句子成分和简单句基本句型.doc

Unit1句子成分和简单句基本句型学习目标:( Learning Aims)1、通过分析典型句子,了解英语中词的分类,能够说出句子中的常见成分:2、通过观察、学习例句,能够判断各种简单句基本句型和 there be句型3、通过持续相关训练,能够在阅读中快速断句和分析句子结构,能在作文中用正确的句子结构表达自己的思想英语十大词类:英语中的词可以根据词义、句法作用和形式持征分为十大词类。1、名词(n)是表示人、事物、地方、现象及其它抽象概念的词,在句子中可以作主语,表语,宾语，补足语,同位语及定语。2、动词(v)是用来描述主语的动作、行为或状态的词,在句子中作谓语,是句子中不可缺少的一部分。英语中的动词有不同的形式,这些形式体现在动作发生的时间(即时态)、主动发出动作还是被动接受动作(即语态)和说话者的口气、感情等(即语气)。3、形容词(adj)是描述人或事物的性质、特征、状态。主要用于修饰名词或部分代词，或者放在系动词后面做表语。4、副词(adv)是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词,用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等。5、代词(pron)是代替名词或起名词作用的词。主要分为人称代词、物主代词、不定代词,反身代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词等。6介词(prep):介词是一种虚词,不重读,也不能单独作句子成分,通常用于名词代词前构成介词短语。介词后的名词或代词称为介词的宾语。7、连词(conj):是连接单词、短语或句子的一种虚词,在句中不单独作句子成分,一般不重读,按性质分为并列连词和从属连词。8、冠词(art)英语中有a, an和the这三个冠词,a, an是不定冠词,the是定冠词。9、数词(num,)是表示数目多少或顺序先后的词。10、感叹词( interj):表示说话时的感情或语气。二、句法相关知识_( subject) Betty likes her new bike To see is to believe. What he says agrees with what he does_predicateJane practices running every morning.You are sincerely invited to a party to be given at the teachers Club.Without your help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time._objectThey went to see an exhibition yesterday.Do you subscribe to her pessimistic view of the state of the economy.He gave me some ink. Our teacher told us an interesting story._predicativeHer sister is a nurse. The two rooms look different.We were at home last night. His cup is broken.Jobs motto is that we should stay hungry and stay foolish._complement We elected him monitor. I find it pleasant to be with your family._attribute This is a green jeep How many girl students are there in this class?I have something to tell you. He is always the first to arrive._adverbial Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers.with all the smoke and noiseShe will arrive in Beijing on Monday He stopped to have a look. well set out if it is fine tomorrow._appositiveWe each have an English dictionaryI made a promise to my self that this year, my last year in high school, would be different_parenthesisI am amazed to hear from my school teacher again, believe it or not, it is ten years since we met last. You can, if you please, come to join us in the game(二).句子的分类1、句子按使用目的分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句陈述句:分为肯定句和否定句Man was born good. In fact, the room was not made to be a gift. All hope was not lost.疑问句:分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句,选择疑问句和反意疑问句。Do you believe in aliens? Who is your idol？ Which language are you studying，English or French?You dont believe in aliens, do you? Everyone agrees to the plan, doesnt he?/don t they?Alice, you feed the bird today, will you?祈使句Be careful.Search the website of the Fire Department in our city, and you will learn a lot about firefighting感叹句How clever you are! How time flies!What good news you have brought us! What a strange plant! Ive never seen it before2、从结构上又可分为简单句、并列句和复合句简单句的五种基本句型_Most of our walk took place along the riverIn youth. we learn. In old age, we understand. (2 _I see you. I feel you. _You are my sunshine What is love?- -Love is a problem in math. Love is a battle in history-Love is a reaction in chemistry-Love is a heart in art-Love is you to me_Perhaps you might give her a callShe handed me a small ring box_Parents are eager to see their kids shape up.She made it a rule to go jogging every day.3. There he句型 there无词义,主语是be后的名词,be可以根据具体语境有多种变化There will be a meeting this evening.There used to be a grocery store on the corner.Has there been any letters from Jack recently?There is likely to be something wrong with the engine.There happened to be a doctor on the train.需要注意以下几点1)be替换词有come, exist, fall, follow, happen, lie, live, occur, remain, stand等,这些动词可以变形There fell a deep silence.突然陷入一阵沉默There remains one more test to be carried out before putting the instrument into operation2)主谓一致,谓语动词应和后面的主语在数上保持一致,如果有多个主语,与离动词最近的那个主语一There is only a table, four chairs and a small bed in the room.3)谓语单一原则易错点: There are some students support the idea正确的表达: 1.There are some students who support the idea2.There are some students supporting the idea. 3.Some students support the idea.There are three factors _( contribute.) to this attitude as follows.In view of the practical need of society, there are more and more people_(interest) in learning English.鉴于社会的实际需要,越来越多的人对学习英语感兴趣3)非谓语形式 I don t want there to be any misunderstandingThere being no bus, we had to walk home4)常见句型There is no need to worry about himThere is no sense/point in waiting here without knowing when he will come backThere is no doubt that we can benefit from regular exercise.There is no denying that the quality of our environment has gone from bad to worse.Where there is a will, there is a wayPractice单句改错1. Take regular exercise is of vital importance. 2. 30% of the students against the plan3. A week past before the letter arrived.4. I watched him until he was disappeared from sight in the distance5. The economic crisis worsening in some countries now6. The speaker spoke louder but still couldnt make himself hear7. Dont leave the water run while you brush your teeth8. Meeting my childhood friend was a great moment for me, the one I will never forget9. There are no fresh water and no good farm land, and it is not a comfortable place to live in10. There had been reports of monsters in Lake Tianchi since the beginning of the last centuryI1. There are more and more people are interested in traditional arts12 There are hundreds of visitors wait in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Goghs paintings13. Since you have repaired my TV set, it is no need to buy a new one.14. Planning so far ahead making no sense- many things will have changed by next year.15. Trying some of the juice and perhaps youll like it.16. There have 60 students in my class. 完成句子I. To play fair is as important as_ (play) well2. Between two rows of trees _ (stand) the teaching building3. _ felt funny watching myself on TV.4. The flowers_ (smell) sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature5. _ Lily was invited to the party made her very excited6. Two heads are_ (good) than one.7. Failing to plan is_ (plan) to fail8. A man who _ (ask) is a fool for five minutes. A man who never asks is a fool for life9. I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train_ (catch) . 10. The food Mom cooks _（ taste）delicious.11. No matter how _ (careful) you plan your finances, no one can predict when the unexpected will happen 12. Theres a note pinned to the door_ (say) when the shop will open again13. _ is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland, staring at thenight sky14.- How can I apply for an online course?- Just fill out this form and we_ (see) what we can do for you15. Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming_ (regard) as one of the best exercises.II. Learning aims!1、通过阅读含有定语从句的句子,能够找出先行词、定语从句、关系词及其在从句中充当的成分2、通过分类训练,能够选择合适的关系词3、通过强化训练,能够在口头表达和书面表达中恰当地运用定语从句。I. Discovering useful structures:请将每句中的定语从句标上下划线,并标出先行词、关系词及其在从句中充当的成分I. A huge crack that was eight kilometers long and thirty meters wide cut across houses, roads and canals2. The number of people who were killed or seriously injured reached more than 400.0003. Later that afternoon, another big quake which was almost as strong as the first one shook Tangshan.4. The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.5. The next day people put up shelters in the open air made with any thing (that) they could find.6. A number of children whose parents had died in the quake were sent to live with families in other cities.7. Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice.8. The time when I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult period of my life.9. The school where I studied for only two years was three kilometers away.10. The reason why he was late for the meeting was that the alarm clock went wrong.11. The parts of town in which they had to live were decided by white people.12. Mandela was generous with his time, for which I was grateful.自我归纳:(summing-up)1、先行词是2、关系词用来引导定语从句,通常指代的是_的含义,关系词that、 which、who, whomwhose是关系代词,在其引导的定语从句中作_成分; 作_成分时可以省略; 关系词 where, when, why是关系副词,在其引导的定语从句中作II Summarizing structures:(-)关系代词引导的定语从句1,指代人的关系代词who在从句中多做主语I am going to see a friend who has just come back from the UK.whom在从句中多做宾语,可省略The girl (whom) you just met is Cathy.Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice.who和whom在引导定语从句时的替换问题:who和whom在其引导的定语从句中充当宾语(介词不提前)时,可以相互替换 I want to thank those who have helped me. I have become good friends with several of the students in my school (who/ whom) I met in the England.2、指代物的关系代词: which在从句中多做主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略Later that afternoon, another big quake which was almost as strong as the first one shook Tangshan.Literature is a subject (which) I know little about.3、既可以指代人又可指物的关系代词that在从句中多做主语，宾语或表语,作宾语时可省略The next day people put up shelters in the open air made with anything (that) they could find.Is she the girl that sells newspapers?Gaobeidian is not the city that it used to be.whose既可以指代人又可指代物,在从句中作定语A number of children whose parents had died in the quake were sent to live with families in other cities.The club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden every Saturday afternoon.Whose 可以转换为of which/whom the n.& the n of which/whom.A number of children of _ the parents had died in the quake were sent to live with families in other cities.The club the members _ which are the music fans meet in the school garden every Saturday afternoon.(二)关系副词引导的定语从句1.关系副词when在其引导的定语从句中作时间状语,修饰的是表示时间的名词The time when I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult period of my lifeThis was a time when one had got to have a passbook to live in Johannesburg.The days are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a living.Occasions are rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids.2.关系副词where在其引导的定语从句中作地点状语,修饰的是表示地点的名词.(1)修饰表示具体地点概念的名词。The parts of town where they had to live were decided by white peopleThe places outside the towns where they were sent to live were the poorest parts of South Africa(2)修饰表示抽象地点概念的名词We have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at allI have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to make decisions of my own.He got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the planeTeaching is a job where you are doing something serious but interesting.Life is a long race where we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.Later cases will be introduced to readers where consumer complaints have results in changes in the law.思考:先行词是表示时间的名词,定语从句一定由when来引导吗?先行词是表示地点的名词,定语一定由where来引导吗?试比较以下两组句子:I returned to the city _I visited last year.I returned to the city_ I grew up.Ill never forget the days_ we spent together. Ill never forget the days _we worked together.3、关系副词why在其引导的定语从句中作原因状语,修饰的是表示原因的名词Can you tell me the reason why / for which you want to leave your present employer?I didnt get a pay rise, but that wasnt the reason why/for which I left.(三)“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句介词+which引导的定语从句修饰指物的名词:;企词+whom引导的定语从句修饰指入的名词The parts of town in which they had to live were decided by white people.The money with which you were to buy dog food is gone.For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, of which New York is an example.Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice.She is the person from whom you can expect good advice.I dont like the way (that/in which) you talked to your mum.The way (that/in which) he teaches English is interesting比较下面一组句子I dont like the way (that/in which) you talked to your mum.We first broke the law in a way which/that was peaceful.（四）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切,若缺少,句意不完整;非限制性定语从句与关系词不太密切,一般用逗号与主句隔开。I dont like children who are noisy. I dont like children, who are noisy.I wont wear clothes which will distinguish me from others. I wont wear clothes, which will distinguish me from others. 关系代词that不能引导非限制性定语从句；非限制性定语从句中关系代词作宾语时不能省略The earthquake was felt in Beijing，which is more than two hundred kilometers away.Amy, who took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important.My cousin, whose body is slim, still wants to lose some weight.My grandpas pills are in the bedroom , where he always keeps them.well put off the outing until next month, when the weather is nicer.Mandela was generous with his time, for which I was grateful.I am doing different types of exercises all of which are quite helpful to my health.Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on a diet.Sam missed the show, which was a great pity.五)应注意的问题1、 which与that的区别:当先行词指物时只能用that不能用 which的情况(1)先行词为 all, few, much, little, nothing, everything, anything等不定代词时。All that is glitters is not gold. There is little that I can do for you.(2)先行词被all, few, little, any, the very, the only, the last等词修饰时Finally, the thief handed all things that he had stolen to the police.Have you ever been to Rome? - No, but thats the very city that Id like to visit mostThats the only thing that we can do now（3）先行词被 the first, the second, the last等序数词及形容词的最高级修饰时;This is the best novel that I have ever read (4)先行词既有人也有物时My father and his teacher talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.（5）当主句中有who, which时，而定语从句中也要用到who或which时，为了避免whowho, whichwhich等重复，定语从句要用that引导。例如： Who is the man that is standing by the door? 站在门边的那个男人是谁？ Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk? 你养的那两头奶牛中哪一个产奶多？ （6）人或物在定语从句中表语时，用that引导定语从句。例如： He is no longer the man that he was.他不再是过去的他。2.修饰物时只用which不用that的情况 1、引导非限制性定语从句时。例如： Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light.竹子是空心的，这使得他很轻。 2、当关系词前有介词时。例如： This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.这就是毛主席曾经住过的地方。 3、定语从句的主谓一致:关系代调在从句中做主语时,定语从句中谓语动词的数由先行词决定1）Anyone who _ (break) the law will be punished.2) Those who _ (finish) the work may go home.3) He is the only one of the teachers who _(know) French in our school.4) This is one of the rooms that_(be) free now.4、as引导的定语从句The earth, as we all know, goes around the sun.As I have pointed out, it is important to include vegetables in our diet.As we had expected, he changed his mind later.As is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.As is reported in the newspaper， this bank is one of the biggest ones in this比较下面两组句子:He won the game, _ people expectedHe failed, _ is unexpected.He is such a boy _ everyone likes. He is such a boy _ everyone likes him.5、定语从句与其他句型的区别Maria has written two novels, both of which have been made into television series.Maria has written two novels, and both of them have been made into television series.It was about 600 years ago that the first clock was made.If you are travelling where the customs are really foreign to your own, please do as the Romans do.-Mum, what did your doctor say?-He advised me to live where the air is fresher.Doris success lies in the fact that she is co-operative and eager to learn from others.Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class that he had to meet his uncle at the airport.There is much chance that Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.It is known to us all that the 2016 Olympic Games will take place in Rio, Brazil.What was most important to her, she told me, was her family. Basic practice:1) 单句改错1. When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house which I would stay.2. Finally he reached a lonely island where was completely cut off from the outside world.3. The children, all of them had played the whole day long, were worn out.4. He wrote a letter which he explained what had happened in the accident.5. The way in that he learns English is interesting.6. The Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary is a dictionary which he often uses it.7. A warm thought came to me which I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mothers birthday.8.-Where did you get to know her? -It was on the farm that we worked.9. Could it be in the meeting room that you talked with me last night that you left behind keys?10. Creating an atmosphere in that employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.11. China Today attracts a worldwide readership, who shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.12. He wrote many childrens books, nearly half of them were published in the 1990s.13. Opposite is St. Pauls Church, which you can hear some lovely music.14. It is a truly delightful place, it looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.15. The first place which we visited was the Great Wall.2) 用适当的代词或连词填空I. A lot of language learning, _has been discovered is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.2. Sales director is a position _ communication ability is just as important as sa