《情态动词的用法》PPT课件.ppt

情态动词,概说：情态动词表示说话人的语气和情态，需要，可能，愿意和怀疑等。情态动词有一定的词义，但不完整，必须和主要动词的原形一起构成谓语。常用的情态动词有：can,could,may,might,must,haveto,oughtto,need,dare,shall,will,should,would,beableto,etc.,一.can,could,beabletoI.1)can表示体力或脑力方面的能力，或根据客观条件能够做某事的能力。Ablindmancannotjudgecolor.Hecanspeakfivelanguages.2)表示许可，在疑问句中表示要求，否定句中表示不许。Can(May)Icomein?-CanIuseyourdictionary?-Ofcourse,youcan.Thiskindofthingcantgoon.,3)表示可能性，常用于疑问句和否定句中，指“某事是否是事实”。Canitbetrue?Canthehallseatathousandpeople?Someoneisknockingatthedoor.Whocanitbe?Shecantbehere.Hecantbeserious.Marycanthavegonetherealone.4)表示温和的命令或批评Youcangoandfetchsomewater.Youcancleanthewindowsfirst.Youcouldreadmoreinfuture.Youcouldbemorecareful.,5)beableto与can的比较A)表示能力时可通用Noonecan/isabletodoit.Canyoucometonight?/Willyoubeabletocometonight?B)beableto可用于任何时态，can只能用在现在时或过去时（could）中。ImsorryIhaventbeenabletoansweryourletter.Hesays/saidhewill/wouldbeabletocomehomeforChristmas.C)表示经过努而成功地办到了某个具体的事情时，只能用beableto不可用can。Withthehelpofthefiremen,theywereabletoleavetheburninghouse.Afteryearsofhardworkhewasabletowintheprize,2.could1)could是can的过去时，除具有can的各种功能外，还可以用来比较委婉，客气地提出问题或陈述看法。Couldyoucomealittleearlier?ImsorryIcouldntlendyouthebooknow.-CouldIborrowyourbicycle?-Yes,ofcourse,youcan.(不可用could)Icouldcomeearlier,ifnecessary.2)can和could还可表示某人或某物一时的特点，可译为“有可能，有时会”。Hecanbeveryfriendly.Hecouldbeveryproud.Mancanbeascruelaswildbeasts.Childrencouldbeverytrying.(伤脑筋),二.may,might1）表示许可，允许，译为“可以”（正式场合）Youmaytakethebookhome.Peoplemaynotpickflowersinthepark.IdliketoaskaquestionifImayask.-MayIwatchTVtonight?-Yes,youmay.(No,youmustnt/youdbetternot.)-MayIsmokehere?-Yes,please./pleasedont.,2)表示推测，“或许，可能”表示一件事或许会发生，一般用在陈述句中。Itmayraintomorrow.Theymaynotbetheretoday.Foolsmayaskquestionsmorethanwisemencananswer.Anybodymaygetill.注：may指事实上的可能性,can指逻辑上的可能性Mr.Smithlookspale.Hemaybeill.Mr.Smithisinpoorhealth.Hecanbeillatanytime.3)表示祝愿Mayourfriendshiplivelong!Mayyousucceed!Mayyouhaveagoodtime!Mayyoubehappy!,4)常用在目的状语从句或让步状语从句中Getupearlysothatwemaycatchthefirstbus.Shewentbyairthatshemight/couldarriveearlier.Whoeverhemaybe,heshouldobeytherules.Hewouldworkhard,howeverrichhemightbe.5）maywell+动词原形意为“理应，有足够的理由”may/mightaswell+动词原形用来建议或劝说某人采取某种行动，有时相当于hadbetter常译为“还不如,不妨”。Hemaywellbeproudofhisson.（他大可以他的儿子为荣）Shemaywellsayso.（她说得对）Itisverylate,soyoumay/mightaswellgotobed.,Might:might是may的过去式，在表示可能时可以换用，但might可能性较小，或表示更婉转的语气。Jimmaylendyoumoney.Jimmightlendyoumoney.MightIaskaquestion?MightIaskforaphotoofyourbaby?IwonderifImightborrowsomemoney?,三.must,haveto,need1.must的用法：1）表示必须要做的事，意为“必须”，否定式表示不应该，不许可禁止等。在回答must的问句时,不用mustnt,而用neednt或donthavetoImustleaveat9.Wemustdoeverythingstepbystep.Wemustntwasteourtime.IfeltImustcallandseehim.-Mustwehandinourexercisestoday?-Yes,youmust./No,youneednt./No,youdonthaveto.,2)must表示“偏要，偏偏”，或“（干吗）硬要（多指不愉快的事）Whymustyoualwaysinterruptme?Mustyougososoon?Thecarmustbreakdownjustwhenwewereabouttostartoff.AfterIgiveheradvice,shemustgoanddotheopposite.3)must也可表示客观必然性，意为“必然会，总是会”。Allmenmustdie.Truthmustbeout.Wintermustbefollowedbyspring,3)must还可表示一种推断和揣测。must+do对现在事实的猜测;must+havedone对过去事实的猜测.ThismustbeJimspen.Youmustbejoking.Icantfindmykey.Imusthaveleftitinthebus.Thebookmusthavebeenwrittenbyawoman.Youmusthavebeenthinkingofsomething.,2.must与haveto的比较：1).haveto比较强调客观需要，表示因客观环境或事态促使而不得不做某事；must强调主观看法，表示主观上认为有必要做某事。Imustlearnanotherforeignlanguage.Youhavetolearnanotherforeignlanguageifyouwanttoworkhere.Youmustbebackbefore10oclock.Youhavetobebackbefore10oclockbecausethetrainistoleaveat10:15.2)haveto多表示义务或习惯动作；must则表示一种重要或急迫的事情。Youhavetocarefortheyoung.Shehastobeattheofficebeforeeighteveryday.Youmustgotothemanageratonce,oryoullbedismissed.,3）haveto可用于不同时态，可同其他情态动词连用，而must则只有一种形式.WewillhavetobuyanotherTVset.Sheisalwayshavingtomakedecisions.Hehashadtoreconsiderhisposition.Shemayhavetostaytherelonger.Ihaveto/mustleavenow.,3.need的用法：1）作情态动词用时，多用于疑问或否定句中。回答need提出的问句时，肯定常用must否定常用neednt/donthavetoYouneednotdoanythinghere.Heneverneedknow.Sheneedhardlysayanythingtohim.Idontthinkheneedcome.NeedIrepeatit?Thereneedbenohurry,needthere?-NeedIgososoon?-Yes,youmust./No,youneednt./No,youdonthaveto.,2)need作情态动词用时，也常用在if，或unless引导的条件状语从句或wonder后面的宾语从句。IfIneedstartearly,Iwill.IwonderwhetherIneedadvisehim.IwontwritetoherunlessIneedwritetoher.3）needhave+过去分词，表示不必做谋事，但却做了,有责备之意;didntneed/havetodo表示不必做且没做Youneednthavetoldthemaboutit.Iinvitedonlytwoguests,soyouneednthavebroughtsomuchfood.Ididnthaveto/didntneedtogetupearlyonSunday,soIstayedinbeduntil8oclock.,need用做行为动词时的用法：1)needtodo;needdoing;needtobedone的用法Ineedtobuyanewdictionary.Mybikeneedstoberepaired/repairing.2)在will或shall表示的将来时中need常用做行为动词。Youwillneverneedtoworryabouthim.Youwillneedtosaynothing,四.will和would的用法：1.表示意愿意志和决心或固执，用于非人主语时，表示固有性质，倾向Shewontlendmethemoney.Heisthemanwhowillgohisownway.Illneverplayajokeonhim.Iwontarguewithyou.Thewindowwontopen.Thedoorwontshut.2.表示客观事实Fishwilldieoutofwater.Oilwillfloatonwater.3.表示一种揣想，用于二，三人称ItwillbeMr.Wangknockingatthedoor.Shewillhaveheardoftheaccident.Sorrytobelate.Youwillhavebeenwaitingforsometime.Youwillnotbefamiliarwiththeserareplants.,4.用于疑问句表示邀请或请求Willyougivemeapieceofpaper?Wontyoucomeinandhavealittlewine?Wouldyoupleasetellmeyourtelephonenumber?5.表示“诺言”，“命令”，“叮嘱”，“强迫”译为“保证/保证不，必须，一定要Wewillpaybackthemoneysoon.Iwontdoitanymore,Ipromiseyou.YoullwaitheretillIcomeback.Noonewillleavetheexaminationroombefore12oclock.Allwillarrivebefore7:45.Youwillfinishitbeforeyouleave.,6.表示意图或允诺Youwillhaveyourshare.Iwilltroubleyouforthedictionary.7.表示拒绝，用wontIwontlistentoyournonsense.Thedogwontstopbarking.8.would与will的用法基本相同，would是will的过去式。如：will表示习惯而would过去习惯；用在疑问句中would比will语气更温婉等差异。ItoldhimthatIwouldgoalongwithhim.Imafraidthejourneywouldbetooexpensive.Wouldlikesomethingtoeat?WhenIwasachild,Iwouldgoswimmingeverysummer.,五.shall,should,ought的用法A)shall的用法1.用于一，三人称，表示征求意见或请求指示。ShallIturnonthelight?Shallwemeetintheevening?ShallIcomein？（你要我进来吗？）May/Can/MightIcomein?（我可以进来吗）Shalltheycomeinorwaitoutside?Shallhecometoseeyou?Shall+he/she/they+dosth=Doyouwanthim/her/themtodosth,2.用于二，三人称，表示决心，意志，允诺，命令，警告，威胁，命运或必然的结果等。Youshallhavemyanswertomorrow.（允诺）Youshallbesorryforitoneday.（警告）YoushallleavetheroomorIllshoot.（警告）TheyshalldoasItellthem.（命令或吩咐）Nothingshallstopusfromcarryingoutthisplan.Youshallnotsmokehere.（命令或禁止）Deathiscertaintoall;allshalldie.死必临万物；万物皆会死（命运）Whotouchespitchshallbedefiled.玩火者必自焚（必然结果）,B)should的用法1.表示劝告，建议，应该做，且有一种道义上的责任。Youshouldstudythearticlecarefully.Suchathingshouldntbeallowedtohappenagain.Ishouldhelphimbecauseheisintroublenow.Youshoulddoitbecauseyouhavepromisedto.2.表示对现在，将来，过去情况的某种推测，译为“可能，应该，该”。Heshouldarriveatnoon.Jimshouldbeathomenow.Theyshouldhavefinishedtheworkbytomorrow.Theyshouldhavereachedthetownbynow.,3.用于委婉，谦虚的提出意见，请求建议。Ishouldsayitwouldbebettertotryitagain.Ishouldthinkyouareright.Idliketohaveatalkwithyou.4.用于疑问或感叹句中，表示意外，惊异等情绪，与what,how,why,who连用，且问句不需回答，有些相当于修辞性问句。WhyshouldIfear?(=Idontfearatall.)WhatshouldIseebutmisery?=Icouldseenothingbutmisery.)Shouldwestandbyanddonothing?Shouldyoubesosilly?,5.在某些从句中，表示惊异，不以为然等情绪。可译为“竟然”；用在独立的that从句中，这时，that从句已成为感叹句，可视为省略了Imsorry等；用在结果状语从句中，表示“竟会”Thatthingsshouldcometothis!竟落到这种地步！Thatamanshouldbecruel!人竟会如此残忍！WhathaveIsaidthatyoushouldgetangry?我说了什么竟使你生气了？Itseemssounfairthatthisshouldhappentome.Itwasntrightthatsuchnearneighborsshouldnotknowoneanother.,6.用来表示虚拟（should+do/should+havedone）1）句中有表示命令，请求，建议，坚持等意义时，名词性从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟(should+do)TheteachersuggestedthatweshouldpracticespeakingEnglishasmuchaspossible.Mysuggestionisthatyoushouldgowithus.Itissuggestedthatweshouldstartworkatonce.Hemadeasuggestionthatweshouldhelpthepoor.2）在下面结构的主语从句中Itisimportant/necessary/natural/strange/apityetc用虚拟(should+do)Itisimportantthatweshouldstudyanotherforeignlanguage.Itisagreatpitythatsheshouldhavefailedtoseesuchawonderfulperformance.,3)在lest,forfearthat,incase引起的状语从句中，谓语动词用(should+do)Heclearstheglasswithcareforfearthatheshouldbreakit.Bequietincaseyoushouldwakethebaby.Theyspokeinwhisperslesttheyshouldbeheard.4)should+havedone表示过去应该做某事却没做。含有“责备，内疚”之意。Sheshouldhavehelpedyoualot.Youshouldhavetoldhimaboutit.Theyshould/oughttohavecomebackyesterday.,六.dare的用法1）dare用作情态动词常表示现在或将来时间，有时也可表示过去，可用于肯定句，否定句，疑问句或if,unless等引导的从句Hedaregodeepintothemountainsalone.Shedaresaywhatshethinks.Hedarenotcriticizeher.Sheneverdarespeakinpublic.Noonedaregothere.Howdareyoudosuchathing?Dareyougohomealone?Iwonderifshedarecomehome.Iwonderwhethershedaredisclosethesecret.,2)dare用作行为动词时常用作及物动词，表示“敢于，敢冒，敢于面对，向挑战”后可跟名词，代词或不定式Hedaresanydifficulties.Hedaresmetojumpoverthewall.他向我挑战跳过那堵墙Idareyoutodoit.量你也不敢Hedaredtoswimintheriver.Shedidntdaretotellhermotheraboutit.Iwonderhowhedaredtosayso注：Dare同shall,will,should,would,have,had等连用时，常用作行为动词.Iwillnotdaretoclimbthetree.Hewouldneverdaretodoit.Theyhaveneverdaredtoswiminthelake.,七.情态动词+动词完成式的用法1.may和might+动词完成式1）常用于推测过去的行为，表示“可能已经”Hemayhavereceivedtheletter.ItmighthavehappenedlastOctober.2）也可表示将来某时之前的情况Hemayhaveleftwhenyougetthere.Shemighthavediedbeforehereturns.3）表示现在已经完成的情况Hemighthavearrivednow.Shemayhave