LEGOBasicsppt贝贝老师的乐高课堂.ppt

LEGOBasics-1,DefinitionsofRobot:,AmericanHeritageDictionary:“Amechanicaldevicecapableofperformingavarietyofcomplexhumantasksoncommandorbybeingprogrammed.”,CambridgeAdvancedLearnersDictionary:“Amachineundercomputercontrolcapableofperformingtasksautomatically.”,OxfordDictionary:“Amachinecapableofcarryingoutacomplexseriesofactionsautomatically,especiallyonecontrolledbyacomputer.”,Whilethereisnouniversallyaccepteddefinition,thefollowingpointscoverthemajorityofrobots.,Arobotisartificial;doesnotoccurnaturally,Itiscontrolledbyacomputer,Itcansensethesurroundingenvironment,Itcanperformactions,LEGOBasics-2,DespitetheserequirementssometimesdifficulttotocategorizeaRobot-,Isawashingmachinearobot?,Itisartificial,Arobotisartificial;doesnotoccurnaturally,Theycansensewhenatrainisapproaching,Theycanraiseandlowerboomgates,Modernwashersarecontrolledbyminaturecomputersinside,Theycansensewhenthelidisopen,Theycanmovementslikespinningclothesbackandforth,Whataboutrailroadtrafficboomsatgradecrossings?,Theyareareartificial,Theyarecontrolledbycomputers,LEGOBasics-3,Whyhaverobots?:,Dulltaskscanperformrepetitivetasksaccuratelytimeaftertime;inanindustrialsettingwillperformsimpletasksmorequicklythanhumans,DirtyTaskscancleanandmopupfloors;cleanoutguttersandsnakethroughsewerpipes,DangeroustasksCanoperateinunsafeareas(radioactive,poisonousatmosphere,bombdetectionandremoval,underwaterex:theBPoilspill,MarsRover,searchandrescue,locatevictimsindisasterareasex:minecaveins,earthquakes,Theyaregenerallygoodatdoingwhatwecommonlycallthe3Ds:,-Thisleadstogreaterproductivityandbetterqualitycontrol;theycanpickupandmanipulatelittlefragileitemsandcanstopwithinahumanhairwidth.1stIndustrialrobotwasusedinaNewJerseyautoassemblyprintpickinguphotmolds,RightnowtheyarebeingusedinJapantoinsidedamagednuclearpowerplantstoassessdamage,LEGOBasics-4,Inaddition,robotshavebeenusedinamazinghightechapplications:,Medicalrobotsallowdoctorstoperformsurgeryonpatientsremotely,ExploratoryMarsandLunarrovers,Militarypredatordrones,roboticmule(BigDog),Training-simulators,LEGOBasics-4,ARobotmustbeabletoSensePlantheytakeinformationandinputittotherobotsbrainorcomputationcomponent,Consistsofanonboardcomputerusedtoprocessinformationcomingfromthesensors.Thisinputgeneratesactionstobeperformedintheoutputoractuators,Themovingparts.Maybemotorsinthewheels,orenginesusedforlifting.Alsoincludelightsandspeakers,hydraulicliftersandpneumaticcylinders,Sensors,Computation,Actuators,information,information,pathofinformationflowinarobot,ThemainComponentsare,LEGOBasics-5,Interestingfacts,ThefirstIndustrialrobotwasdevelopedbyin1950withGeorgeDevolsUnimaterobot.Thisrobotwascapableofliftinghotpiecesofmetalfromadiecastingmachineandstacking.ThefirstUnimatewassoldtoGeneralMotorsforanassemblyplantinNewJersey,ThetermRobotwasfirstusedbyCzechwriterKarelCapek(1920)inhisplayR.U.R.9RossumsUniversalRobots).Itcamefromtheczechwordrobota-whichmeansforcedwork,slaveorservitude.CapekcreditshisbrotherJosefasthetrueinventoroftheword,LEGOBasics-5,Interestingfacts,ThefirstIndustrialrobotwasdevelopedbyin1950withGeorgeDevolsUnimaterobot.Thisrobotwascapableofliftinghotpiecesofmetalfromadiecastingmachineandstacking.ThefirstUnimatewassoldtoGeneralMotorsforanassemblyplantinNewJersey,ThetermRobotwasfirstusedbyCzechwriterKarelCapek(1920)inhisplayR.U.R.9RossumsUniversalRobots).Itcamefromtheczechwordrobota-whichmeansforcedwork,slaveorservitude.CapekcreditshisbrotherJosefasthetrueinventoroftheword,LEGOBasicsSensors-5,Withoutsensorsarobotisjustamachine.Robotsneedsensorstodeterminewhatishappening.,Asensorisadevicethatmeasuresaphysicalquantityandconvertsitintoanelectricalsignalwhichcanbereadbytherobot.,TheLEGOhasfourexternalsensorsandoneinternalsensor.Theexternalsensorsare:-Sound-Touch-Ultrasonic-LightTheinternalsensoristherotationsensorbuiltintoeachmotorTheexternalsensorsconnecttotheNXTbrickthroughthefourinputportsnumbered1thru4locatedonthebottom.,LEGOBasicsSoundSensor-5,TheSoundSensorcandetectthedecibellevel:thesoftnessorloudnessofasound.ItdetectsbothdBanddBA:,dBA:Thesoundshumanearsareabletohear.,dB:Allactualsounds,includingtoohighorlowforthehumaneartohear.ConnectstoPort2(Defaultlocation)SoundSensorreadingsaredisplayedinpercentages,forexample4-5%silentroom5-10%conversationafewfeetaway10-30%normalconversationclosetosensor30-100%shouting,loudmusic,SoundSensorreadingsaredisplayedinpercentages,*Rangesassumeadistanceof1meteraway.Soundrangesareusedastriggerpoints,therobotisprogrammedtorespondtoareadingaboveorbelowthetriggerpoint.bove,LEGOBasicsLightSensor-5,TheLightenablesrobottodistinguishbetweenlightanddarkness,readlightintensiityinaroom,andmeasurelightintensityoncoloredsurfaces.,dBA:Thesoundshumanearsareabletohear.,dB:Allactualsounds,includingtoohighorlowforthehumaneartohear.ConnectstoPort3(Defaultlocation)If“GenerateLight”ischecked,thelightsensorwillturn