国外工程机械主要配套件的基本情况及发展趋势外文文献翻译@中英文翻译@外文翻译

国外工程机械主要配套件的基本情况及发展趋势 工程机械主要配套件有动力元件、传动元件、液压元件及电气元件等。目前工程机械动力元件基本上都用内燃式柴油发动机（简称柴油机）；传动分机械传动、液力机械传动、静液压传动、电传动等。但目前工程机械用得最多、最普遍的为液力机械传动及静液压传动。整个传动系统还包括传动轴、驱动桥等。静液压传动有多种结构形式，有的有传动轴、驱动桥，有的没有，视情况而定；液压元件主要有缸、泵、阀、密封件及液压附件等。静液压元件的泵（主要是变量泵）、马达（变量与定量），以及相应的减速机等；电气元 件以前对工程机械的影响还并不大，最早的工程机械电气系统，主要是起动电路及照明电路，系统及元件都非常简单，起动可以用拖起动，白天干活不用照明，因此，这两个电路系统出了故障也能勉强维持工作。但工程机械发展到今天，电气系统及电气元件已经成了工程机械一个非常关键的部分，可以说今天的绝大多数工程机械，电气系统出了故障根本就不能工作，有的甚至寸步难行，等于一堆废钢铁。因此电气系统、电器元件目前也是工程机械最关键最主要的配套件之一。主要电器元件除传统的元件外，还有各种传感器，各种控制元件及微处理机等等。下面就国际上这些工 程机械主要配套件的基本情况及发展趋势谈谈看法。 1 国外工程机械主要配套件的基本情况 目前国外工程机械主要配套件大多数都生产历史悠久，技术成熟、供应充足，生产集中度高，品牌效应突出。配套件的发展随主机的发展而发展，同时配套件自身的发展反过来又促进主机的发展。目前国外工程机械配套件的发展形势好过主机的发展形势。 1.1 目前国外工程机械配套件的发展形势比较好 近些年来国外工程机械有一种发展趋势，主机制造企业逐步向组装企业方向发展，配套件逐步由供应商来提供。比如世界上实力最强的主机制造企业美国的卡特彼勒、凯斯、 日本的小松、瑞典的沃尔沃等世界上这些大型的工程机械主机制造企业，其配套件的配套能力也是非常强的，它们的配套件外配的数量也是在逐年大幅度地增长，一些中小工程机械企业就更是如此，配套件逐步主要由零部件制造企业来提供。这样做有几大好处，主机企业可集中精力把自己的主机产品作好，减少配套件完全由主机企业自己来承担的风险，而配套件企业作得更强更大，有能力迅速提高配套件的质量、技术水平，同时能为主机企业提供更多的新产品，这样更容易促进主机产品的发展。国外工程机械主机企业从 1988 年达 850亿美元的销售额以来，基本上没有多 大变化，而相反这些年来配套件从 150 亿美元，增长到 1000 亿美元，增幅是相当大的。因此，国外工程机械配套件这些年来得到了快速发展。 1.2 国外工程机械配套件生产历史悠久、技术成熟、品种齐全，完全能满足各种工程机械的配套需求 国外许多工程机械主要配套件企业都有 50 年，甚至 100 年以上的发展历史，企业的规模都相对较大，技术十分成熟，品种也非常齐全，几乎应有尽有。比如目前世界上生产密封件及减振器最大的企业，德国的弗罗伊登贝克公司，成立于1849 年，生产密封件及减振器已有 100 多年历史，其品种应有尽有，从技术上、品种上完全能满足液压行业对密封件及密封技术的要求。同时还不断推出新的密封材料及新的密封结构，推动液压密封技术不断向更高技术水平发展。目前世界上最大的中大型发动机制造企业，美国的康明斯发动机制造公司，成立于 1919年，也几乎有近 100 年的历史。 37.3kW(50 马力 )以上的柴油机可以全方位为各种工程机械，甚至所有需要柴油机动力的各种机械配套，在技术上可以完全满足最苛刻的欧 II、欧 III 排放标准，甚至可以达到欧 IV、欧 V 排放标准。在流体产品领域内，目前世界上最大的流体产品（主要是液压件、密封件及液压附件等）制造 企业，美国的派克公司，成立于 1918 年，也有近 100 年历史，可以提供品种齐全的、高技术水平的液压件、密封件及所有的液压附件。目前世界上最大的用于静液压系统的变量液压元件制造企业，德国的博士 力士乐公司，已有200 多年的历史，从 1953 年开始全面制造液压元件，也有 50 年以上历史。其最具特色的产品是用于静液压传动的变量系统液压元件，无论是斜盘式或斜轴式，闭式（泵控）或开式（阀控）系统液压元件品种都非常齐全，能为各种需要静液压系统元件的工程机械整个系统成套配套。还有世界上最大的传动部件制造企业，德国的 ZF 公司， 成立于 1915 年，也有近 100 年历史，能为各种工程机械提供品种齐全的传动部件。在电气配套件方面，世界最大的德国西门子电气公司，以及日本的东芝公司、川崎公司、德国的博士公司等，都有 50 年以上，甚至 100年以上的悠久历史，能满足工程机械各种高技术水平的电气系统和电气元件的要求。 1.3 生产集中度很高 生产集中度高是配套行业的一大特征，前面所谈到的象弗罗伊登贝克公司，年营业额达 50 亿欧元以上，在欧、美、日等世界主要密封件市场，占据了 50%以上的市场份额，在全世界有 2。 8 万名员工，在中国的无锡、长春也分别建有工厂 。以生产中型发动机为主的康明斯公司， 2002 年其营业额已超过 59 亿美元，在全世界有 40 多家工厂，有 2。 5 万名员工，在中国已有 8 个子公司，几乎占据了世界流通领域中大型发动机近一半以上市场份额（卡特、小松等自己生产发动机自己用的产品未算在流通域）。世界上几大主要液压件制造企业，美国的派克公司、伊顿 威格士公司、博士 力士乐公司等几大公司占据了世界液压件市场的绝大部分。派克公司 2001 年营业额已达 60 亿美元以上，职工已达 6 万人，在全世界有 200 多家分公司及工厂。世界上几大传动部件制造企业，德国的 ZF，美国的德 纳，阿里逊公司等占据了世界相当大的传动部件市场份额。 “ZF” 2001年营业额达 91 亿欧元。 以上这些例子每一家的年销售收入都远远超过中国工程机械整个配套件行业的年销售收入。 2002 年中国工程机械配套件全行业的销售收入只有 26 亿元人民币，折合美元不到 4 亿美元，只有弗罗伊登贝克公司、派克公司等十五分之一左右，就连美国一个作小小单一产品 过滤器的美国颇尔公司都不如，颇尔公司年销售收入为 7 亿美元，也几乎是我国工程机械配套件全行业年销售收入的 2倍。可见世界工程机械配套件的集中度非常高。 据统计，世界前 10 几名最大 的工程机械主机企业占了整个工程机械市场的75%以上，世界上前 10几名配套件企业同样占了整个配套件市场的 70%75%以上。 当前世界工程机械配套件企业为进一步提高系统成套配套能力，进一步提高市场竞争力，进一步追求经济效益最大化，加快企业之间的采购及集团化进程，产品及企业集中度还在继续进一步提高。 1999 年由美国伊顿公司以 17 亿美元整体收购世界液压行业著名的老的名牌企业威格士公司；美国派克公司并购了世界最大的齿轮泵生产企业美国的康摩希尔公司；萨奥公司与丹弗斯公司合并，日本内田油压全部卖给力士乐公司，力士乐公司 又由博士公司整体收购。 2000 年英国帕金斯公司以 13 亿美元整体卖给卡特彼勒公司等都说明了世界工程机械配套件企业集中度还在进一步提高。 1.4 有众多的世界级名牌产品 除前面提到的康明斯发动机，弗罗伊登贝克公司密封件、派克、伊顿 威格士、博士 力士乐液压件， ZF、德纳、阿里逊传动件等都是世界最著名的企业，其产品都是世界最知名的名牌，产品品种规格多、产销量大。还有许多单一的、有特色的专用配套件，也有许多世界知名企业及世界名牌产品。比如前面提到的美国颇尔过滤器，小小的过滤器，在世界有 20 多个子企业，遍布世界各 地，年营业额达 7 亿美元以上，占据了很大的国际过滤器市场份额，为世界过滤器最知名品牌。康摩希尔公司的齿轮泵，在世界上最有特色，可称得上世界齿轮泵的最知名品牌，目前该公司已被派克收购。还有液压行业比较专业的有特色的世界知名品牌，如美国萨奥公司的变量柱塞泵；哈斯科的各类阀，特别是获得专利技术的负荷传感控制技术的阀；德国哈威公司的轴向、径向柱塞泵，方向、压力、流量控制阀；日本帝人公司的带变量马达的行走减速机等。还有一些其它的世界著名工程机械配套件产品，如美国的盖瑞特涡轮增压器，几乎世界主要大公司的柴油机都用该公司的 产品；德国赫施罗特艾德有限公司的回转支承；美国米其林公司的橡胶轮胎；意大利拍可公司的四轮一带履带行走装置等等，都称得上世界名牌产品。各行各业还有不少世界名牌产品，这里就不一一列举了。 1.5 中小企业有自己专长的特色产品 世界上工程机械除实力很强大的配套件企业外，还有数量众多的中小型企业，这类企业美国、日本、西欧都不少。比如美国液压、气动行业，中小企业就有 190 多家。在欧洲，意大利特别突出，意大利大型配套件企业很少，中小企业很多，这些企业大多数都在 100 人甚至 50人以下。这些众多的中小型配套件企业要在实力强 大的大企业的夹缝中求得生存是非常困难的。但有许多这样的中小型企业生存下来了，甚至能长久存在下去，有的生存得还非常不错，主要是这些企业有它们自己的专用技术、特色产品。有的是其它企业，甚至是大企业没有的。比如前面提到的颇尔过滤器、盖瑞特涡轮增压器、康摩希尔公司的齿轮泵、萨奥公司的变量柱塞泵、帝人制机公司的行走马达减速机等，就是属于这类专有的有特色的产品。还有一些中小企业专门为其它公司供某一种或某一部分专门零件或部件，甚至毛坯等。比如有专门为大公司配电磁铁、配锻件、铸件等，因此，中小配套件企业要使自己能生存和发展 必须在专字上和精字上下功夫，把自己的专有技术、专有产品作精，作得非常有特色，否则很难在夹缝中长期生存下去。即便是这样，世界上许多这样的中小企业还在不断地寻找新的出路。比如康摩希尔公司加入 Parker 集团就是寻找新的出路的方法之一。 1.6 配套件企业与主机企业结成紧密的伙伴联盟关系 在当今世界工程机械市场上，主机企业与配套件企业是密不可分的。配套件企业要生存要发展离不开主机企业，主机企业要生存要发展也离不开配套件企业。即便是世界上实力最强的，主机和大部分配套件都自己生产的，世界工程机械第一块牌子美国卡特彼勒 公司在很多方面也要依赖配套件企业，比如在传动部件方面，许多产品是由 ZF 给它配套件。许多液压件、电器元件是博士 力士乐，甚至其它公司给它配套的，它与这些配套件企业结成了紧密的伙伴联盟关系。卡特有许多新开发产品，新机型的推出，许多技术水平更高的新的配套件是来自于这些配套件公司或者是由卡特设计的，让这些配套件企业帮它生产的。给卡特配套的配套件都打上卡特的商标。这些配套件企业也非常讲信用，只要是卡特专用的产品它们决不原封不动地卖给第三者。可见主机与配套件企业是伙伴战略联盟关系。还有 Case 公司与 Commins 结成战 略联盟， Commins 专为 Case 生产专用配套的发动机，打上 Case 的商标等等。因此，主机企业与配套件企业是唇齿相依的关系，只有互相密切配合，互相支持，利益共享，才能求得共同发展。 2 国外工程机械配套件发展趋势 2.1 电子技术步入工程机械领域，使工程机械发生了巨大变化 当今世界上工程机械配套件发展的一个最显著的特点是电子控制技术得到越来越广泛的应用，这可能是 20 世纪末到 21 世纪又一次世界工程机械行业的革命性变化。世界工程机械诞生 100 多年来，几次关键性的新配套件的出现引起了工程机械发展史上的革命性变化。 第一次是柴油机代替汽油机；第二次是液压操纵代替机械操纵；第三次是液力变矩器的出现，液力机械传动代替机械传动，第四次是行走工程机械的铰接式动力转向代替刚性车架的偏转轮胎转向等都对世界工程机械技术，起到了革命性的推动作用。当前许多电子控制技术的配套件的发展，将又一次带来世界工程机械革命性的技术发展。 当前飞速发展的微电子技术及微电脑技术在工程机械配套件的应用上发展非常快。在控制技术方面，利用体积很小的大规模集成电路、微处理器为核心，对作业操纵进行集成电子控制，逐步发展到包括变速、转向、制动、柴油机等全面的集成电 子控制，进而向智能化方向发展。为适应主机的集成电子控制及智能化发展的需要，主要配套件实现用电子化控制改变传统的控制方式，主要是通过机电液一体化来实现配套件的电子控制，且电子控制元件逐步内藏化，使电子、电器元件成为整个配套件不可分割的一部分。比如柴油机从开始的电子喷射到目前出现的全电子控制，变速操纵的微电脑集成控制，作业及转向操纵的电液比例控制等，这些配套件不但本身实现了单一的电子控制或微电脑集成控制，而且还为整机实现电脑集成控制提供了电路接口，为进一步实现智能化打下了基础。智能化也是从简单逐步到复杂，从单个 项目逐步到全面，这方面目前世界上也刚刚在起步。如卡特彼勒 G 一代轮式装载机，有带智能化的微电脑集成操纵控制，但仍保留了原来的操纵控制系统，同时作业操纵还未实现智能化。柳工今年 3 月份与中南大学及上海宝信公司合作，尝试搞了一台摇控智能化装载机，进行了试验，对智能化工程机械有了初步认识。微电子及微电脑控制技术在工程机械及配套件上的广泛应用，使整机操纵的安全舒适性、节能及环保、作业质量及效率等都有可能达到最佳程度，因此电子控制技术在工程机械及配套件上的应用与发展，会带来世界工程机械技术发展史上的又一次革命。除控制技术 外，其它方面，如微电脑控制的智能化电子监测系统及故障诊断系统，智能化自动润滑系统，自动电子称量系统等都得到了越来越广泛的应用。 2.2 当前世界工程机械向两极方向发展，特别是向小型化及微型化方向发展的趋势特别明显 世界上通常把 74.6kW（ 100 马力）以下的工程机械称为小型工程机械。小型工程机械主要产品有小型挖掘机、小型装载机、滑移转向装载机、挖掘装载机、小型伸缩臂装卸机、小型推土机、压路机等。世界上近 10 年来， 74.6kW(100 马力 )以上到 298kW(400 马力 )之间的中等型号工程机械基本上没有大的发展 ，近几年来还有下降趋势。但小型工程机械一直成快速发展之势，特别是在欧美发展很快。在日本发展也特别明显，近几年日本的整个工程机械市场下降很严重，但小型工程机械仍呈上升趋势。目前世界上最小的液压挖掘机，整机质量只有 0.4t，斗容量 0.02 m3，发动机功率只有 7 kW。康明斯发动机公司以前只生产 37 kW (50马力 )以上的中大型发动机，近年来公司看到了小型及微型工程机械的发展形势，也迅速投入了小型发动机的研制。这两年来先后开发了 5 种型号的 A 系列小型发动机，功率从 13.4-44.7 kW (18-60 马力 )，使 康明斯发动机的功率从原来最小的 37 kW (50 马力 )向下延伸到 13.4 kW (18 马力 )。随着主机向小型化方向发展，配套件也明显地、比较迅速地向小型方向发展。 2.3 静液压技术在工程机械上的应用越来越普遍 目前国外工程机械最新技术发展的另一个显著特点是静液压传动得到越来越普遍地应用。静液压传动其传动效率比液力机械传动高出十几个百分点。近年来世界上各主要工程机械制造企业，发动机功率在 74.6 kW（ 100 马力）以下的小型工程机械，基本上都采用了静液压传动。采用静液压传动后，泵与马达基本上都是变量的，且泵 的出油方向可变，不但传动效率比液力机械传动高出十多个百分点，而且还可非常方便地实现电液变速操纵的电子控制，可与动力分配很好地配合，保证在各种速度下得到尽可能大的牵引力，达到最佳的高效节能效果， 同时还可采用液压制动。静液压制动理论上讲是无磨损的，因而减少了制动系统的维护保养，并提高了制动的可靠性。采用静液压传动后，整机布置发生了变化，驱动马达 通过一个简单的传动箱固定在后桥上，传动箱另一端用传动轴与前桥相连，发动机横置，这样后悬短，后罩小，拓展了驾驶员的后视野。 目前静液传动与液力机械传动相比唯一的缺点是成 本太高，如果将成本降到与液力机械传动差不多，液力机械传动将会被静液压传动所取代。 我国工程机械配套件企业通过 “七五 ”、 “八五 ”、 “九五 ”的大规模技术改造及技术引进，与国外企业合资、合作，无论是产品品种、产量、数量、质量及技术水平都得到了飞速发展。但与世界工程机械配套件相比，在企业规模、品牌、品种、质量及可靠性，产品技术及制造技术等方面还存在着巨大差距，希望配套企业加强行业的整合，加强科研开发工作，尽快赶上世界先进水平，为我国工程机械事业的发展做出更大的贡献。 附录 B The basic condition and developing trends of main foreign engineering mechanism accessories The main accessories of engineering mechanism include drive parts, transmission parts, hydraulic pressure parts and electric parts, etc. At present, the drive parts of engineering mechanism mainly use interal-combution diesel motor (diesel engine for short)； transmission can be separated into mechanical transmission, liquid-power mechanical transmission, immobile hydraulic pressure and electrical transmission, etc. But now, the most popular one used in engineering mechanism are liquid-power mechanical transmission and immobile hydraulic pressure. The whole transmission system also includes transmission shaft, drive-bridge, and so on. Immobile hydraulic pressure has many forms. Some have transmission shafts and drive-bridges and some do not. They are determined by different conditions. Hydraulic pressure parts include cylinder, pump valve, sealed accessory and hydraulic pressure accessories, etc. . Immobile pressure parts include pump (mainly include variable pump), motor (variable and ration), and relevant reduce, etc. Electric parts have little impact upon engineering mechanism. The earliest engineering mechanism is electrical system, mainly including staring circuits and lighting circuits. The system and the components are all simple. The start can use drag starter and light neednt be uses during daytime. Therefore if the two circuits go wrong, the system can also work loathly. But today, as the development of the engineering mechanism, the electrical system and component have become very important parts. That is to say, nowadays engineering mechanism can not work if electrical system is broken down, or it is even equal to a amount of steel. Therefore electrical system and components is the key accessories to the mechanism. The main electrical components, except for traditional ones also include kinds of sensors, controlling components, and microprocessor and so on. The underneath is international to ascend the basic circumstance and the development trends of these engineerings machine main kit piece to discuss the viewpoint. 1 Basic circumstance of the foreign engineering machine main kit piece Currently the main kit a majorities of foreign engineering machine all produce the history long, the technique is mature, the supply is ample, produce the concentration degree is high, the brand effect is outstanding The development of the kit piece with the development but developments of the host, the development of an oneself of kit turns over and promotes host develop at the same time.Currently the development situation of the foreign engineering machine kit piece likes the development situation of the host. 1.1 The development situation of the foreign engineering Machine kit piece is better currentlyNearer in the last years the foreign engineering machine contain a kind of development trend, the host manufacturing business enterprise gradually to construction the business enterprise direction development, the kit piece is provide by the supplier gradually. For example the most strong host in real strenght manufacturing business enterprise in the world Carter of the United States that Caterpillar, Case, Japan of small loose Komatsu, fertile Volvo etc. of fertile of the Sweden is in the world these large engineerings machine host. Manufacturing business enterprise, the kit ability of its kit piece also is very strong, the quantity that their kit piece outside go together with also is at increase year by year and significantly, some in small engineering the machine business enterprise is also such, the kit piece mainly is gradually from zero the parts manufacturing business enterprise to provide. Do like this to have several big advantages, the host business enterprise can concentrate the energy to make own host product good, reducing the kit piece completely from the host business enterprise oneself to the risk that undertake, but the kit piece business enterprise make stronger and larger, there is the quantity, the technique level of the ability quick exaltation kit piece, can provide more new products for the host business enterprise at the same time, promoting the host product develop thus and more and easily. The foreign engineering machine host business enterprise did not have another the big variety basically since 1988 amounted to the sale sum of USD 85,000,000,000, but contrary these in the last yearses kit piece is from USD 15,000,000,000, increasing USD 100,000,000,000, increasing is very big. Therefore, a these in the last yearses of the foreign engineering machine kit got the fast development. 1.2 The foreign engineering machine kit pieces produce the history long, the technique is mature, the species is well-found, can satisfy various kit need with mechanical engineering completely The foreign main kit a business enterprises of many engineering machines all have 50 years, even the above development history of 100 years, the scales of the business enterprise are all opposite to compare greatly, the technique is very mature, the species is also very well-found, almost complete with everything. For example currently in the world produce to seal completely the piece and reduce to flap the biggest business enterprise of machine, the of Germany Luo the ascends the shell gram( Freudenberg) company, establishing in 1849, producing to seal completely the piece and reduce to flap the machine to already have more than 100 calendars history, its species complete with everything, from the technique, species can satisfy the liquid to press the profession to seal completely the technical request towards sealing completely the piece and completely up. Still release continuously to seal completely the material lately and seal completely the structure lately at the same time, push the liquid to press to seal completely the technique continuously to the higher technique level development. Biggest currently in the world of medium large launch the mechanism to build the business enterprise, the clear ( Cummins) of the United States launches the mechanism to build the company, establishing in 1919, also almost being close to 100 years of history. Above diesel engine of 37.3 kws(50 horsepowers) can with all-directions is various engineering machine, even all various machine kit with dynamical demand diesel engine, can satisfy completely on the technique most the Europe II, III exhaustion standard of Europe that engrave, even can attain the Europe IV, V exhaustion standard of Europe. In the fluid product realm, currently in the world the biggest fluid product( mainly is a liquid to press the piece and seal completely the piece and liquids to press the enclosure etc.) manufacturing business enterprise, the Parker( Parket) company of the United States, establishes in 1918, also having 100 near calendar histories, can provide the species liquid of the well-found and high technique level to press the piece and seal completely piece and all liquidses to press the enclosure. Used for the quiet liquid to press the system to change to measure the liquid to press the component manufacturing business enterprise biggestly in the world currently, the Doctor- muscle man of Germany joy company, already have the history of more than 200 years, have made the liquid to press the component completely since 1953, also have the above history of 50 years. It have most the product of special features is to used for quiet liquids press to spread to move of change and measure the system liquid presses the component, is inclined dish type or inclined stalk types regardless, the shut type( the pump control) or open type( the valve control) system liquids press the component specieses all very well-found, ability for various demand calm down the liquid presses the system component of engineering machine the whole system become a kit. Still have to spread to move the parts manufacturing business enterprise biggestly in the world, the company of ZF of Germany, establish in 1915, also have 100 near calendar histories, the ability provides the species to spread to move the parts well-foundly for various engineering machine. In an aspect of the electricity kit, the biggest German Siemens in world electricity company, and the Doctor Bose company of the company of Toshiba, company of Kawasaki, Germany of Japan etc., all have 50 years above, even the above long history of 100 years, the request that can satisfy various electricity system of high technique level and the electricity component of the engineering machine. 1.3 Produce the concentration degree is very high Produce the concentration degree is high is a big characteristic of the profession of kit, the elephant that front speak of Luo the ascends the shell gram company, the sales amount of year amounts to 5,000,000,000 euros above, in Europe, beautiful, day etc. the world mainly seals completely a market, occupying the above market quota of 50%, there are 28,000 employees in the whole world, in China of without the tin, the long spring also sets up the factory respectively. With produce medium-sized launch machine is clear company of of main , in 2002 its sales amount already over USD 5,900,000,000, there are more than 40 factories in the whole world, there are 25,000 employees, already having 8 subsidiaries in China, almost occupying the world to circulate the realm in large launch the above market quota of near half of machine.( Carter, small loose etc. oneself produce launch the machine the product that oneself use did not calculate at circulate the area) Several big and main liquids press a manufacturing business enterprise in the world, Parkers company, of of the United States space privates Eaton- Vickers company, the Doctor- muscle man joy Bosch- Rexroth company etc. several archduke departments occupied the liquid of world to press an overwhelming majority of market. The sales amount of 2001 of company of Parker is already USD 6,000,000,000 above, the officers and workers is already 6 myriad peoples, there are the company of more than 200 cents and factories in the whole world. Several spread to move the parts manufacturing business enterprise greatly in the world, the ZF of Germany, the virtuous Dana of the United States, in lousy company etc. occupies the world to spread to move the parts market quota very and greatly. ZF the sales amount amounted to 9,100,000,000 euros in 2001. Above these examples each year sells the year that the income is all far far above the whole kit a profession of Chinese engineering machine to sell the income. The sale income of a whole profession of the Chinese engineering machine kit onlied have 2,600,000,000 dollar renminbi in 2002, equivalenting to the US$ not to USD 400,000,000, only have the Luo the ascended the shell gram company, Parker company etc.1/15 is or so, connect an United States that made the small small one product- filter, the United States rather companies of all not as rather as, the company the year sold the income as USD 700,000,000, also is almost an our country the engineering machine kit a whole profession the year sold the income of 200%. It is thus clear that the concentration degree of the engineering machine kit piece of world is very high. According to the covariance, ex biggest engineering machine host in world business enterprise had 75% of the whole engineering machine market above, the world comes forward 70% that a business enterprise of more than 10 kits had a market of the whole kit equally75% is above. At present a business enterprise of the world become a kit ability for the further exaltation system, the further exaltation market competition ability, further pursue the economic performance to maximize, speed purchase and groups between business enterprise to turn the progress, the product and the business enterprise concentration degrees still continue further exaltation. Was been whole to procure old famous brand business enterprise space privates company that the liquid of world pressed the profession with USD 1,700,000,000 by a company of American in 1999； American Parkers company buys the biggest wheel gear pump in world to produce the rare Commercial company of the of the business enterprise the United States also； The Sauer company merges with the Danfoss company, the farmland inside Japan is hydraulic-pneumatic to sell to the muscle man joy company all, the muscle man joy company is again to be is whole by the Doctor company to procure. The British gold company was whole to sell to Carter with USD 1,300,000,000 in 2000 that the company etc.s all explained a business enterprise concentration degree of the world still in the further exaltation. 1.4 Have numerous world classes famous brand product Launch the machine in addition to the clear that speak of before, Luo the ascends the shell gram company to seal completely the piece, Parker, of the space private, the Doctor- muscle man joy liquid presses the piece, ZF, virtuous,in lousy spread to move an etc.s are all a world most the business enterprise of the of , its products are all the most well-known famous brands of world, the product species specification is many, the production & sales have great capacity. Still have many ones of, have the appropriation kit piece of special features, also have many business enterprises with well-known world and famous brand product of world. The United States that speak of for example and before rather filter of , very small filter, there is more than 20 statureses business enterprise in the world, spreading all over the world-wide locations, the sales amount of year amounts to USD 700,000,000 above, occupied the very greatly international filter market quota, is the most well-known brand in filter of world. The hopes the wheel gear pump of the company of at having most the special features in the world, can call go to the most well-known brand of the wheel gear pump of the world, that company has already been procure by Parker currently. Still have the liquid to press well-known brand in world that the profession compares the have of profession special features, if the American company of changes to measure the pillar to fill the pump； Each kind of valve of the section of Husco, acquire the technical burden of patent to spread the technical valve of the feeling control especially； The stalk of the German Have company to, the path fills the pump toward pillar, direction, pressure, the discharge control valve； Japanese persons company of takes to change to measure the motor to run about to decelerate machine etc. Have some a product of an engineering of other worlds machine kit, such as the cover of the United States especially turbo machine, almost the diesel engines of main archduke in world department all use the product of that company； The German Luo especially the turn-over of the virtuous limited company pays to accept； The rubber tire of the American rice its woods company； Italy clap can( Berco) once the four-wheeler of the company take the track to run about the device etc., all calling go to the famous brand product of world. The every trade still has not a few famous brand products of world, the here is different on enumerating. 1.5 Medium small business enterprises have the oneself the special features product of the specialty The engineering machine is in addition to the very strong kit a business enterprise of real strenght in the world, still having the quantity numerous medium small scaled business enterprises, this business enterprise the United States, Japan, Western Europeses are all not a few. For example the American liquid press, annoys to move the profession, the medium small business enterprise contain more than 190 houses. At Europe, Italy is specially outstanding, a business enterprise of Italian and large kit is few, in the small business enterprise a lot of, these business enterprise the majorities are all at 100 people are even 50 people the following. A business enterprise of these numerous medium small scaled kits wants to beg to exist in strong big business enterprise of real strenght clip sew is very difficult. But have many thus of medium the small scaled business enterprise existed down, even can last long under existence go to, the existence for have have to still be very quite good, mainly is these business enterprises contain its own appropriation technique, the special features product. Have plenty of other business enterprises, even is a big business enterprise to have no of. Speak of for example and before rather filter of , the cover especially the turbo machine, the hopes the wheel gear pump, the company of of the company of to change to measure the pillar to fill the pump, the person of system machine company to run about the motor deceleration machine etc., be belong to this proprietary have the special features of product. Have some the medium small business enterprise to provide a certain or some one part of specialized spare partses or parts for other companies exclusively, even semi-finished product etc. Is for example specialized take charge of to go together with the electromagnet and go together with the piece of , the an etc. for the archduke, therefore, win a business enterprise of small kit to want to make the oneself be able to exist and develop must at particularly word up and word of up put forth effort, have own to technique particularly and have the product to make the particularly, make have to have the special features very much, otherwise very difficult in clip sew under long-term existence. Is thus even if, many in the world thus of medium small business enterprise return at look for the new exit constantly. For example the rare company of of the joins the group of Parker is one of the method that looks for the new exit. 1.6 A business enterprise of kits and the host business enterprises become the close colleague the alliance relation Nowadays the engineering machine of world is on the market, the host business enterprise and kit piece business enterprises are inseparable. A business enterprise of kit wants to exist and develop to can not get away from the host business enterprise, the host business enterprise wants to exist and develop to also can not get away from a business enterprise of kit. Is a real strenght even if the most strong in the world, the host produces with an oneselfs of big and parts of kits all of, American Carter of a piece of brand of engineering machine of world that the company of is also wanting to depend on a business enterprise of kit very in many ways, for example in the aspects of spreading to move the parts, many products are to be given it the kit piece by the ZF. Many liquids press the piece, the electric appliances component is the Doctor- muscle man joy, even other companies give it the kit of, it became the close colleague with a business enterprise of these kits the alliance relation. Carter has many new development products, the new model release, many new kits with higher technique level piece is come from a company of these kits or is to be design by Carter of, let a business enterprise of these kits help what it produce. Give kit of Carter of the kit pieces all beat up Carters trademark. A business enterprise of these kits also speaks the reputation very much, as long as is an appropriative product of Carter, they will never sell to the third party intactly. It is thus clear that the host and kit piece business enterprises are the colleagues strategic alliance relations. Still have the company of Case and Comminses to become the strategic alliance, the Commins is just for the Case to produce the appropriation kit to launch the machine, beating up the Case trademark etc. Therefore, the host business enterprise and kit piece business enterprises are the relations that the lips 齿 depends on mutually, only matching with closely each other, mutual support, the benefits share, then can beg the common development. 2 A development of the foreign engineering machine kit trends 2.1 Electronics technique follow the engineering machine realm, making the engineering machine take place the huge variety Nowadays in the world the kit a development of the engineering machine of a show most the characteristics of the is the electronics control technique to get the more and more extensive application, this may be the end of 20 centuries to 21 centuries again a revolution of engineering machine profession of world variety. The engineering machine of world bears more than 100 in the last yearses, several times the emergence of the decisive new kit piece caused the revolution variety of the engineering machine development history.The first time is a diesel engine to replace the gasoline machine； The second time is a liquid to press to manipulate to replace the machine to manipulate； The third time is the emergence that the liquid dint changes the machine of, the liquid dint machine spreads to move to replace the machine to spread to move, the fourth time is the connect type motive that runs about the engineering machine to change direction to replace the rigid car to deflect the tire to change direction etc.s all to engineering machine technique of world, rose to arrive the revolution push function. At present many electronicses control the development of the technical kit piece, will bring the engineering machine of world the revolution technique development once again. At present the micro-electronics technique and the micro-computer techniques that fly to develop soons is very quick on the application development of the engineering machine kit piece. In the aspects of controling the technique, make use of the pimping large scale integration, microprocessor of physical volume as core, manipulate to carry on gather to the homework the electronics control, develop to include to become gradually soon, change direction, make to move, diesel engine etc. gathers completely the electronics control, then turn the direction development toward intelligence. For adapting the host to gather the electronics control and the intelligence turn the demand of the development, a realization of main kit changes the traditional control method with the electronical control, mainly turning through the machine electricity liquid integral whole the electronics control of carry out the kit piece, and the electronics control component gradually inside hide to turn, make the electronics, the electric appliances component become a part of an indivisibility of the whole kit. For example diesel engine from beginning of electronics jet the whole electronics control appear currently, the micro-computer that becomes to manipulate soon gather control, homework and the electricity liquid comparison control that change direction to manipulate etc., these kits piece not only oneself carried out the electronics of the one to control or the micro-computer gather control, but also return to carry out the computer to gather for the whole machine the control provided the electric circuit to connect, for further carried out the intelligence to turn to beat to descend the foundation. The intelligence turn also is from go to complications in brief and gradually, go to gradually from an item completely, this aspect is in the world currently also just in the start. Such as Carter that the generation a type of the G loads the machine, having already taken the micro-computer that intelligence turn to gather manipulate the control, but still reserve to manipulate to control the system originally, the homework manipulates at the same time have not yet carried out the intelligence to turn. The work in March this year with win south university and the treasure of Shanghais letter company to cooperate, try to make a pedestal to shake to control the intelligence disguise to carry the machine, carry on to experiment, had the first step the understanding to the intelligence chemical engineering distance machine. Extensive application in the engineering machine and the kit piece of micro-electronics and the micro-computer control techniques, make the safe and comfortable, economy energy and the environmental protection, the homework quantity and efficiency etc.ses that the whole machine manipulate all attained the best degree probably, so electronics control the technique is on the engineering machine and the kit pieces of application and develop, will bring the engineering machine technique development history of the world up of and then a revolution. In addition to the control technique, other aspect, if the intelligence that micro-computer control turns the electronics monitor system and breaks down the diagnosis system, the intelligence turns the au to lubricate the system, the automatic electronics measures the system, etc.s all got the more and more extensive application. 2.2 Current engineering machine of world to two pole direction development, especially to small scaled turn and the trend that the miniaturization direction development is special obviously Usually be called the small scaled engineering machine to the engineering machine of the 74.6 kws(100 horsepowers) the following in the world. Small scaled engineering machine the main product contain small scaled excavation machine, small scaled lading machine, slippery call away to load the machine and scoop out to load the machine, small scaled and flexible arm to pack to unload the machine, small scaled bulldozer, press the road machine.etc. Be close to 10 in the last yearses in the world, the 74.6 kws(100 horsepowers) is above to has no big development basically to medium etc. model number engineering machine of the 298 kws(400 horsepowers) its, still descending the trend in the last few years. But small scaled engineering machine always become fast develop it power, especially at the Europe and America develop very quickly. Develop in Japan also specially obvious, the whole engineering the machine market of Japan descends in the last few years very seriously, but the small scaled engineering machine still presents the up-trend. Currently in the world the minimum liquid presses the excavation machine, the whole machine quantity onlies have the 0.4 ts, the capacity 0.02 m3s, launch the machine power to only have the 7 kws. The clear of launches the machine company to produce the 37 kws(50 horsepowers) only before above of medium large launch the machine, the company comes in sight of in recent years small scaled and the development situation of the miniature engineering machine, also threw in quickly small scaled launch the machi