浅谈六级作文评分标准.doc

四、六级作文评分标准四六级考试作文部分占15分，四级要求写一篇120字的文章，六级为150字，两者难度相差并不大。纵观历次四、六级考试作文阅卷的情况，普遍存在着以下几方面的问题，而这些问题正是考生作文拿不到高分的关键所在。1、平时缺乏训练、没有掌握写作能力。许多考生的写作仍停留在句子水平上，还没有上升到语篇水平上，因此写出的文章不流畅很生硬。还有一些学生的语言基础薄弱，中学所学的语言基础知识在大学里没能够得到巩固。2、对四六级作文的答题方法缺乏了解。四六级考试的题型以写Argument类型的文章为主，偶尔也会出现图表作文、信或描述性、说明性的题目。3、母语干扰的痕迹非常明显。例如，在1998年1月的作文题目为“Harmfulness of Fake Commodities”。有一位考生要表达“别人赚钱有人眼红”这样的意思，他不会使用“envy”或“envious”等词语，而是直接把眼红翻成了“red eyes”，使人感到费解。另一位考生想要讲述自己买了一双假冒皮鞋，不久鞋上开了一个洞这样的意思，就写出了“There was a cave in the shoe”这样的句子。这些虽然都是极端的例子，但也反映了母语干扰的一个方面。4、对待作文考试的态度不够认真，存有碰运气的侥幸心理。一些考生认为作文的好坏没有客观的标准，分数的高低取决于评阅人一时的好恶。这是对作文批阅的误解。这种心理反映在卷面上就是敷衍了事，不加思索，一挥而就。许多考生拿到作文题目以后没有认真审题、构思，而是提笔就写。在写作过程中也没有斟词酌句，严密地组织句子。在阅卷过程中发现许多考生字迹潦草，卷面凌乱，大小写、标点符号等都被一概忽略了。写作步骤和技巧1写好提纲式作文的关键是认真审题和分析所给的提纲，认清题目和提纲之间的关系，然后确定文章的主题、内容以及文体。 2每一个提纲可以作为文章的一个段落层次，段落的展开围绕提纲的中心和内容，不能偏离，也不能任意增减。 3提纲只是对文章的提示和概括，不是主题句。这需要根据提纲的性质，写出完整的、体现提纲主旨的句子，使之成为主题句。然后围绕主题句进行扩展。 4收集材料支持主题句。材料可以是事实、例证、亲身经历、名人名言、谚语警句等。应当注意的是，所选材料要与文章的主题相符，即要“扣题”。同时要具有典型性，能充分说明问题。在有多个例证的段落中，还要注意各个例证之间的连贯性。四、六级考评卷者的建议写作是一项主观性测试，这也就是说，它是由阅卷老师而不是由机器来判分的，所以大家在写作的时候一定要铭记写作要有写作对象。四级的写作对象就是阅卷老师。作文共分为14、11、8、5、2等五个档次，但每个阅卷老师最为敏感的却是12、9、6这三个分数。如果一个考生通篇没有句子结构和用词的错误，也没有什么出彩的地方，就应该判为及格分9分。如果出现较多严重的语言错误，就要看这些错误从总体上说是不是无法忍受的，也就是到底要判为6分还是5分。如果通篇没有错误，又出现了数处闪光点，就可以考虑打到12分。文章要获得高分，就必须得到阅卷老师的认可。要得到阅卷老师的认可，就必须兼顾内容和语言两个方面。首先来看语言方面。由于考生数量大，老师的阅卷的速度会很快，因此阅卷时老师对语言关注的程度会较高，所以大家一定要尽量减少文中的语言错误，特别是遣词造句中的严重错误。另外，在内容方面，首先就是审题的问题。大家只要扣紧题目来写，就不会出现大的问题。抓住题目的精髓是最理想的，但是如果没有理解题目的核心，就按照确定下来的主题根据提纲来写也未必失分。比如2002年12月28日的试题It Pays to Be Honest，有的考生就理解错误了，没有理解这里pay就是worth the efforts的意思。万一出现这样的情况，就只能在诚实的主题下，直接扣准中文的提纲来写。虽然完全跑题的现象非常之少，但是漏点的情况却很多，这里说的点就是提纲中的两点或三点内容。比如2000年1月的试题How I Finance My College Education，有一些考生在谈了诸多途径之后，并没有说适合自己的方法。其次，有些考生画蛇添足，加上了与主题没有多大联系甚至毫不相干的内容，结果适得其反。我们应注意审题既包括看英文的题目，还包括看中文提纲(有时还有图画和表格等)。在学习写作模板的时候，我们应注意相同的题目根据提纲的不同，在写作的时候就有差别。例如提问类模板通常是写对立的两方观点，而后我同意某个观点，或者综合两方观点，象2000年6月试题Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary除了写自己的看法外，还包括打算，这就是很特殊的，写作时一定不要遗漏。再如办法类的模板在写解决办法的同时，有的包含产生这种现象的原因，有的则包括该现象所造成的严重后果。1993年6月的四级题目My Favourite Programme和1994年6月的四级题目My Ideal Job均属于原因类文章，但是后者还要写出我自己将如何做。所有这些都说明我们即使碰到自己写过的题目，也要根据提纲的不同要求作出调整。在写作文章时，自己到底是同意第一种还是第二种观点是不太重要的，到底用什么办法来解决问题也没有“标准”答案，只要言之有理、自圆其说即可。如果既不同意第一种观点，也不同意第二种观点，而是站在更高的角度把两方面结合起来，是一种相当不容易的写法。但写好了后很容易得到高分。谈到写作模版，它可以帮助同学们在短时间内学会用清晰的结构来表达特定的内容，至于说语言的全面进步不能仅凭背写作模版来提高。关于写作模板写作模版1辩论式议论文模版1 Some people believe (argue, recognize, think,hold, assume ) that 观点1. But other people take an opposite side/view/opinion/stand. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea. There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 论据1. More importantly, 论据2. Most important of all, 论据3. In summary, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测. 模版2 People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while/whereas others point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing, 论据1. For another, 论据2. Last but not least, 论据3. To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测. 模版3 There is no consensus of opinions among people about X（争论的焦点）。Some people are of the view that 观点1，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2。As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses/aspects/respects. The reasons are obvious. First of all, 论据1。 Furthermore, 论据2。 Whats more/ Above all Among all of the supporting evidence, one is the strongest. That is, 论据3。 A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总结观点。 As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.1 对立观点式 A有人认为X 是好事，赞成X， 为什么？ B 有人认为X 是坏事， 反对X，为什么？ C我的看法。 Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X. They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。 Other people, however, stand on a different ground. They consider it harmful to do X. They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。 An example can illustrate give the details of this argument (better): 一个例子。 There is some truth/something in both arguments. But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages. In addition to the above-mentioned negative/side effects it might bring about, X also may X 的有一个坏处。 2 批驳观点式 A一个错误观点。 B 我不同意。 Many people argue that 错误观点。By saying that, they mean 对这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have presented is that 一个例子。（According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them 赞成这个错误观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响）。 There might be some element of truth in these peoples belief. But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation toconclude that 与错误观点相反的观点。There are a number of reasons behind my belief. (以下参照辩论文的议论文写法)。 3 社会问题（现象）式 A一个社会问题或者现象。 B 产生的原因 C对社会和我们生活的影响 D 如何杜绝。（如果是问题的话） E 前景的预测。 Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem. (X has increasingly become a common concern of the public). According to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。（或者是一个例子）。 There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon. 下面参照辩论式议论文的写法。 X has caused/had/exerted substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects. 参照辩论式议论文的写法。 A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm. 参照辩论式议论文的写法。 Based on the above discussions, (it can be easily predicted/seen) I can easily forecast/predict that more and more people will 2图表式作文It is obvious in the graphic/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes. It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years (as X varies). At the point of X1, Y reaches its peak value of (多少). What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are (多少) reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic/table. First of all, (第一个原因). More importantly, (第二个原因). Most important of all, (第三个原因). From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future. The trend described in the graphic/table will continue for quite a long time (if necessary measures are not taken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势).四六级写作常见句型（1）用于描写漫画、图表的常用句型 As the graph depicts , From the cartoon /picture/caricature , we can see that According to the statistics shown in the first /second graph , The table shows / indicates / reveals/suggests/depicts that It can be seen /concluded from the picture / table / figures that （2）用于句首提出论题或现象的句型 Recently , has become the focus of the society . has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life . Nowadays there is a growing concern for Nowadays it is common to hear /see has become a common occurrence in our daily life . Nowadays more and more people are beginning to be aware of the seriousness of It is only during the last /past few years that man has become generally aware that There is an old / popular saying / proverb which says / goes In recent years , there is a general tendency Nowadays has become a problem we have to face . （3）用于比较、阐述不同观点的常用句型 Some people like / prefer , while others are / feel inclined to There are different opinions among people as to Some believe that ,while others hold that Some people claim that is superior to Others , however , disagree with it . Some people believe Others maintain Still others claim Some people suggest Others , however , hold the opposite opinion/view/belief . On the one hand , people tend to On the other hand , they feel Some people argue that Others , in contrast , believe that Although more and more people come to believe there are still others who insist that On the contrary , there are people in favor of There are some people who hold different opinions about/of/on （4）用于陈述个人观点/想法的常用句型 My own experience tells me that In my opinion/to my mind , we should attach more importance to As for my own idea about I believe As far as I am concerned , I plan to Personally , I prefer In my view , both sides are partly right in that But for me , I would rather My own point of view is that In conclusion , I support the statement that As regards me , I tend to choose （5）用于书信写作的常用句型 Thank you for your letter of It is a pleasure for me to invite you on behalf of /to accept Thanks (so much) for your letter , which arrived I am writing to you with reference to I am writing to you in connection with I would be grateful if you could / would I would like to know some information on It will be appreciated if you could / would I would also like to know if you can / could I look forward to hearing from you soon. （6）用于结尾的常用句型 From what has been discussed / mentioned above , we may conclude that Therefore , it is not difficult to draw / come to the conclusion that It is high time that something was done about From all the reasons / consideration above , it is evident / clear / obvious that Taking into account all these factors , we may reach the conclusion that Given the reasons / consideration I have just outlined / discussed / presented , I strongly recommend that It is clear , therefore , that All in all ,what really matters is , in fact , to It is essential that effective measures be taken to From what has been discussed above , we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that In conclusion ,the most important is On the whole , it is high time that every one As a result , we should take some effective steps to Judging by the figures / statistics , it is not difficult to see that Only in this way / in so doing , can sth be really 四六级作文常用句型一）比较 1The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages.2The advantages of A are much greater than those of B.3A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that.4It is reasonable to maintain that .but it would be foolish to claim that.5For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages.6Like anything else, it has its faults.7A and B has several points in common.8A bears some resemblances to B.9However, the same is not applicable to B.10. A and B differ in several ways.11. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.12. People used to think ., but things are different now.13. The same is true of B. 14. Wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks.15. It is true that A . , but the chief faults (obvious defects )are .二）原因1A number of factors are accountable for this situation.A number of factors might contribute to (lead to )(account for ) the phenomenon(problem).2. The answer to this problem involves many factors.3. The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that.4. The factors that contribute to this situation include.5. The change in .largely results from the fact that.6. We may blame .,but the real causes are.7. Part of the explanations for it is that .One of the most common factors (causes ) is that .Another contributing factor (cause ) is .Perhaps the primary factor is that But the fundamental cause is that .三）后果1. It may give rise to a host of problems.2. The immediate result it produces is .3. It will exercise a profound influence upon.4. Its consequence can be so great that.四）批驳1）It is true that ., but one vital point is being left out.2) There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.3) Some people say ., but it does not hold water.4) Many of us have been under the illusion that.5) A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.6) It makes no sense to argue for .7) Too much stress placed on . may lead to .8) Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that .9) Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that .五）举例1) A good case in point is .2) As an illustration, we may take .3) Such examples might be given easily.4) .is often cited as an example.六）证明1) No one can deny the fact that .2) The idea is hardly supported by facts.3) Unfortunately, none of the availab