non-verbal_communication-跨文化交际.ppt

Session5,InterculturalNon-verbalCommunication,Whatwillhappen?,Source:/,QUESTION:What?,EveryculturehasrulesabouttheCORRECTuseofspace.Theproxemic(relatingtothestudyofspace)rulesareunwrittenandnevertaught-buttheyareverypowerfula.Shewillaskthemtositsomewhereelse.b.Shewillstareatthespaceinvadersdefiantly,butshewillnotmove.c.Shewillleave,sayingnothingtothethreepeoplewhoinvadedherpersonalspace.,Flight,Flightisthemostcommonresponsetospatialinvasions,andonly2%oftheinvadedpeopleinproxemicsexperimentseversayanythingtothosewhoinvadetheirpersonalspace.Theinvasionisstressfulfortheinvaded,makinganearlydepartureisalmostcertain./,Nogesturehasthesamemeaning!,thereisnointernationallanguageofgestures.Instead,cultureshavedevelopedsystemsofuniquegestures,anditisalmostneverpossibleforustounderstandintuitivelythegesturesfromanotherculture.,FrenchgestureforIdontbelieveyou,guesswhatthisIraniangesturemeans?,No.1forme/Goodluck/screwyou,Screwyou,Thisgestureteachesanextremelyimportantlesson.ThisgestureisidenticaltotheAmerican/EnglishgestureforGoodLucktoyou.Butitisanobscene(淫猥的)gesture,andanAmericantravelinginIranwouldoutragepeoplethereiftheAmericanperformedthisgesture.Wheninanothercultureorsociety,weshouldnevermirroragesturethatsomeonepresentstous-withoutknowingit,wecouldbedeeplyoffendingthatpersonandinvitingconflict.,Whowonthegameofone-on-onebasketball?,a.Themanontheleftb.Themanontheright,Themanontheright,Heseemsconfident,poisedandmodest-allqualitiesthatsuggestheisthewinnerofthegame.,1.NonverbalCommunication,Nonverbalcodesrefertocommunicativemessageswhicharenotinwordform.Morethan55%messagesarecommunicatednonverbally!,Peopleturntobelievenonverbalcodeswhentheycontradicttheverbalones!,Definition:(1),“Metacommunication(beyondtheusualcommmunication),paralinguistics,second-ordermessages,thesilentlanguage,andthehiddendimensionofcommunication.”(Hall,1959),Definition:(2),Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallnonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthatisgeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathaspotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.(SamovarandPorter,2004),DefinitioninChinese,非言语交际包括在交际中认为的和环境产生的对于传播者或受传者含有潜在信息的所有的刺激，简单地说就是“不用语言的交际”，被称作”无声的语言“。,DefinitioninChinese,非语言交际在人类交际中非常重要。因为它最能反映一个人的情感或情绪状态。一个人（或多个人）不利用言语形式或只利用副语言形式所传达的信息被另一个人（或多个人）接收的交际行为。,OverviewofNonverbalCommunication,BodyLanguageGeneralappearanceanddressGesturesEyecontactFacialexpressionPostureTouching,2.ParalanguageSilencePitchVolumnEnvironmentLanguageSpaceTime,毕继万（1995）,体态语（bodylanguage，包括各种表情、动作、姿态）副语言（paralanguage，包括沉默与非语义声音）客体语（objectlanguage，包括皮肤颜色、气味、衣着化妆、家具等）环境语言（environmentallanguage，包括时间，空间、颜色、城市规划以及人对自然的影响等，即影响生理与心理的环境因素）。,Differentcategorization,对非言语交际方式，有种种不同的分类法，而且各子系统往往出现相互交叉或包容现象。下面将引述安德逊（Andersen，见Samovaretal，1991：287)的分类系统。安德逊对非言语交际系统的划分比较全面，并按照人们对其研究的深度，由深到浅地划分出以下几个子系统：,安德逊（Andersen),（1）时间学(chronemics)研究人们利用时间的方式及其意义。（2）空间学（proxemics）研究人际距离及空间使用方式及其意义。（3）身势学（kinesics）研究人们的面部表情（facialexpression）、身体动作（bodymovements）、手势（gestures）等。（4）体触学（haptics）研究身体接触所传达的信息。,安德逊（Andersen),（5）外表（physicalappearance）研究人们的肤色、衣着打扮及身体形态等。（6）目光学（oculesics）研究人们通过目光接触（eyecontact），眨眼（blinks），眼珠转动（eyemovements）及瞳孔放大（pupildilation）等所传达的信息。（7）副语言（paralanguagevocalics）研究声音的非言语成分（nonverbalelements）所传达的信息。（8）嗅觉学（olfactics）研究人们如何通过气味来传达信息。,1.1BodyLanguage,Bodylanguagereferstoallnonverbalcodeswhichareassociatedwithbodymovements.Bodylanguageincludesgestures,headmovements,facialexpressions,eyebehaviors,posturesandotherdisplaysthatcanbeusedtocommunicate.,(1)GeneralAppearanceandDress,Concernwithhowoneappearsisuniversal.Wemakeinferences(oftenfaulty)aboutanothers“intelligence,gender,age,approachability,financialwell-being,class,tastes,values,andculturalbackground”fromattractiveness,dress,andpersonalartifacts.Doyouselectattractivefriendsoverlessattractiveones?,(1)GeneralAppearanceandDress,Muslingirlsusuallywearscarvestocovertheirheads,andinmostinstance,“girlsarenotallowedtoparticipateinswimmingclassesbecauseoftheprohibitionsagainstexposingtheirbodies.”ModestyishighlyvaluedamongArabs.PerhapsnowhereintheworldisthemergerbetweenattireandaculturesvaluesystemmoreevidentthaninJapan.“Theproclivity(倾向,癖性)forconservativedressstylesandcolorsemphasizesthenationscollectivismand,concomitantly(同时地）,lessensthepotentialforsocialdisharmonyarisingfromnonconformistattire.”,(2)Gestures,Doyouknowwhatthefollowinggesturesmeans?,Number1isusedtogetherwiththeverbalmessage“Letskeepourfingerscrossed”intheUnitedStates,England,andSwedentomeanthatthepersonishopingforgoodluck.ButinGreeceandTurkeyitmeansthebreakingofafriendship,andinpartsofItalyitmeans“O.K.”.,Number2isnormallyusedwhentalkingprivatelyaboutathirdperson,meaningthatpersoniscrazy,ofteninajokingway.,Number3indicates“Ihavenoidea.”/“Idontknow.”,ThegestureinPicture4meansthat“Icant/didnthearyou.”,Number5means“Thatsenough.Itsalloverforme.”,InPicture6the“thumbsdown”signindicates“rejection”or“refusal”,“defeat”or“nogood”or“badnews”toAmericans.,“Somethingisabitsuspicious/oddhere.”,“Comehere.”,Number9iswidelyusedintheUStomean“Great,perfect,acceptable,O.K.”ButisBelgiumandFrance,itmeans“zero”;inTurkey,Brazil,Greece,andMalta,ithasanobscenemeaning;andinTunisia,itisusedasathreat.,Number10isusedinItalytosay“Hello.”ForIndonesians,Malaysians,andsomespeakersofArabic,itsignals“Comehere.”,Number11means“Oh,Iforgot.”oranexpressionofsurprise.,ThegestureinNumber12means“Slowdown,relaxorwaitasecond.”,Number13isusedtoshowthatsomeoneisachampionorawinner,usuallyinsports.Thisgesturecausedaseriousinternationalmisunderstandingin1959.NikitaKhrushchev,theSovietleader,wasvisitingtheUSandusedthisgesture,whichmeansfriendshipinRussia.Americannewspapersprinteditonpageone.AndtheAmericanpeopleunderstoodittomeantheopposite:thattheSovietUnionwoulddefeattheUS.,Picture14isoneofthefewgestureswhichseemstobeusedonlyintheUS,andmanypeoplefeelitisnotascommonasitoncewas.Thisgestureismadebymovingoneindexfingeragainsttheother.Itisusuallyusedwithchildren.Oradultsdoitasajoke.Itmeans“Youdidsomethingbad;shameonyou.”,Finger(1),IntheUnitedStates,theindexfingerisusedtopointtoobjectsandevenatpeople.GermanspointwiththelittlefingerJapanesepointwiththeentirehand,palmsupInmuchofAsia,pointingwiththeindexfingerisconsideredrude,Finger(2),英语国家的人有不少手语，其一就是crossonesfingers或keeponesfingerscrossed。Crossonesfingers.即把中指放在食指上，作有点像十字架的交叉状。十字架在西方代表上帝，所以crossonesfingers有祝福、祈求好运的意思，例如：Iamcrossingmyfingersthatnothinguntowardwillhappentohim.（我祈求不幸的事不会降临他身上）。Keepyourfingerscrossedforhim.即为他祝福吧。留意crossyourfingers是说的多，确实做这手势的少。,Finger(3),说到手指，不能不谈谈伸出中指这个下流手势，英文叫做givesomeonethefinger，例如：Thepresidentialcandidateappearedquiteunperturbedwhenafewintheaudiencegavehimthefinger.（听众席上有些人向总统候选人伸出中指，但他若无其事）。要说得幽默一点，把gavehimthefinger改为gavehimone-fingersalutes（一只手指的敬礼）也无不可。,Thumb,此外还有thumbsup（拇指向上）、thumbsdown（拇指向下）的手势。古罗马斗士战败，观众做出拇指朝上手势，是说可以饶他性命；做出拇指朝下手势，则是说杀却。今天，thumbsup常用来表示嘉许或接受，thumbsdown则表示不满或反对，例如：Theauthoritieshavegiventhethumbsup./thumbsdownonourplan.（当局接受/否决了我们的计划）。,WhatmaytheO.K.signmean?,InBrazila.rudenessInRussiab.moneyInFrancec.somethingvulgarInJapand.somethingworthless,(3)Eyecontact,Thoutellstmethereismurderinmineeye.-ShakespeareYourlipstellmeno,no,buttheresyes,yesinyoureyes.-Musicalballad,Howtoreadherheartfromhereyes?,Generalguidelines,Theeyecontactinanelevatorcouldbeverybrief.Directvisualcontactwithanotherseyes:视线接触：直接与另一个人的眼睛进行视觉接触：“Hemanagedtosayhelloto12peopleinfivesecondswithoutmakingeyecontactwithasingleone”Inacrowdedbus,asubwayortrain,thepropereyecontacttimecouldbesome10seconds.Onlyalecturerorapoliticianaddressinganaudiencecanholdeyecontactaslongashewishes.,Generallyspeaking,ifyoulookatyourpartnerseyesfromtimetotimewhilespeaking,youllberegardedassociable,friendly,confidentandfrank.Ifyouavoideyecontact,youllberegardedascold,distant,unconfidentandnotinvolvedintheconversation.,Directeye-to-eyecontactisnotuniversal,AteenagePuertoRicangirlinaNewYorkhighschoolwastakenwithanumberofothergirlstotheprincipalforsuspectedsmoking.Althoughtherewasnoproofofanywrongdoingandalthoughshehadagoodrecord,theprincipaldecidedshewasguiltyandsuspectedher.“Therewassomethingslyandsuspiciousabouther.”hesaidinhisreport.“shejustwouldntmeetmyeyes.Shewouldntlookatme.”,Cross-culturaldifferences,USAvs.France,Youobserve,analyzeandinterpretbeforeyoudecidethepossiblemeaning!,Matchthefollowingdescriptionswiththebehaviors:,Thepersonisveryrelaxed,buthe/sheisreadytomoveatanytime.Thepersonisindeepthinking.He/shethinksthatmaybeagoodideaandisreadytomoveafterthethinking.Thepersonisverygladtoseetheother.Actuallyhe/shethinksthatpersonisimportant.Thepersonisveryconfident.He/shethinkshe/sheismoreimportantthantheother.Thepersonhasmadeuphis/hermind.He/sheisveryangry,buttriestocontrolhim-/her-self.Thepersondeterminestocontrolhis/herfeelings,tryingtocalmdown.Thepersonpresentshim-/her-selfasanimportantman.Buthe/shetriestobefriendlytoothers.,D,E,A,F,C,G,B,SittingorStanding?,Inwesterncountries,peoplewhostandaremoreimportantthanthosewhosit(unlessthereisatablebetweenthem),becausetheformercouldcontrolthelatter.,BowinginJapan,InJapan,mutualbowingislargelydeterminedbyrank.“bowingcontest”BendslightlytoonesrightBecomingautomaticmovement,e.g.bowwhenmakingphonecall,(6)Touching,Jourardsatincoffeeshopsinfourdifferentcities.Wheneverhesawpeopletouch,herecordedthetouch.Hisrecordsareasfollowed:Sainthorn(PortoRico):180Paris:102Gynswere(Florida):2London:0,Eachculturehasawell-definedsystemofmeaningsfordifferentformsoftouching.Somegeneralizationscanbemadewithregardstohigh-touchversuslow-touchcultures.Americans,theEnglish,GermansandNorthernEuropeansaresaidtobelongtolow-touchcultures,exhibitingverylimitedtactilecontactinpublic.Hispanics(西班牙人),peopleofEasternEuropeandescents,Italians,theFrench,Arabs,andJewsareallsaidtobelongtohigh-touchcultures.,Whatswronghere?,CasestudyOneoftheverycommonmannersoftouching-handshaking-mayresultinconflictwhenperformedwithnoconsiderationofculturaldifferences.Amongmiddle-classNorthAmericanmen,itiscustomarytoshakehandsasagestureoffriendship.Whenwantingtocommunicateextrafriendliness,amaleintheU.S.may,whileshakinghands,graspwithhislefthandhisfriendsrightarm.,Once,aNorthAmericanbusinessmanvisitingMiddleEasterncountriesattemptedtoemphasizethesincerityofhisfriendshipinthismannertohisSaudiArabianbusinesspartner.However,theSaudiArabianbusinessmanwasgreatlydispleased.Why?,IntheMuslinworld,thelefthandisprofane(亵渎的)andtouchingsomeonewithitishighlyoffensive.,1.2Paralanguage(伴随语言),Itreferstovoicecharacteristicsandvocalqualities.Paralinguisticsisthestudyofsuchnon-semanticaspectsofspeechastone,volume,pitchandtempo,pauseandthelikewhicharetogetherwithverbalinformation.Ourvoicemaybeoneofthemostinformativeelementsinbuildingupourimages.,(1)Pitch,Pitchdecideshesitationoremphasis.Whenoneisexcited,his/hervoicewouldbehighinpitch,quickinrate,andtherewillbenopausesbetweensentences;Whenoneissadordepressed,his/hervoicetraitswouldsurelybetheopposite.,(2)VolumeControl,TheEnglishalwaysspeakinlowervoicethanChinesewhentheymakespeechoralecture,ortalkingwitheachother,orphoning.ButChineseoftenspeakinloudvoiceintheaforesaidoccasions.Americanaremoreskilledinregulatingtheirvoicevolumeanduseverymanydifferentvolumelevelsdependingonthesizeoftheaudienceandthephysicalenvironment.,(3)Silence,Silencecanbelongerbetweenfriendsorintimatesthanthestrangerswhohavetoconverse.Chinesepaymoreattentiontothefunctionofsilenceinthetalking,andthinkthatthepausesandsilencehaverichmeanings.Silencemayhavemanypossiblemeanings:agreement-disagreement,thoughtful-ignorance,consideration-inconsideration,secrecy,coldness,submission,boredomandsoon.,1.3EnvironmentLanguage(1)Space,Markingyourownspaceorterritory:towelatthebeach?coatorhandbagontheseatnexttoyou?bookinthelibrary?yourowncornerorchairinasharedapartment?curtaintoseparateyourdeskandbedinyourdorm?,Spaceincludesthepersonalspaceandterritoriality.Animalsandhumanbeingsbothstakeouttodefendtheirterritories.Theterritorialinvasionofacountrymayleadtothedeclarationofwar.Butpeopleasindividualsmaynotbesopugnacious(好斗的).Amoretangibleformofcommunicationbetweenpeopleistheuseandcontrolofspace.,a.Territoriality（领域性）,Peopleerectflags,fences,andwallstoclaimtheirterritory.E.g.theGreatWallPeoplemayhavepublicterritoriesthatareopentoall,suchasatableinalibrary,aseatinsuchpublicplacesasbanks,postoffices,parks,oraparkinglot.,Peopleusuallyuseamarkertosignalhis/hertemporaryownershipinapublicsetting.(Markersmaybeabook,aschoolbag,asuitcasethatcanrepresentpersonalexistence.Themarkerasatemporaryoccupancyisvalidaslongasothersrespectit,otherwiseinvasionmayhappen.)Researchersshowthatpeoplemayreactinseveraldifferentways.Withdrawalisthefirstalternativeinfrontofaviolation.,b.PersonalSpace,Thepersonalspaceistheportableterritorywithinvisibleboundariesthatexpandorcontract,dependingonthesituation.Inotherword,wecarrybodybubbleswithuswhicharelikeinvisiblewallsthatdefinedourpersonalspace.Whatmightbethefactorsthatwillaffectpersonalspaceofpeople?decisivefactors:theirgender,age,culturalsettingandrelationshiptotheirtalkingpartners.,NorthAmericansdistancehabit,050cm:intimateloversandfamilymembers50120cm:friends(personaldistance)120270cm:acquaintances(socialdistance)270cm:publicspace,notbelongtooneselfBehind:strangersspeakingfrombehindareallowedtostandmuchmorenearer.,Someculturessimplydonotthinkofprivate,personalbodyspace.e.g.Sometimes,fiftyAfricanscancrowdintothesameamountofspacethatholdsonlytwentyNorthAmericans.,Wheretosit?Choosethes