7-8.法律翻译ppt课件.ppt

法律翻译,揭廷媛,1,Article2第二条TheOrganizationanditsMembers,inpursuitofthePurposesstatedinArticle1,shallactinaccordancewiththefollowingPrinciples.为求实现第一条所述各宗旨起见，本组织及其会员国应遵行下列原则：1.TheOrganizationisbasedontheprincipleofthesovereignequalityofallitsMembers.一、本组织系基于各会员国主权平等之原则。,2,2.AllMembers,inordertoensuretoallofthemtherightsandbenefitsresultingfrommembership,shallfulfillingoodfaiththeobligationsassumedbytheminaccordancewiththepresentCharter.二、各会员国应一秉善意，履行其依本宪章所担负之义务，以保证全体会员国由加入本组织而发生之权益。,3,3.AllMembersshallsettletheirinternationaldisputesbypeacefulmeansinsuchamannerthatinternationalpeaceandsecurity,andjustice,arenotendangered.三、各会员国应以和平方法解决其国际争端，俾免危及国际和平、安全及正义。,4,4.AllMembersshallrefrainintheirinternationalrelationsfromthethreatoruseofforceagainsttheterritorialintegrityorpoliticalindependenceofanystate,orinanyothermannerinconsistentwiththePurposesoftheUnitedNations.四、各会员国在其国际关系上不得使用威胁或武力，或以与联合国宗旨不符之任何其他方法，侵害任何会员国或国家之领土完整或政治独立。,5,5.AllMembersshallgivetheUnitedNationseveryassistanceinanyactionittakesinaccordancewiththepresentCharter,andshallrefrainfromgivingassistancetoanystateagainstwhichtheUnitedNationsistakingpreventiveorenforcementaction.五、各会员国对于联合国依本宪章规定而采取之行动，应尽力予以协助，联合国对于任何国家正在采取防止或执行行动时，各会员国对该国不得给予协助。,6,6.TheOrganizationshallensurethatstateswhicharenotMembersoftheUnitedNationsactinaccordancewiththesePrinciplessofarasmaybenecessaryforthemaintenanceofinternationalpeaceandsecurity.六、本组织在维持国际和平及安全之必要范围内，应保证非联合国会员国遵行上述原则。,7,7.NothingcontainedinthepresentChartershallauthorizetheUnitedNationstointerveneinmatterswhichareessentiallywithinthedomesticjurisdictionofanystateorshallrequiretheMemberstosubmitsuchmatterstosettlementunderthepresentCharter;butthisprincipleshallnotprejudicetheapplicationofenforcementmeasuresunder.七、本宪章不得认为授权联合国干涉在本质上属于任何国家国内管辖之事件，且并不要求会员国将该项事件依本宪章提请解决；但此项原则不妨碍第七章内执行办法之适用。,8,Contents,一、法律英语的文体特征一、法律翻译基本原则二、典型法律句式翻译与解析,9,法律英语的特点,法律英语是指法律界通用的书面英语（包括法律、法规、条例、规章、协定、判决、裁定等），尤其是指律师起草法律文件（合同、章程、协议、契约等）惯常使用的语言。solemn，rigidmystical，assiduouslystilted严肃性和严密性,10,Characteristicsinlexicon,1.LegalTermsofArtDavidMellinkoff:atechnicalwordwithaspecificmeaning)DavidCrystalSubsequenttoafterprovidedthat-but尽量用大词是法律英语用词的一大特色TheAgreementshallcommenceonthisdayandautomaticallyterminateuponthebankruptcyorinsolvencyofeitherofthepartieshereto.,13,3.Archaism-hereafter,herein,hereof,hereto,heretofore,hereunder,herewith；-thereafter,thereat,thereby,therefore,therefrom,therein,thereof,thereon,thereto,theretofore,thereunder,therewith;-whereas,whereby,wherein,whereofEachpaymenttobemadehereundershallbemadeinAmericancurrency.以下规定的每项款额要用美元支付。ExcusableDelaywherethetermisusedinthisAgreementshallmeanthosecausesofdelayspecificallyinArticle7hereof(ExcusableDelay).本协议中使用的“可谅解延迟”一词系指由协议第七条“可谅解延迟”中所致原因引起的延迟。Pleasefillintheformhereincontainedandmailitback.请将随附的表格填好寄回。,14,Alldisputes,controversiesordifferencesoutoforinrelationtothisagreement,ortotheexecutionthereofshallbesettledthroughfriendlyconsultation.凡由该协议引起的，或与该协议有关的，或在执行该协议中发生的一切争议或分歧，应通过友好协商解决。ThiscontractismadeinaspiritoffriendlycooperationbyandbetweenPartyAandPartyB,wherebyPartyAshallinvitePartyBforserviceasaforeignstaffonthetermsandconditionsstipulatedasfollows:甲方和乙方本着友好合作的精神签订本合同。根据合同，甲方聘请乙方为外籍工作人员，合同条款如下：said（aforesaid）上述的forthwith立刻Peterpromisestopayadeposit.Saiddepositshallaccrueinterestatarateoftenpercentannum.,15,4.Borrowedwordsbarjuryverdictaffidavit（宣誓书）alias（化名；别名）quorum（法定人数）bonafide（真诚的；真诚地）interalia（除了别的因素以外）prorata（按比例),16,adhoc（专门的；专门地）defacto（事实上的）inre（关于）mutatismutandis（在细节上作适当修正后）paripassu（按相同比例）perse（自身）probono（为了公益）,17,5.CoupledSynonymsThesellershallpayallthecustomdutiesandtariffsforexportoftheEquipment.nullandvoidallandeverydocumentsandwritingskeepandmaintainfullandcomplete,18,6.情态动词shall的频繁使用在法律英语中shall并不表示将来，而有着与普通英语完全不同的含义。表示当事人在特定的情况下要承担的权利或义务时“,应当”一词为“shall”，而在一般的英语中，一般是用“should”或“must”。仲裁庭应当在组庭之日起九个月内作出仲裁裁决书。Thearbitrationtribunalshallrenderanarbitralawardwithin9monthsasfromthedayonwhichthearbitrationtribunalisformed.,19,7.较少使用代词TheAuthorshallbearthecostofanynecessaryfeesfortextualandillustrativepermissionsbutthePublishersagreetopaysuchfeesontheAuthorsbehalfuptoanagreedmaximumamountandmaydeductthesamefromanysumsthatmaybecomeduetotheAuthorunderthisAgreement.,20,CharacteristicsinSyntax,1.Legaldocumentscomposedasoneverylongsentence.-noquestionofsentencelinkage,except:therepetitionoflexicalitems.substitutewordsnottolerated:eg.he,she,it,they(pronounreference);do;this,that(anaphora),21,2.LegalEnglishcontainsonlycompletemajorsentences:eg.statements,noquestion,occasionalcommands.3.Legalsentenceshaveanunderlyinglogicalstructure:ifX,thenZshallbe(do)Y“ifX=conditional/concessiveadverbialclauses:eg:coordinatedadverbials:ontheexpirationonthepreviousdeath/subjecttoanyauthorizedendorsementandtotheproduction4.WrittenlegalEnglishcontainsnominalgroupstructures(eg:post-modificationinthenominalgroups),22,被动语态和名词化结构Unlessotherwiseprovidedforherein,failureordelayonthepartofanypartytoexerciseanyright,powerorprivilegeunderthisAgreementshallnotoperateasawaiverthereof,notshallanysingleorpartialexerciseofanyright，powerorprivilegeprecludefurtherexercisethereoforexerciseofanyotherright,powerorprivilegeAwaiverbyoneofthepartiesatanytimeofabreachofanytermorprovisionofthisAgreementcommittedbytheotherpartyshallnotbeconstruedasawaiverbysuchpartyofanysubsequentbreachtobecommittedbytheotherparty,norshallitbeconstruedasawaiverbysuchpartyofitsrightsundersuchprovisionoranyofitsotherrightsunderthisAgreement.,23,除非本协议另有规定，任何一方未能或延迟行使其在本协议项下的任何权利、权力或特权，不应视为其放弃该权利、权力或特权；单项或部分行使该权利、权力或特权或行使其他权利、权力或特权。,24,翻译练习,1.Withoutpriorwrittenapproval,noPartyshallassignanyandallofitsrightsandinterestsanddelegateitsresponsibilitiesunderthisAgreementtoanythirdparty.译文：任何一方未经事先书面同意，不得将其在本协议项下的任何和全部权利和权益让与及将其在本协议项下的责任委托给任何第三方。,25,2.Neglectofdutyisgoodcauseforremovalofatrustee.译文：理事玩忽职守，理应解除其职务。3.Thefailureofeitherpartyatanytimeortimestorequireperformanceofanyprovisionhereofshallinnomanneraffectitsrightatalatertimetoenforcethesame.译文：任何一方在任何时候未要求另一方履行本协议任一条款，并不影响其以后强制执行该条款的权利。,26,4.ThisContractshallbegovernedbyandconstruedinaccordancewiththelawsofthePeoplesRepublicofChina.译文：本合同受中华人民共和国法律管辖并依其解释。5.NeitherPartyheretoshallassignthisAgreementoranyofitsrightsandinterestshereunderwithouttheotherPartyspriorwrittenconsent,whichshallnotbeunreasonablywithheld.本协议任何一方未经另一方事先书面同意（该另一方不得无理拒绝同意），不得转让本协议或其在本协议项下的任何权利和利益。,27,法律翻译基本原则,一、准确严谨性原则准确性，是法律文本翻译的根本。earnestmoney“定金”还是“订金”？,28,Contractorshallassumefullresponsibilityfortheentireprojectworkuntilitsacceptance.在项目接收之前，承包方应对工程承担全部责任。在项目验收之前，承包方应对工程承担全部责任。,29,Damagesforbreachofcontractbyonepartyconsistofasumequaltotheloss,includinglossofprofit,sufferedbytheotherpartyasaconsequenceofthebreach.一方违约所导致的岁还包括因其违约而使另一方遭受损失的金额，含利润损失。一方违约的损害赔偿金包括因其违约而使另一方遭受损失的金额，含利润损失。,30,Thebalanceshallbesettleduponthearrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination.货到目的港后付清余款。货到目的港后即行付清余款。,31,所有董事会成员须由合营方委派和撤换。allthedirectorsshallbeappointedandreplacedbythepartiestotheventure.allthedirectorsshallbeappointedandremovedbythepartiestotheventure.,32,如果买房对品质有异议，可以在货到目的地口岸或收货后30天内向卖方提出索赔。IncasetheBuyershavedisputesoverthequalityofthegoods,theBuyersmay,within30daysaftertheyarriveatthedestinationportordeliveryofgoods,fileaclaimagainsttheSellers.IncasetheBuyershavedisputesoverthequalityofthegoods,theBuyersmay,within30daysaftertheyarriveatthedestinationportortakedeliveryofgoods,fileaclaimagainsttheSellers.,33,二、清晰简明性原则1.使用清晰简明的词语Theremainderofthetestatorspropertyshouldbedividedequallybetweenallofournephewsandniecesonmywifessideandmyniece.Theremainderofthetestatorspropertyshouldbedividedequallybetweenallofournephewsandniecesonmywifessideasonepartyandmynieceasanother.,34,TheservantsliabilitystemsfromthedutyowedtoathirdpersonunderthelawtoconductHIMSELFsoasnottoinjureothers.TheservantsliabilitystemsfromthedutyowedtoathirdpersonunderthelawrequiringtheSERVANTtoactsoasnottoinjureothers.,35,ThepackingandwrappingexpensesshallbebornebytheBuyer.包装费应由买方负担。Taxationshallcompriseallformsoftaxes,includingbutwithoutlimitationtoincometax,capitalgainstax,stampduty,tariffs,importandexportduties,impositions,andallfines,feesandratescollectedbythetaxationauthorityandotherauthorities.税收包括各种形式的税项，包括但不限于税务局和其他主管部门征收的所得税、资本收益税、印花税、关税、进出口税、各种杂税及一切罚金、手续费和地方税。,36,2.使用简明的句式Further,ameetingoftheEuropeanJusticeMinistersisheldeverytwoyears.此外，每两年还举行一个欧洲司法部长会议。Courtsarediscouragedfrompassingsentenceofimprisonmentonoffendersunder21yearsofage.不鼓励法院对未满21岁的罪犯作出徒刑判决。,37,Unlessthisaccountispaidwithinnexttendays,itwillbenecessarytotakeappropriateaction.除非在10天内把账还清，否则就有必要采取适当的行动。Producersoftoxicchemicalshavethefollowingoptions:(1)requirepurchaserstoassumeresponsibilityforsubsequentspills,(2)depositmoneyinadamagesescrowfund,(3)terminateproduction,or(4)postaconspicuousdisclaimerofliabilityoneverycontainer.有毒化学品的生产者具有下列选择：（1）要求卖方承担由泄漏而造成的责任；（2）交纳赔偿保证金；（3）停止生产；（4）贴明显的免责标签于每只集装箱上。,38,三、前后一致性原则Agreement“协定”还是“协议”?Reachanagreement“达成协议”或“达成一致”“法律规定”：stipulate,specify,prescribe,require,provide等“禁”：shallbeprohibited,shallbeforbidden“货物”：goods,items,39,四、语言规范化原则“不可抗力”forcebeyondhumanpower,forcecontrolledbyGod,irresistibleforceforcemajeure“motion”:awrittenororalapplicationrequestingacourttomakeaspecifiedrulingororder“动议”“申请”attemptedcrime“试图犯罪”“犯罪未遂”,40,Theburdenofproofrestswiththedefendant.证明的负担由被告承担。举证责任由被告承担。andmakethefactknowntothepublic.并予以公告。TheVendorshallprocurethatthePurchaseracquiresgoodtitletotheSharesfreefromallcharges,liens,encumbranceandclaimswhatsoever.卖方应保证买方获得不容置疑的股份所有权，且该股份不带任何押记、留置、负担、权益等主张。,41,Nowtherefore,inconsiderationofthepremises,andtherepresentations,warranties,covenants,andundertakingsofthepartieshereinaftersetforth,andforothergoodandvaluableconsideration,thepartiesagreeamongthemselvesasfollows.以及其他有效的有价约因,PartyAisacompanydulyorganized,validlyexistingandingoodstandingasalegalpersonunderthelawsofthePRC.有效存续和资格完善的法人。,42,表示义务性规范的语言：“有义务”，“必须”Itisthedutyof,havethedutytodo,shall中华人民共和国公民有依照法律纳税的义务。ItisthedutyofcitizensofthePeoplesRepublicofChinatopaytaxesinaccordancewiththelaw.Bothhusbandandwifehavethedutytopracticefamilyplanning.夫妻双方具有实行计划生育的义务。中华人民共和国公民有受教育的权利和义务。CitizensofthePeoplesRepublicofChinahavethedutyaswellastherighttoreceiveeducation.,43,表示授权性规范的语言：“（享）有权利”，“有权”,“可以”havetherightto,enjoyrightsof,beentitleto,mayCitizensandjuristicpersonsshallenjoytherightofhonor.公民、法人享有荣誉权。,44,典型法律英语句式翻译与解析,1.if句式Ifaftersuchreconsideration,twothirdsofthatHouseshallagreetopassthebill,itshallbesent,togetherwiththeobjections,totheotherHouse,bywhichitshalllikewisebereconsidered,andifapprovedbytwo-thirdsofthatHouse,itshallbecomealaw.倘若在复议之后，众议院议员的三分之二仍然同意通过该法案，该院即应将该法案连同异议书递交另一院，由其同样予以复议，若此另一院亦以三分之二的多数通过，该法案即成为法律。,45,2.shall句式及相关情态动词比较shall,may,must1)“must”-“必须”TheChiefExecutiveoftheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionmustbeapersonofintegrity,dedicatedtohis/herduties.香港特别行政区行政长官必须廉洁奉公、尽忠职守。2)“may”-“可”国家为了公共利益的需要，可以依照法律对土地进行征用。TheStatemay,inthepublicinterest,requisitionlandforitsuseinaccordancewiththelaw.,46,3)“shall”-则是法律英语中最常见、最复杂的情态动词shall:must,haveto,berequiredto“须”、“应该”或忽略不译选出或者罢免人民检察院检察长，须报上级人民检察院检察长提请该级人民代表大会常务委员会批准。（中华人民共和国宪法第101条）Theelectionorrecallofchiefprocuratorsofpeoplesprocuratoratesshallbereportedtothechiefprocuratorsofthepeoplesprocuratoratesatthenexthigherlevelforsubmissiontothestandingcommitteesofthepeoplescongressesatthecorrespondinglevelforapproval.,47,TheHouseofRepresentativesshallbecomposedofMemberschoseneverysecondYearbythepeopleoftheseveralStates,and众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成，AllHongKongresidentsshallbeequalbeforethelaw.(TheBasicLawoftheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionofthePeoplesRepublicofChina)香港居民在法律面前一律平等。（中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法第25条）,48,ThehomesandotherpremisesofHongKongresidentsshallbeinviolable.香港居民的住宅和其他房屋不受侵害。havetherightto,beobligedto,beresponsiblefor,beableto,bepredicativeIftheBuyersfailtoprovidesuchletterofcreditintheSellersfavorasprescribedabove,theSellershallhavetheoptionof如果买方未向卖方提供如上规