pygmalion皮革马利翁.ppt

Pygmalion,小说简介,名称来源,应用领域,皮革马利翁效应（PygmalionEffect）,Pygmalioneffect,ThePygmalioneffect,orRosenthaleffect,referstothephenomenoninwhichthegreatertheexpectationplaceduponpeople,oftenchildrenorstudentsandemployees,thebettertheyperform.TheeffectisnamedafterPygmalion,aCypriotinanarrativebyOvidinGreekmythology,whofellinlovewithafemalestatuehehadcarvedoutofivory.,ThePygmalioneffectisaformofself-fulfillingprophecy,and,inthisrespect,peoplewillinternalizetheirnegativelabel,andthosewithpositivelabelssucceedaccordingly.Withinsociology,theeffectisoftencited（saitvt.1引用,举例2表彰,嘉奖3传唤,传讯）withregardtoeducationandsocialclass.,皮格马利翁效应在学校教育中表现得非常明显。受老师喜爱或关注的学生，一段时间内学习成绩或其他方面都有很大进步，而受老师漠视甚至是歧视的学生就有可能从此一蹶不振。一些优秀的老师也在不知不觉中运用期待效应来帮助后进学生。,在企业管理方面，一些精明的管理者也十分注重利用皮格马利翁效应来激发员工的斗志，从而创造出惊人的效益。在现代企业里，皮格马利翁效应不仅传达了管理者对员工的信任度和期望值，还更加适用于团队精神的培养。即使是在强者生存的竞争性工作团队里，许多员工虽然已习惯于单兵突进，我们仍能够发现皮格马利翁效应是其中最有效的灵丹妙药。,Ateamdoesaswellasyouandtheteamthinktheycan,Ateamdoesaswellasyouandtheteamthinktheycan.,Thisideaisknownastheself-fulfillingprophecy.Whenyoubelievetheteamwillperformwell,insomestrange,magicalwaytheydo.Andsimilarly,whenyoubelievetheywontperformwell,theydont.,Thereisenoughexperimentaldatatosuggestthattheself-fulfillingprophecyistrue.Oneunusualexperimentin1911concernedaverycleverhorsecalledHans.Thishorsehadthereputationforbeingabletoadd,multiply,subtract,anddividebytappingouttheanswerwithitshooves.Theextraordinarythingwasthatitcoulddothiswithoutitstrainerbeingpresent.Itonlyneededsomeonetoputthequestions.,ThestorywasalsothebasisofGeorgeBernardShawsplayPygmalion,laterturnedintothemusicalMyFairLady.InShawsplay,ProfessorHenryHigginsclaimshecantakeaCockneyflowergirl,ElizaDoolittle,andturnherintoaduchess.But,asElizaherselfpointsouttoHigginsfriendPickering,itisntwhatshelearnsordoesthatdetermineswhethershewillbecomeaduchess,buthowshestreated.,Yousee,reallyandtruly,apartfromthethingsanyonecanpickup(thedressingandtheproperwayofspeakingandsoon),thedifferencebetweenaladyandaflowergirlisnothowshebehavesbuthowshestreated.IshallalwaysbeaflowergirltoProfessorHiggins,becausehealwaystreatsmeasaflowergirl,andalwayswill,butIknowIcanbealadytoyoubecauseyoualwaystreatmeasalady,andalwayswill.,Theself-fulfillingprophecyisalsoknownasthePygmalionEffect.ThiscomesfromastorybyOvidaboutPygmalion,asculptorandprinceofCyprus,whocreatedanivorystatueofhisidealwoman.TheresultwhichhecalledGalateawassobeautifulthatheimmediatelyfellinlovewithit.HebeggedthegoddessAphroditetobreathlifeintothestatueandmakeherhisown.AphroditegrantedPygmalionhiswish,thestatuecametolifeandthecouplemarriedandlivedhappilyeverafter.,ThePygmalionEffectByEricGarner,ThestorywasalsothebasisofGeorgeBernardShawsplayPygmalion,laterturnedintothemusicalMyFairLady.InShawsplay,ProfessorHenryHigginsclaimshecantakeaCockneyflowergirl,ElizaDoolittle,andturnherintoaduchess.But,asElizaherselfpointsouttoHigginsfriendPickering,itisntwhatshelearnsordoesthatdetermineswhethershewillbecomeaduchess,buthowshestreated.,Yousee,reallyandtruly,apartfromthethingsanyonecanpickup(thedressingandtheproperwayofspeakingandsoon),thedifferencebetweenaladyandaflowergirlisnothowshebehavesbuthowshestreated.IshallalwaysbeaflowergirltoProfessorHiggins,becausehealwaystreatsmeasaflowergirl,andalwayswill,butIknowIcanbealadytoyoubecauseyoualwaystreatmeasalady,andalwayswill.,Theself-fulfillingprophecyisalsoknownasthePygmalionEffect.ThiscomesfromastorybyOvidaboutPygmalion,asculptorandprinceofCyprus,whocreatedanivorystatueofhisidealwoman.TheresultwhichhecalledGalateawassobeautifulthatheimmediatelyfellinlovewithit.Hebeg