfollows,thefollowing,below,thus,Belowisanexampleofaninformalletter:DearFrank,Allthebest,Jim,4、替代,替代是指用替代形式来代替上下文中出现的词句：,避免重复；连接上下文。,Haveyougotanyknives?Ineedasharpone.,A:DoesMarydance?B:No,butJanedoes.,替代的分类：,名词性替代；动词性替代；分句性替代,名词性替代：one,ones,thesame,Mr.Cookwasanexcellentcaptain,onewhotookgoodcareofhissailors.,Hegoesaboutinterviewingretiredsailorswhoservedinthepre-1914navy.TheonethathemetinDevonlastweekwasafascinatingstoryteller.,IwishIdboughtafewjarsofhoney.Didyounoticetheonestheyweresellingbytheroadside?,A:Illhaveacupofblackcoffeewithsugar,please.B:Givemethesame,please.,名词的可数与不可数：,替代的分类：,Janeneedsanewbike.Shesdecidedtobuyone.,Hereisthefruit.Wouldyoulikesome?,动词性替代：do,doso,A:Willyoubeattendingthemeetingthisevening?B:Imaydo.,A:Doesgrannytakecareofyoueveryday?B:Shecantdoatweekends.Becauseshehastodoherownhouse.,Johnsmokesalot.Doeshisfatherdoso?,分句性替代：so,not,Johnhasntfoundajobyet.Hetoldmeso.,A:Canyoucomebacknextweek?B:Imafraidnot.,A:DoyouthinkJohnwillwinthematch?B:Yes,Ithinkso.,A:Thebridgehasnotbeencompletedyet.B:No,theysaynot.,1)词汇衔接与逻辑关系语,（1）词汇衔接是为了使语篇语义连贯：复现关系和同现关系。,复现关系：原词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词、概括词等等。,原词复现：,Thehistoryofplasticsislongerthanyoumightthink.Infactthatthefirstman-madeplasticsevertoappearonthemarketwasmade300yearsago.,同义词、近义词复现：,Hegotalotofpresentsfromhisfriendsandfamily.Allofthegiftswerewrappedincoloredpaper.,GradesarethefirstconcernofmostChineseseniorhighschoolstudents.Theyworkhardtogethighmarks.,Everythingfadedinmist.Thepastwaserased,theerasurewasforgotten,andtheliebecametrue.,上义词和下义词复现：,animal是sheep,cow,wolf,tiger的上义词dog,cat,horse,fox是animal的下义词。,YesterdayapigeoncarriedthefirstmessagefromPinhursttoSilbury.Thebirdcoveredthedistanceinthreeminutes.,Youwillneedtotaketoolswithyou.Youcangetasaw,ascrewdriverandahammerfrommostbigdepartmentstores.,概括词复现：people,man,woman,place,do,make,etc.,CanyoutellmewheretostayinGeneva?Ivebeentotheplace.,A:WhatshallIdowithallthiscrockery?B:Leavethestuffthere;someonewillputitaway.,同现关系：词汇共同出现的倾向性。,Agreatnumberofhighschoolgraduates,continuetheireducationinoneofthemanycollegesoruniversitiesinthecountry.After4years,theyreceiveabachelorsdegree.Somecontinuestudyingforamastersdegreeandperhapsadoctorsdegree.,Agreatnumberofhighschoolgraduates,continuetheireducationinoneofthemanycollegesoruniversitiesinthecountry.After4years,theyreceiveabachelorsdegree.Somecontinuestudyingforamastersdegreeandperhapsadoctorsdegree.,Whenyougotothedoctor,youliketocomeawaywithaprescription.Itmakesyoufeelbettertoknowyouwillgetsomemedicine.Butthedoctorknowsthatmedicineisnotalwaysneeded.Sometimesallasickpersonneedsissomereassurancethatallwillbewell.Insuchcases,thedoctormayprescribeaplacebo.,Whenyougotothedoctor,youliketocomeawaywithaprescription.Itmakesyoufeelbettertoknowyouwillgetsomemedicine.Butthedoctorknowsthatmedicineisnotalwaysneeded.Sometimesallasickpersonneedsissomereassurancethatallwillbewell.Insuchcases,thedoctormayprescribeaplacebo.,1)逻辑关系语,逻辑关系语是指表示各种逻辑意义的连句手段。,逻辑关系语的分类：连词和副词：and,but,for,then,yet,so,therefore,anyway,等。短语：inaddition,asaresult,onthecontrary,inotherwords,等。分句：consideringallthat,toconlude,thatistosay,whatismore,whatismoreimportant,表示列举：,first,second;firstly,secondly;foronething(and)foranother,inthefisrtplace;firstofall;tobeginwith;tostartwith;forastart;next,finally;then;inconcluison;lastofall;toconclude,etc.,表示增补：,and;andalso;also;too;andtoo;furthermore;inaddition;besides;moreover;whatismore;etc.,Imlookingforajob.Furthermore,Imnotgoingtolookforajob.,Thepubliccanseethepaintingsnextweek.Whatismore,theycanbuythemforaslittleastendollarsupwards.,表示转折和对比：,still,but,yet,nevertheless,allthesame,though,instead,anyhow,onthecontrary,infact,atthesametime,ontheotherhand,asamatteroffact,bycontrast,while,wheras,Youwerenotboringme,onthecontrary.youareinterstingmefrightfully.,表示解释：,thatis,thatistosay,inotherwords,forinstance,suchas,namely,forexample,toputitanotherway,Hereisascholarwhoisdevotedtohisresearch,toreprehensiveextent.Thatistosay,heneglectshisfamilyanddoesnotfulfilhisresponsibilitiesasacitizen.,Hereisascholarwhoisdevotedtohisresearch,toreprehensiveextent.Thatistosay,heneglectshisfamilyanddoesnotfulfilhisresponsibilitiesasacitizen.,表示同等：,equally,likewise,namely,similarly,inthesameway,inotherwords,thatis,Imean,thatistosay,etc.,Youmustpackplentyoffoodforthejourney.Likewise,youllneed,warmclothes,sopackthemtoo.,Heisbeingfoolish.Inotherwords,heisbehavingfoolishly.,表示原因：,for,since,because,as,dueto,becauseof,onaccountof,owingto,thanksto,表示结果：,accordingly,consequently,hence,now,so,therefore,thus,asconsequence,inconsequence,forthatreason,ofcourse,Hewastoosick.Accordingly,wesenthimtohospital.,表示推论：,else,otherwise,then,inotherwords,inthatcase,etc.,A:PleasegivemyregardstoJohn.B:Then,youarecomingwithme?,Yousayyourfathermightobject?InthatcaseIwillnotpressthematter.,Youmustgetsomepetrol,otherwise,wewillnothaveenoughtogetustothenexttown.,表示总结：,altogether,overall,then,thus,(all)inall,inconclusion,insum,inshort,inshort,inbrief,onthewhole,toconclude,tosumup,tosummarize,etc.,Helosthiswatch,hiscarbrokedown,andhegotaletterofcomplaintfromacusto