ACCAF3(1-3)ppt课件.ppt

FinancialAccounting,Studytext2009-2010,AimofF3,DevelopknowledgeandunderstandingofthebasicprinciplesandconceptsrelatingtofinancialaccountingDeveloptechnicalproficiencyintheuseofdouble-entryaccountingtechniquesincludingthepreparationofbasicfinancialstatements,2,Syllabus（,Thecontextandpurposeoffinancialreporting(A),Thequalitativecharacteristicsoffinancialinformationandthefundamentalbasesofaccounting(B),Theuseofdoubleentryandaccountingsystems(C),Recordingtransactionsandevents(D),Preparingatrailbalance(E),Preparingbasicfinancialstatements(F),3,Typesofbusinessentity,Theusersoffinancialreporting,Financialaccountingandmanagementaccounting,2,3,4,Whatisfinancialreporting,1,Chapter1Introductiontoaccounting,Themainelementsoffinancialreporting,4,1.1Whatisfinancialreporting,Financialreportingisawayofrecording,analyzing,andsummarizingfinancialdata.,Businessentity,Transactions,Booksofprimeentry,Ledgers,Financialstatements,users,Record,Analyze,Summarize,5,Soletrader-abizisownedandoperatedbyonepersonwithorwithoutemployees.Thecontributorishimself.Partnership-severalpeoplejointlyoperatethebiz.Thecontributorsarepartners.Company-usuallyarelimitedcompanies.Thecontributorsarecalledshareholdersormembersofthecompany.shareholderssliabilitiesarelimitedtothemoneytheyhaveputintothecompany.,1.2Typesofbusinessentity,6,1.2Typesofbusinessentity,Businessesofwhateversizeornatureexisttomakeaprofit.,7,1.2Typesofbusinessentity,CompaniesAsagrouptheyelectthedirectorswhorunthebusiness.shareholdersdirectorscompaniesAdvantageandDisadvantage(P6),elect,run,run,8,Whichofthefollowingaredifferenciesbetweensoletradersandliabilitycompanies?1asoletradersfinacialstatementsareprivate,acompaniesfinancialstatenmentsaresenttoshareholders.2onlycompanieshavecapitalinvestedintothebusiness.3soletraderhasfullyandpersonallyliablyforanylossesthatthebusinessmightmake;acompanysshareholderarenotpersonallyliableforanylossesthatthecompanymightmake.,9,External：shareholdersProvidersoffinancetothecompanyGovernmentTaxationauthoritiesThepublic.,Internal:ManagersofthecompanyEmployee,1.3Usersofaccountinginformation,10,Managersneedfinancialinformationforplanninganddecision-makingEmployeesneedfinancialinformationtosafeguardtheirjobsandincomeShareholdersandpotentialshareholdersneedfinancialinformationforinvestmentdecisionProvidersoffinanceneedfinancialinformationtosafeguardloansthattheyhavemadeorintendtomakeGovernmentandtheiragenciesneedfinancialinformationtomonitortheeconomyandtocollecttax,1.3Usersofaccountinginformation,11,1.4Thecategoryofaccounting,FinancialaccountingManagementaccounting,Accounting,12,项目管理会计财务会计必要性可选择要求目的协助管理为外部使用者使用者小群体，了解大群体，不了解基本结构依信息的使用会计恒等式遵循的原则对管理层有用会计准则时间范围历史、未来历史信息内容货币及非货币的货币的,Financialaccountingandmanagementaccounting,13,Continue.,项目管理会计财务会计报告频率按月或按周按季或按年报告时限报告期结束后延迟数周或数月报告主体责任中心组织整体潜在责任无诉讼危险存在诉讼危险,14,1.5themainelementsoffinancialreports,Keyterm:Thebalancesheet(thestatementoffinancialposition)issimplyalistofallassetsandliabilitiesataparticulardata,itisasnapshotofthefinancialpositionofthebusinessataparticularmoment.monetaryamountsareattributedtoeachoftheassetsandliabilities.,15,Keyterm:Theincomestatement(thestatementofcomprehensiveincome)isarecordofrevenueandexpenditureincurredoveragivenperiod.Thestatementshowswhetherthebusinesshashadmorerevenuethanexpenditure(aprofit)orviceversa(loss).,1.5themainelementsoffinancialreport,16,Chapter2Theregulatoryframework2.1theregulatorysystem,NationallegislationAccountingconceptsandindividualjudgementAccountingstandardsOtherinternationalinfluencesGAAP(generallyacceptedaccountingprinciples)Fairpresentation,17,TheIASBandfinancialreporting,IASB(国际会计准则理事会）InternationalAccountingStandardsBoardResponsibleforissuingIFRSsandIAS(国际会计准则的制定机构)Independentprivatesectorbody,18,ThestructureofIASB,国际财务报告解释委员会（IFRIC）,国际会计准则理事会（IASB）,准则咨询委员会（SAC）,IASC基金会(IASCF),19,TheobjectiveoftheIASB,DevelopasinglesetofglobalaccountingstandardsTopromotetherigorousapplicationofthosestandardsTobringaboutconvergenceofnationalstandards致力于：对国际会计准则的研究与制定工作,联合各国会计准则制定机构，实现会计准则的国际趋同。,20,SAC:(准则咨询委员会）StandardsAdvisoryCouncilIFRIC:（国际财务报告解释委员会）InternationalFinancialReportingInterpretationsCommitteeIASCF：(国际会计准则委员会基金会）InternationalAccountingStandardsCommitteeFoundationIMF：（国际货币基金组织）InternationalMonetaryFund,21,InternationalHarmonisation,IASB近年来倾向于逐步缩小会计处理方法的选择余地。欧盟所有成员国将于2005年1月1日起采用国际财务报告准则编制合并报表(consolidatedaccounts)，澳大利亚、俄罗斯等国也有类似决定。是一些国家制定本国准则的基础（如我国）,22,Chapter3Accountingconventions,Criticismsofaccountingcinventions,Basesofvaluation,2,3,4,TheIASBsFramewok,1,IAS1,23,IAS1:PresentationofFinancialStatementsTheIASBsFrameworkFrameworkVS.Standards基本指导思想-framework具体实施规范-standards,TheframeworkisnotanIFRSandsodoesnotoverruleanyindividualIFRS.InthecasesofconflictbetweenanIASandtheframework,theIASorIFRSwillprevail.(p36),Sourcesofaccountingconventions,24,2.ConventionsinvolvedinIAS1,2.1ObjectiveofIAS12.2Purposeoffinancialstatements2.3Themostimportantconcepts:FairpresentationCompliancewithIASs/IFRSs,25,Fairpresentation(trueandfairview),Financialstatementsshouldbe”fairlypresented”(公允列报）CompliancewithIASs/IFRSDeparturefromtheIAS/IFRSisrequiedwhenmanagementdicidesthatcompliancewitharequirementofanIAS/IFRSwouldbemisleading.,26,2.4Qualitativecharacteristicsoffinancialstatements(bothinframewokandIAS1),RelevanceReliabilityComparabilityunderstandability,27,2.4.1Relevance(P38),Relevanceisoneofthetwobasicrequirementsthatfinancialinformationmusthave.(theotherisreliability).Onlyrelevantinformationcanbeusefulfinancialinformationisrelevantifitcanassistusersdecision-makingbyhelpthemtoevaluatepast,presentorfutureevents.,28,2.4.2Reliability,Tobereliable,itmustbefreefrombiasanderror.Thesubsidiaryqualitiesthatmakeinformationreliableare:FairpresentationSubstanceoverformNeutralityPrudencecompleteness,29,Substanceoverform,sometransactionshavearealnaturethatdiffersfromtheirlegalform.Itindicatethattransactionsareaccountedforinaccordancewiththeirsubstanceandeconomicrealityandnotwithitslegalform.,30,Informationmustbefreefrombiastobereliable.Neutralityislostifthefinancialstatementsarepreparedsoastoinfluencetheuserertomakeajudgementordecisioninordertoachieveapredeterminedoutcome.,Neutrality,31,Prudence(P32),cautionmustbeexercisedinpreparingfinancialstatementandinestimatingtheoutcomeofuncertainevents.suchthatassetsorincomearenotoverstatedandliabilitiesorexpensesarenotunderstated.Thisdoesnotmean,however,thattheapproachshouldbeover-cautious.(P39),32,example,WhichofthefollowingexplanationsoftheprudenceconceptmustcloselyfollowsthatintheIASBsframework?A.theapplicationofadegreeofcautioninexercisingjudgmentunderconditionsofuncertaintyB.revenueandprofitsarenotrecogniseduntilrealised,andprovisionismadeforallknownliabilities,33,Continue,C.AlllegislationandaccountingstandardshavebeencompliedwithD.understatementofassetsorgainsandoverstatementofliabilitiesorlosses,Answer:A,34,Completeness,Theinformationinfinancialstatementsmustbecompletewithintherestrictionsofmaterialityandcost.Omissionmaycauseinformationtobemisleading.,35,Listedbelowaresomecharacteristicsoffinancialinformation.(1)Neutrality(2)Prudence(3)Completeness(4)TimelinessWhichofthesecharacteristicscontributetoreliability,accordingtotheIASBsFrameworkforthePreparationandPresentationofFinancialStatements?A(1),(2)and(3)onlyB(1),(2)and(4)onlyC(1),(3)and(4)onlyD(2),(3)and(4)only,Dec02-Q12,36,2.4.3Comparability,financialstatementshouldbecomparablewiththefinancialstatementsofothercompaniesandwiththefinancialstatementsofthesamecompanyforearlierperiods.ToachievecomparabilityweneedconsistencyanddisclosureofaccountingpoliciesIfacompanychangesitsaccountingpoliciestheremustbefulldisclosureoftheeffectofthechange.,37,2.4.4Understandability,Anessentialqualityoftheinformationprovidedinfinancialstatementsisthatitshouldbereadilyunderstandablebyusers.UnderstandabilityisdependentuponusersabilitiesComplexmattersshouldnotbeleftoutoffinancialstatementssimplyduetoitsdifficultifitisrelevantinformation.,38,2.5SomeotherimportantconceptfromIAS1,Materialityandaggregation(P31)Thisisathresholdquality.Ifinformationcouldinfluenceusersdecisions,itismaterial.Intheincomestatementanitemisnormallyregardedasmaterial.Toassesswhetherornotanitemismaterial,thevalueoftheitemandthecontextareallimportant.,39,2.6Thefundamentalassumption,FairpresentationGoingconcernAccrualsConsistency,40,2.6.1Goingconcern,Thegoingconcernassumptionisthatanenterprisewillcontinueinoperationalexistencefortheforeseeablefuture.Theentityhasneithertheintentionnorthenecessityofliquidationorofcurtailingmateriallythescaleofitsoperations.Themainsignificanceisthattheassetsshouldnotbevluedattheir“break-up”value,41,2.6.2Accruals,Theaccrualsbasisofaccountingmeansthatassets,liabilities,equity,incomeandexpensearerecognizedwhentheyoccurandnotwhencashisreceivedorpaid.Matchingconventionrevenuemustbematchedagainsttheexpenditureincurredinearningit.,42,2.6.3Consistency,ThepresentationandclassificationofitemsinthefinancialstatementsshouldberetainedfromoneperiodtothenextExceptasfollows:Thereisasignificantchangeinthenatureoftheoperations.AchangeisrequiredbuyanIFRs,43,2.7Offsetting,Assetsandliabilitiescannottobeoffset.Incomeandexpensescanbeoffsetonlywhenoneofthefollowingapplies:AnIFRSrequiresGains,lossesandrelatedexpensesarisingfromthesametransactionsarenotmaterial,44,3.TheIASBsframework,Keyelements:FinancialstatementsshouldprovideusefulinformationtousersFinancialpositionisshowinthestatementoffinancialpositionFinancialperformanceisshowintheincomestatementChangesinthefinancialpositionareshowninthecashflowstatement,45,Continue.,Themainunderlyingassumptionare:AccrualsGoingconcernBusinessentityconceptFinancialstatementshouldbe:UnderstandableRelevantReliableComparable,46,businessentity(Reportingentity),Theentityconceptrequiresthatabusinessistreatedasbeing