高中英语非谓语动词.ppt

非谓语动词,NonfiniteVerbs,找出各句的谓语动词并指出其具体形式1.Dontteachfishtoswim.不要班门弄斧。,dontteach，谓语动词否定式,2.Hehadagoodmemorylikeanelephant.他以前有很好的记忆力。3.Itwouldbeawasteofmoneybuildingsuchaluxuriousvilla.建这么豪华的别墅太浪费钱。,1,had，谓语动词过去式wouldbe，附加情态动词的动词原形,4.Lighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.光比声音传播速度快得多。5.Whenaskedwhy,pleasejustkeepsilent.当问到原因时，就保持沉默。,1,travels，谓语动词单数形式keep，动词原形,6.Thepresidentwaswarmlywelcomedbytheresidents.总统受到了居民的热烈欢迎。,1,waswelcomed，动词的被动形式,1.谓语动词：,概述：,2.非谓语动词：,在句子中担任谓语的动词,是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分,一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下,还有别的动词出现时。,非谓语动词使用条件,Shegotoffthebus,leavingherhandbagonherseat.Shegotoffthebus,butleftherhandbagonherseat.,1Theteacherssittingtherearefromotherschools.,表语,2Wesawsometeacherssittingthere.,宾语补足语,3Weneedtobeactiveinclass.,宾语,谓语,宾语,主语,定语,连系动词,划分句子成分,非谓语动词大都可在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等.,4.Toseeyouisglad.=Itsgladtoseeyou.5.Iwanttoseeyou.6.Iwanthimtoseeyou.7.Myhopeistoseeyou.8.Heisthemantoseeyou.9.Imgladtoseeyou.10.Iwenttoseeyou.11.Hehurriedtothestation,onlytofindthetrainhadleft.,（作主语）,(作宾语）,（作宾补）,(作表语）,（作定语）,（作原因状语）,（作目的状语）,（作结果状语）,12.Swimmingishisfavouritesport.13.Heenjoysswimming.14.Ifoundhimswimmingintheriver.15.Hisfavouritesportisswimming.16.Heisthemanswimmingintheriverjustnow.17.SwimminginSummer,wecangetcool.,(作主语）,(作宾语）,(作宾补）,(作表语）,(作状语）,(作定语）,非谓语,不定式（todo),过去分词(-ed),-ing分词,-ed分词,二非谓语动词有哪些？,非谓语动词有哪些不同的形式？,动词不定式,过去分词,tobedone,tohavebeendone,beingdone,havingbeendone,及物动词的过去分词既表示被动又表示动作已完成,个别动词的过去分词只表示完成(多数为不及物动词),主动形式,被动形式,todo,tohavedone,doing,havingdone,不定式除一般式、完成式以外还有_,进行式,done,-ing分词,动词不定式（TheInfinitive）,一.动词不定式的基本构成：,由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。其否定式由not+不定式构成,肯定式：todosth否定式：nottodosth.被动式：tobedone完成式：tohavedone,二.动词不定式的句法作用法,动词不定式有副词，形容词和名词的特征，因此在句中可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语定语、状语等成份。,动词不定式,Todothatthingisfoolish。,Iwanttoseeyouthisevening,Allyouhavetodoistofinishitquickly.,Wefoundahousetolivein.,ShecameheretostudyEnglish.,Iwarnedthepatientnottodrinkcoldwateraftertheoperation.,主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾补,1.作主语,不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。,Toseeistobelieve,Nottogetthereintimeisyourfault.,注：常用it做形式主语，将todo放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。,句型1：It+谓语+todo,Ittakesusanhourtogettherebybus.,句型2：Its+n.+todo,Itsourdutytohelpthepoor.,Itisagreatenjoymenttospendourholidayinthemountains,句型3：Itisadj.for/ofsb.todosth.,Itis+adj+forsbtodosthItis+adj+ofsbtodosth,（是形容人的品质的）,（是形容事物的性质的）,Itiseasyformetofinishthisworkbeforeten.Itisagreathonorforustobepresentatyourbirthdayparty.,Itisverykindofyoutogivemesomehelp.Itsimpoliteofyoutospeaktotheteacherlikethat.,Youareverykindtogivemesomehelp.,youareimpolitetospeaktotheteacherlikethat.,常见动词有：,2.作宾语,Iwanttoknowthismatter.,like,demand,expect,promise,begin,determine,refuse,offer,fail,manage,learn,seem,intend,prefer,forget,mean,prepare,pretend,continue,start,afford,hate等,Idontexpecttomeetyouhere.,1).,接不定式做宾语,1.Theywanted_(get)onthebus,didntthey?2.Hesaidhewished_(be)aprofessor.3.Iagreed_(go)therewiththedoctor.4.Mydaughterpreferred_(dance)whenshewasinhertwenties.5.Hepromised_(give)meahand.,toget,tobe,togo,todance,togive,2）.常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词:tell,advise,show,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn,explain，know,show,discover,see(understand)Hetaughtushowtousethetool.Noonecouldtellmewheretogetthebook.Ihopeyoulladvisemewhattodo.,Idontknowhowtogetthere.,Ihaventdecidedwhethertogoorstay.,beginstart,+,tododoing,注意下列动词,likelovehateprefer,+,tododoing,rememberforgetregret,+,tododoing,trymeanstopgooncontinue,+,tododoing,1.Boys,dontforget_thewindowsbeforeyouleavetheclassroom.A.closingB.closedC.toclosingD.toclose2.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_onabigrock.A.tohaverestedB.restingC.torestD.rest3.Remember_thelightswhenyouleavetheoffice.A.toturnoffB.turningoffC.turnoffD.toturningoff,1）、主语+be+todosth主语多为duty/wish/hope/idea/plan/ambition/dream/work/job等名词,1、Myambitionistobeasinger.2、Hisworkistocleantheclassroomeveryday.,3.作表语,我的梦想是成为一名歌手。他的工作是每天清扫教室。,2）、谚语中,1、Toknoweverythingistoknownothing.2、Toseeistobelieve.,4.作宾语补足语,(与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系),1.Mothertoldme_comebackbefore10oclock.2.Illgetsomeone_repairtherecorderforyou.3.Whatcausedhim_changehismind?4.Iwishyou_comeassoonaspossible.5.Heaskedme_dotheworkwithhim.,to,to,to,to,to,adviseallowaskbegcauseexpectencourageforcegethateinviteorderwishwantwarnremindpromisepermitpersuaderequest,sb.todo,seewatchlookathearlistentofeelnotice,+,sb.,+,dodoingdone,makelethave,sb.be,seenwatchedlookedatheardlistenedtofeltnoticed,+,todo,madelet,2).,Ioftenhearthem(sing)thissong.,Didyounoticeanyone(come)in?Iwouldhavehim(wait)formeforalongtime.Lookatthehorsejump.,注意：当这类动词转为被动语态时，其后的不定式则要加上“to”如：,Heisoftenheard_thesong,Hewasseen_theroom.,tosing,toenter,5.it作形式宾语,Ifind/feeltoworkwithhiminteresting,Ifind/feelitinterestingtoworkwithhim,注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。,Subject+find/think/feel/make/considerit+adj/n+todosth.,1.Wethought_better_startearly.2.Doyouconsider_betternot_go?3.Ifeel_myduty_changeallthat.4.Wethink_important_obeythelaw.5.Iknow_impossible_finishsomuchhomeworkinaday.,it,to,it,it,it,it,to,to,to,to,用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，使句子完整、正确。1.Letme_(help)you_(water)theflowers.2.LittleSandywouldlove_(take)tothecinemathisevening.3.Thoughheoftenmadehisdeskmate_(cry),todayhewasmade_(cry)byhisdeskmate.4.Isawhim_intothesmallstore.A.wentB.goingC.togoD.hasgone5.Telltheboy_outofthewindow.nottolookB.tonotlookC.dontlookD.notlook,help,(to)water,totake,cry,tocry,6.作定语不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系Doyouhaveanythingtowashtoday?Doyouhaveanythingtobewashedtoday?(区别主被动）不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容Ihavenochancetogothere.被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语Sheisthelasttoleavetheroom.不定式为不及物动词时，须加介词Heislookingforaroomtolivein.,1.Thehouseisnotbigenoughforusall_.A.toliveinB.tobelivedinC.toliveD.forlivingin2.Wouldyoupleasepassmetheknife_?A.tocutthefruitwithB.tocutthefruitC.cuttingthefruitD.cuttingthefruitwith3.Ihavesomethingimportanttosay.pleasefindapieceofpaper（写上）4.Excuseme，couldIuseyourpenforamoment？Ihavenopen（写）,towriteon,towritewith,动词不定式做定语,7.不定式作状语,1)不定式作目的状语Timsatnearthefiretogetwarm.Theathletespractisedhardtowinthematch.,为强调作作目的状语的不定式,常用inorder(not)to，soas(not)to短语.前者可放在句首,也可放在句中;后者只能放在句中,2).不定式作结果状语作结果状语的不定式常用于一些固定搭配中如:tooto,enoughto，onlyto，neverto，so+形容词/副词+asto,such+名词+astodo引导。liftedastone,onlytofalldownmyfeet.Itriedthedoor,onlytofinditlockedinside.(强调意外结果)HeisbraveenoughtogooutaloneatnightItistooheavytocarry.,3).不定式作原因状语常放在表示心理感觉的形容词后,说明产生这种情绪的原因Iamhappytoseeyou.Shewassadtohearthebadnews.Imanxious/eagertoknowtheresult.常用的形容词有able,content,willing,free,happy,glad,lucky,sorry,angry,sad,rude,foolish,clever,三.不定式的省略现象,1)不定式在感官动词see,hear,feel,watch,notice,lookat,listento,overhear,observe和使役动词have,make,let后作宾语补足语时,不定式省略to。例Iwatchedhimdisappearinthedistance.但这种句子如果变为被动结构，有toTheyweremadetoworkdayandnight.Someonewasheardtocomeupthestairs.,2)介词but,except,besides后接不定式作宾语时，介词前有行为动词do,不定式要省去to。例Wedidnothingbut/exceptwaitthen.反之,则不能省略Ivenochoicebuttostayhere.,3)不定式在系动词后作表语时,当主语部分有行为动词do,作表语的不定式to可省略。例:WhatIwanttodonowisfindsomebookstoread.,4)有两个以上的不定式并列在一起时,第二个不定式的to可以省略Ipromisetofinishmyhomeworkandhanditontime.5)当作宾语的不定式重复时,只保留to-Doyouwanttohavearest?-Yes,Iwantto,butIcant.,但当to后面的动词是be或have时,要保留不定式后的be或have-Areyouasailor?-No,butIusedtobe(asailor).-Doesshehavemuchmoney?-No,butsheusedtohave.,6)在固定词组和句型中省略toA.hadbetterdo/hadbetternotdoYoudbetternotseehim.B.wouldratherdosth.thandosth.Theywouldrathertryandfailthangiveuptheplan,C.cannotbutdosth.cannotchoosebutdosth.cannothelpbutdosth.“不得不.”Asthelastbushadgone,Icouldbutwalkthere.Hecannothelpbutadmitthathewaswrong.,D.whynotdosth?表建议whydosth?表责备Whynotdoitrightnow?E.prefertodosth,ratherthandosth.Wepreferredtoputthemeetingoffratherthanholditwithoutadequatepreparation.,四.不定式的时态,不定式的时态形式一般包括四种:一般式,完成式,进行式和完成进行式1)不定式的一般式(todo)一般式表示的动作(状态)和谓语动作同时(或几乎同时)发生,或在其后发生Theydecidedtoholdanothermeetingtodiscusstheproblem.Doyouhaveanythingtodothisafternoon?,2)不定式的进行式(tobedoing)表示不定式的动作和主句的动作同时发生Heissaidtobeplayingapartinthefilm.Theyseemtobegettingalongquitewell.,3)不定式的完成式(tohavedone)A.表示不定式中谓语动词动作发生在主句的谓语动作之前。Thenovelwassaidtohavebeenpublished.Iregrettohavebeenwithyouforsomanyyears.Heseemedtohavefinishedhiswork.不定式的完成式常用在besaid、bebelieved、bereported,beconsidered,bethought、beknown、besupposed、或seem、appear、hope,pretend等动词之后,B)表原本打算做,但未能实现的事Imeanttohaveinvitedyoutomyhouseyesterday.TheyplannedtohavebeenmarriedinMaybuthadtoputitofftillJune.Iwouldliketohavegonetotheparty,butIwastoobusy.常用于这一句型的动词还有hoped/promised/wanted/wished/expected/planned+tohavedonesth.,五.不定式的语态,当一个不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式动作的承受者,这个不定式一般要用被动形式Youaretoattendthemeetingtobeheldtomorrow.Heaskedtobesenttoworkthere.,六.不定式主动表被动,不定式有时用主动语态表示被动含义1.在therebe句型中Thereisnotimetolose.Thereissomethingtopayattentionto.2.当不定式修饰want,have等动词的宾语,而句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时用主动语态表示被动含义Wehavenohomeworktodo.Maryhasthreechildrentolookafter.,3.当不定式和其逻辑主语是被动关系,但不定式前有形容词时,不定式用主动语态表示被动含义(常见的:easy,hard,difficult,fit,heavy,comfortable,)Thisjobishardtodo.Heisnoteasytoconvince.他不容易被说服,4.某些动词,如tolet,toblame（责备）用主动式表被动意义。,Whoistoblameforit?这得怪谁?,Thehouseistolet.这房子要出租。,七.不定式的独立成分,Totellthetruth,tobefrank,tomakematterworse,tobesure,tobeexactlytobehonest,tobebrief.Tobefrank,youarelying.Tomakematterworse,itbegantoturndark.Totellthetruth,Idontthinkthefilmisgood.,1.-ing的构成-ing是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。-ing同样有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表几种形式（以do为例）：主动形式被动形式一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone-ing的否定形式是由not加-ing分词构成。Notknowinghisaddress,Icoulddonothingbutstayathomeandwait.Hisnotcomingmadeallofusangry.,V-ing,2.-ing的语法作用-ing一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。1)ing（短语）作主语：Layingeggsistheantqueensfull-timejob.Sayingiseasierthandoing.为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。如：Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.Itsawasteoftimearguingaboutit.,2)-ing（短语）作表语：Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.Theproblemisquitepuzzling.-ing作表语的两种不同含义：-ing作表语可以表示主语的内容是什么。如：Theirjobisbuildinghouses.他们的工作是盖房子。Therealquestionisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthepeople.真正的问题是了解人民的需要。-ing作表语还可以表示主语所具有的特征。如：Thisstoryisveryinteresting.这故事很有趣。Theproblemisquitepuzzling.这个问题很令人困惑。,3)-ing作宾语：ing作动词宾语。Isuggestdoingitinadifferentway.WeenjoyattendingMrMasclass.-ing作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，而用it作形式宾语。如：Ithinkitnogoodlivinginsuchacoldplace.Doyouconsideritnousetryingagain?,高中阶段能接-ing作宾语的常见动词：mind（介意）,suggest（建议）,enjoy（欣赏，）,admit（承认）,appreciate（感激，欣赏）,avoid（避免）,delay（推迟）,dislike（不喜欢，厌恶）,escape（逃脱）,finish（完成）,forgive（宽恕）,imagine（想象）,keep（保持）,miss（错过）,practise（训练）,resist（抵抗，抵制）,risk（冒险）,deny（拒绝，否认）,consider（考虑）等。,-ing作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如：Imagainstinvitinghimtodinner.Theydontfeellikewalkingthatmuch.HewenttoLondoninthehopeofbeingafamouspainter.lookforwardto,beproudof,beresponsiblefor,insiston,thinkof,dreamof,objectto,hearof,preventfrom,keepfrom,stopfrom,beengagedin,dependon,thankfor,excusefor,aimat,devoteto,setabout（着手做）,be/getusedto,befondof,beafraidof,betiredof,succeedin,beinterestedin,beashamedof,注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如：Ihavenodifficulty(in)communicatingwithforeigners.Heusedtospendalotoftime(in)playinggames.。Whatcanpreventus(from)gettingmarried?？另外，-ing可以和一些介词如in,on,after,against,before,by,for,without,besides等构成短语，在句中作状语。如：Heleftaheadoftimewithoutsayingaword.Besidescookingandsewing,shehadtotakecareoffourchildren.Onhearingthenews,allthepupilsjumpedwithjoy.,4)-ing作定语：单个的作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如：readingroomswimmingpoolsingingcompetitionwaitingroomsleepingbagtheexcitingnewsaboringspeechasleepingchild,-ing作定语的两种不同含义：ing作定语可用来说明被修饰的名词的用途和性能。如：readingmaterial阅读材料walkingstick手杖fishingpole鱼杆flyingsuit飞行服writingtable写字台listeningpractice听力训练,-ing作定语还可以表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。如：developingcountries=countriesthataredeveloping发展中国家agrowingcity=acitythatisgrowing发展着的城市anordinary-lookinghouse=ahousethatlooksordinary看起来很普通的房子atouchingstory=astorythatistouching一个动人的故事workingpeople=peoplewhoareworking劳动人民,-ing短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一个定语从句。如：Whoisthecomradestandingbythedoor?Theylivedinahousefacingsouth.,ing还可以作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。Thewords,usuallydealingwithcurrentwork,weremostlywrittenbyhimself.Whensheappeared,John,wearingadirtyandworn-outovercoat,rantoherwithjoy.,5)-ing做状语：-ing作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。-ing短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词when,while引出。如：Whilereadingthebook,henoddedfromtimetotime.Seeingthosepictures,sherememberedherchildhood.-ing短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：Notknowinghisaddress,Icantsendthisbooktohim.Manyofus,beingsoexcited,couldntgotosleepthatnight.,ing短语作结果状语。如：Hisfatherdied,leavinghimalotofmoney.Shewassoangrythatshethrewthetoyontheground,breakingitintopieces.-ing作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如：Theystoodthereforhalfanhourwatchingthestarsinthesky.Followingtheoldman,theyoungpeoplestartedwalkingslowly.,-ing间或也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个状语从句。如：Standingatthefootofahighmountain,apersonwillfindhimselfverysmall.Knowingallthis,theymademepayforthedamage.注：-ing作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing分词”结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如：Hishairbecamegreywiththeyearspassing.Withoutanyonenoticing,heslippedthroughthewindow.,6)-ing作宾语补足语：-ing可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,lookat,listento,observe,have,get,leave,keep,set,catch,find等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语，作宾语补语。如：InoticedamanrunningoutofthebankwhenIgotoffthecar.Lastnighttheshopkeepercaughtachildstealingsomefoodintheshop.上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，-ing分词可看成是主语补语。如：Wewerekeptwaitingforquitealongtime.Jilywasneverheardsingingthatsongagain.,5.-ing的复合结构：-ing分词的复合结构通常由物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格+-ing分词构成，在句子开头时必须用物主代词和名词所有格，通常在句中作主语和宾语。如：Hiscomingmadeusveryhappy.Hewassurprisedbysomeonesknockingatthedoor.,动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格、名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。1)LiPings/Myhelpinghermovedherdeeply.2)Iappreciateyour/you/LiPings/LiPingcomingtoseeme.3)Isthereanyhopeofourteamwinningthematch?4)Whatmademeangrywasmanystudentsfailingintheexam.,(动名词结构作宾语,其逻辑主语用宾格或所有格均可),(动名词结构作主语,其逻辑主语用所有格),(逻辑主语是无生命名词时,只用普通格),(以-s结尾的名词,只用普通格),1)Iwouldappreciate_backthisafternoon.A.youtocallB.youcallC.yourcallingD.yourecalling2)_madehermotherveryangry.A.MarymarryingJimB.MarysmarriedJimC.MarysmarryingJimD.MarysbeingmarriedJim,C,C,3).Thediscoveryofnewevidenceledto_.A.thethiefhavingcaughtB.catchthethiefC.thethiefbeingcaughtD.thethieftobecaught4).Thenoiseof_couldbeheardoutinthestreet.A.desksopeningandclosingB.desksopenedandclosedC.desksbeingopenedandclosedD.desksbeingopenedandclosed,C,C,1.ing作主语和表语时与不定式的区别：1在表示比较抽象的一般的多次行为时多用-ing分词；在表示具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。2.动名词作主语时通常位于句首；不定式作主语时常置于句末，用it作形式主语放在句首。如：Smokingisforbiddenhere.（泛指吸烟）这里禁止吸烟。Itsnotgoodforyoutosmokesomuch.（指你吸烟）吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。Myjobisteaching.我的工作是教书。MyjobistoteachyouEnglishthisterm.我这一学期的工作是教你们英语。Seeingisbelieving.Toseeistobelieve.若主语和表语都是非谓语动词,应保持形式上的一致。,1).Itsnecessarytobepreparedforajobinterview._theanswersreadywillbeofgreathelp.A.TohaveB.HavinghadC.HaveD.Having2).Infact_isahardjobforthepolicetokeeporderinanimportantmatch.A.thisB.thatC.thereD.it,D,D,下列句型中常用动名词作主语:,Itis/was,nouse/good,notanyuse/good,oflittleuse/good,useless,+doingsth.,2.有些动词既能接不定式，又能接-ing分词，含义有所不同。如：forget,remember,regret等词后面接不定式表示不定式动作后于谓语动作，而后接-ing分词作宾语表示分词动作先于谓语动作。如：Doyourememberseeingmebefore?你记得以前见过我吗？Remembertolockthedoorwhenyouleave.离开时要记得锁门。动词mean,stop,try,goon等动词后面接分词和接不定式作宾语，意思也有所不同。如：Itrynottothinkaboutthat.我尽量不去想那件事。Wouldyoupleasetrydoingthatagain?请你再试一次好吗？Imeantochangeitforanotherone.我想换成另外一个。Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanotherhour.误了这班车就意味着再等一个小时。,Havingfinishedtheexercises,wewentontolearnthenewwordsinthenextunit.Afterashortrest,theywentonworking.Hestoppedtalkingwhenthebellrang.Whileworking,hestoppedtotalkwithTomattimes.注意：有时人们把stop后的动词不定式理解为目的状语。动词allow,advise,forbid,permit等可直接跟-ing分词作宾语，不可以接动词不定式作宾语，但可接不定式作宾语补语。如：Pleasepermitmetosayafewwords.请允许我说几句话。Wedontpermitsmokinghere.我们这儿不允许吸烟。,动词need,require,want作“需要”解时，后面接-ing分词或不定式的被动式。如：Theroomwantscleaning/tobecleaned.Theselittlechildrenrequirelookingaftercarefully/tobelookedaftercarefully.动词like,hate,prefer等后面，如表示一般性动作，多用-ing分词；如指特定的具体的某次动作，多用不定式。如：Ilikeswimming,butIdontliketoswimwithyou.我喜欢游泳，但我不喜欢和你一起游泳。Ipreferwalkingtoschooleveryday.我情愿每天步行去学校。Iprefertostayathometoday.今天我情愿呆在家里。,动词begin,start后面，如表示有意识地开始做某事，常用-ing分词，否则用不定式更多一些。如：Webegantodothatjoblastyear.我们去年开始做那工作的。Theystartedtalkingaboutthefilmatonce.他们立刻开始谈论那部电影。注：下面几种情况多用不定式作宾语：a.当start,begin本身用于进行时态时。Whentheteachercameintotheroom,hewasstartingtowritetohisparents.老师走进教室的时候，他正开始写信给他的父母亲。,b.当start,begin后接表示心理活动的动词时。Hearingthenews,hestartedtothinkofagoodwaytosolvetheproblem.一听到消息，他就开始考虑一个好办法来解决这个问题。c.当句子的主语是无生命的东西时。Wewereabouttoleavewhenitbegantorain.我们正准备离开，天开始下雨了。,3.有些动词如begin,start;love,like,hate,prefer后既可以跟不定式又可以跟ing分词作宾语，意义上无多大区别(但ing分词一般表示经常性的行为；不定式表示具体的行为)。Ilike_verymuch,butIdontlike_thisafternoon.A.swimming,swimmingB.toswim,toswimC.swimming,toswimD.toswim,swimming,C,思考：下列情况中动词后接不定式还是接ing分词作宾语呢？,OnlythendidIbegin_(see)shewasreallygoodtome.Themomenthereturnedhome,Iwasstarting/beginning_(cook)supper.Thewaterbegan_(freeze).,4.有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词作宾语，但意义上有明显差别。讨论：有哪些单词或短语？goon(stop/remember/regret)todo/doingcanthelptodo/doingbeusedtodo/doing(getusedtodoing)(usedtodo),Childrenshouldbeallowed_theirowndecisions.A.makingB.tomakeC.makeD.havingmade,B,Myadvisorencouraged_asummercoursetoimprovemywritingskills.A.formetakingB.metakingC.formetotakeD.metotake,D,6.不定式和-ing作宾语补语的区别：在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等感官动词后，既可用-ing分词构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用-ing分词时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。如：Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?(Someoneisknockingatthedoor.)有人在敲门你听见了吗？Doyouhearsomeoneknockatthedoor?(Someoneknockedatthedoorjustnow.)你听见有人敲门了吗？,3.不定式和分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语表达的意义不同。Iheardher_(sing)anEnglishsongjustnow.Iheardher_(sing)anEnglishsongwhenIpassedbyherroomyesterday.IheardtheEnglishsong_(sing)manytimes.(4)IheardtheEnglishsong_(sing)whenIpassedbyherroomyesterday.,sing,singing,sung,beingsung,7.高中阶段常见的带介词to的短语，后接-ing分词或名词。如：admitto（承认）,contributeto（捐助、贡献）,getdownto（着手做）,givewayto（让位于），keepto（坚持、遵守）,leadto（导致）,lookforwardto（期待）,taketo（从事）,turnto（求助于）,stickto（忠于、坚持）,pointto（指向、表明）,seeto（注意、处理）,beusedto（习惯于）,devoteoneselfto（献身