绪论、骨学、躯干骨.ppt

SystematicAnatomy,down,DepartmentofAnatomyYunyangmedicalcollege,【目的和要求】,1了解系统解剖学的任务、分科及发展简史。2掌握人体的标准姿势、方位术语、轴和面。3掌握骨的分类，了解骨的表面形态，掌握骨的构造。4了解骨的化学成分和物理性质。5掌握椎骨的一般形态、各部椎骨的主要特征。6掌握胸骨的分部及重要标志。7掌握肋的组成、形态结构。,上页,Introduction,一、ConceptanddivisionHumanAnatomyisthesciencewhichdealswiththegrossmorphologyandspatialinterrelationsofthestructureofthebody.Formedicalstudents,humananatomyisthebasiccourseofpreclinicalandclinicalcurriculum.,down,Up,systematicanatomymacroanatomy巨视解剖regionalanatomyhistologymicroanatomycytology微视解剖embryologysurgicalanatomysurfaceanatomyX-rayanatomysectionalanatomylocomotiveanatomy,humananatomy（division）,down,Up,二、人体解剖学发展简史（自学）三、我国人体解剖学的发展历程（自学）,down,Up,四、Thepartsandsystemsofthebody,.thehumanbodyisdividedintotenparts.theheadtheneckthethoraxthebacktheabdomenthepelvisandperineumtheupperlimbsthelowerlimbs,down,Up,Locomotorsystem运动系统Alimentary(Digestive)system消化系统Respiratorysystem呼吸系统Urinarysystem泌尿系统Reproductivesystem生殖系统Endocrinesystem内分泌系统Circulatorysystem脉管系统Senseorgans感觉器Nervoussystem神经系统,.Thereareninesystemsinhumanbody,down,Up,五、Theanatomicalposition,termsofdirection,axisandplanes,down,Up,.Theanatomicalposition解剖学姿势,.ThetermsofdirectionSuperiorandinferiorAnteriorandposterior(ventral)and(dorsal)MedialandlateralInternalandexternalSuperficialandprofoundProximal近anddistal远Ulnar尺andradial桡Tibial胫andfibular腓,down,Up,.Theaxisandplanesverticalaxisaxissagittalaxisfrontalaxissagittalplaneplanesfrontalplanehorizontalplane,down,Up,六、人体解剖学的学习方法,down,Up,运动系统Locomotorsystem,down,Up,Thelocomotorsystemconsistsofbones,jointsandmuscles,origin,belly,tendon,insertion,down,Up,Chapter1Osteology骨学,Accordingtothelocationofthebones,itcanbedividedintoskull,bonesoftrunk,bonesoflimbs.Theformertwoformtheaxialbone.,Section1Thegeneraldescription,down,Up,一、Theshapeandclassificationofthebones,longbones长骨shortbones短骨flatbones扁骨irregularbones不规则骨,down,Up,1.longbonesarefoundinlimbs,itconsistsofabodyandtwoends.,Medullarycavity,Epiphysis,Epiphysialcartilage,down,Up,2.shortbonestheshortbonesdistributeinwristandfoot.,down,Up,3.flatbonestheydistributeinskullandchest.,down,Up,4.irregularbonestheirregularbonesaregreatlyvariedinshape,suchascranialbonesandvertebrae.,sinus,down,Up,二、骨的表面形态（了解）,Thelivingbonesconsistofbonysubstance骨质,periosteum骨膜andbonemarrow骨髓.,Periosteum,Bonysubstance,Bonemarrow,down,Up,三、thestructureofbones,1.bonysubstance(1)Compactbone:坚实致密，配布于骨表面。,(2)Spongybone：呈海绵状，配布于骨的内部，由骨小梁组成。,down,Up,2.periosteumItcoversthesurfaceofthebone(exceptthearticularpart),itconsistsoftwolayers:anouterandaninnermembrane.,down,Up,Periosteum,3.bonemarrowbonemarrowisfoundinthemedullarycavitiesoflongbonesandwithinspacesinspongybone.Therearetwokindsofbonemarrow,redandyellow.,Redmarrow,Yellowmarrow,down,Up,四、Thechemicalcompositionandphysicalpropertiesofbone,organic,inorganic,Livingbonesareplastictissueswithorganicandinorganic.,down,Up,Section2Theaxialbone中轴骨,一、Thebonesoftrunk躯干骨,Thebonesoftrunkincludethevertebrae,thesternumandtheribs,whichprovideframeworkforthevertebralcolumn(脊柱),thethoraciccage(胸廓)andthepelvis(骨盆).,down,Up,(一）Thevertebrae椎骨,Inachild,thenormalnumberoftheseparatevertebraeis32or33.Cervical颈vertebrae:C7Thoracic胸vertebrae:T12Lumbar腰vertebrae:L5Sacral骶vertebrae:S5Coccygeal尾vertebrae:Co34,down,Up,1.Thegeneralfeaturesofthevertebrae,vertebralbody椎体vertebralforamenvertebralcanalvertebralarch椎弓pedicleofvertebralarchintervertebralforamenlaminaeofvertebralarchspinousprocessSevenprocessestransverseprocessesarticularprocesses,down,Up,2.Themaincharacteristicsofvertebraeineachregion,(1)Thoracicvertebrae胸椎thebodyisheart-shaped.costalfovea.articularfacetsofarticularprocessesarerelativelyvertical.thespinousprocessarelonganddownwardsloping,down,Up,(2)Cervicalvertebrae颈椎thebodyissmall.articularfacetsofarticularprocessesarerelativelyhorizontal.vertebralforamenislargeandisnearlytriangular.therearethetransverseforamen.thespinousprocessareshortandbifid.,down,Up,Up,Luschka关节颈椎病,Up,thefirstcervicalvertebraeisknownasatlas寰椎.thesecondcervicalvertebraeisknownasaxis枢椎.theseventhcervicalvertebraeisknownasvertebraprominens隆椎.,down,Up,(3)Lumbarvertebrae腰椎thebodyislarge.vertebralforamenistriangular.articularfacetsofarticularprocessesarealmostsagittal.thespinousprocessarestrong,short,squareandhorizontal.,down,Up,(4)Thesacrum骶骨promontory岬anteriorsacralforaminasacralhiatus骶管裂孔sacralcornu骶角,(5)Thecoccyx,down,Up,(二）Thesternum胸骨,Itconsistsofthreeparts,themanubrium柄,body体andxiphoidprocess剑突sternalangle胸骨角,down,Up,(三）Theribs12pair,1.GeneralfeaturesRibs17calledtrueribs真肋Ribs812calledfalseribs假肋Ribs810toformcostalarch肋弓Ribs1112calledfloatingribs浮肋,down,Up,2.Characteristic