如何延长轴承寿命外文文献翻译@中英文翻译@外文翻译

外文资料翻译 2008 our countrys mold design and process technology developing direction The mould makes technology including designing and processing, this text analyzes the technological developing direction of the Chinese mould industry from these two respects. According to technological angle, the mould is made (including designing and processing) Technology can roughly be divided into five developing stages: Done by hand stage, done by hand to add mechanized Ordinary common lathe and tool) Stage, digital control stage, computerization stage and integrated stage of CAD/CAE/CAM information network technique. Developing direction of the designing technique of the mould Mold design relies on peoples experience and mechanical drawing to finish for a long time. Since China developed mould CAD (CAD) in the eighties of the 20th century since technology, this technology has already been approved, and must come fast development. The mould computer that began development in the 1990s assists the project analysis (CAE) Technology is the application of a lot of enterprises too now； it plays an apparent role in shortening the mould and making cycle and improving mould quality. The mould enterprises of some industrially developed countries employ CAD technology, already from designing the three-dimension of developing to be designed two-dimensionally, the three-dimension is designed and has already been more than 70%. Most enterprises of China still remain at the two-dimensional level designed, the enterprises that can design the three-dimension are still less than 20%. CAE software employ already relatively general abroad, employ, little, use for, predict part take shape course might take place level of defect still relatively low relatively still at home. Designing technique of the mould and CAD and CAE software should heighten the level which in several the following respects in the future: 1. Mold design database and knowledge base system； 2. Project planning of mould and conceptual design； 3. Rational exertion of mould material and standard component； 4. Mould rigidity, intensity, one flow and cool the design of the thorough fare； 5. Plastic mould plastics take shape various simulation of the course analyze (mould plastics and take shape, including plastics fill mould, protect press, cool, warping, shrink, fibrous orientation, etc. simulation analyze), and the structural stress is analyzed etc. the heat-conduction and analysis, solidifying of course of cooling. Calculate, pour system and mould pressure field, temperature field, velocity field of, shear emergency speed field and shear in conformity with distribution of force field and analyze result their, it is very complicated and time-consuming. It is already in technology in this simulation from in piece flow there arent technology, can develop into fast entity flow technology correct and, produce, meet plastics pieces of fictitious three-dimension to make requirement mould plastics, flow simulation software soon； 6. Mould metal take shape simulation of course, wrinkle and break analysis, stress meet an emergency with the resilience analyzing etc. 7. Keep mould for casting die casting take shape, flow simulation, heat-conduction and solidify to analyze etc. 8.Forging die forging takes shape the simulation of course and metal flow and are filled with and analyzed etc.； 9. Raise and design and analyze the fast, intelligent and integrated level of the software, strengthen their function, in order to adapt to the constant development of the mould. Besides mould CAD/CAE technology, the mould is very important too in technological design. Auxiliary technological design of the computer (CAPP) Technology has already begun to apply in Chinese mould enterprise. Because most moulds are that single one is produced, the products that its rules of craft are different from producing in batches, so employ CAPP technological difficulty to be relatively great, it is difficult to have CAPP software of all kinds of suitable moulds and different moulds enterprises. In order to employ CAPP technology well, enterprise must do the mould well and develop and study. Though CAPP technical application and difficulty popularized are high, must pay attention to this developing direction. Project (KBE) on the basis of knowledge Technology is to face the automatic important tool of modern design decision, have already become and promoted the intelligent important route of engineering design, paid attention to in recent years, will have a important impact on intelligence, optimization design of the mould. Developing direction of the process technology of the mould The mould of China is divided into small kind of 10 big classes 46. Different kinds of moulds have different preparation method； the similar mould can be finished by different process technologies too. The work that the mould is processed mainly concentrates on the mould type a piece of processing, surface are processed and assembled, the preparation method mainly has accurate casting, processing, electric spark processing, electric chemical milling, laser and other high energy beam of metal cutting that process, and the complex incorporating more than two kinds of preparation method into an organic whole is processed etc. Numerical control and computer constant development of technology, make them must come to extensive application among a lot of mould preparation method. In the diversification and individualized and obvious day by day of industrial product variety, the model change comes fast, the market competition comes under fierce situation, users require the mould to make delivery date short, with high, high in quality precision, the price is low, drive the process technology of the mould to develop towards the following aspects. Mill the technology of paring at a high speed The key enterprises of some backbones of mould manufacturing industry of China, successively introduced the high-speed milling machine and high-speed machining center in recent years, they have already played a very good role in the mould is processed. The supreme rotational speed of processing the main shaft of the lathe abroad at a high speed at present has already exceeded 100000r/min, has entered for the pace to can reach 120m/min fast, the acceleration can reach 1-2g, can improve to change a one hundred sheets of time to 1-2s. In this way, can improve the efficiency of processing by a large margin, and can obtain surface roughness of processing of Ra 1, can cut the high hardness material above 60HRc, take shape to process and bring challenges for the electric spark. Up to the improvement of the rotational speed of the main shaft, lathe structure and system, key part and accessories, cutter disposed, etc. must all cooperate； make the fabrication cost of the lathe greatly improve. The ones that imported in China processed the supreme rotational speed of main shaft of the lathe at a high speed and will take 10000-20000r/min as the core in a short time, a few will reach about 40000r/min. Though it is an inevitable direction to develop towards higher rotational speed but the popularization and application of the main one at present is more important. It is a revolutionary change of cutting the preparation method to process at a high speed, from the viewpoint of technical development, mill, pare with ultra precision to process, not hard to cut, process, combine together, open up in order to mill field rubbed to take the place of at a high speed, and has lightened grinding the work load of leaving behind of the mould greatly, make cycle after shortening the mould, the application in Chinese mould enterprises will come more. Connect lathe in parallel, also call fictitious axle lathe, and 3D laser 6 axle birth of milling machine, and open numerical control application of system process the splendor of adding for the high speed. Electric spark process technology The electric spark is processed (EDM) Though has already been milled the severe challenge that is pared, some inherent characteristics and unique advantages of EDM technology at a high speed, it is at a high speed been mill pare cant substitute totally, for example types complicated of mould, type, horn, narrow to sew, ditch Cao, entrapping the processings of places deep lies sharps narrows dark. Though mill and can meet part described above and process the requirement to pare at a high speed, the cost is much higher than EDM. Compared with milling paring processing, EDM is apt to realize automation. Complicated, accurate and small-scale and very small type, with removing the tool marks, finishing sharp angle, narrow sewing, ditch Cao, entrapping processing and pattern to process etc. deeply, it will be the focal point that EDM will be employed in the future. In order to further give play to its unique function in the mould is processed, the following is EDM developing direction in the future: 1. Improve the efficiency, automatic intensity and surface integrality processed of EDM constantly； 2. Precision and maximization of EDM apparatus； 3. Processing stability, easy operation and fine performance-cost ratio of EDM apparatus； 4. Meet energy-efficient of different requirements and research and development of the electrolytic power of new pulse instead, the wave forms of the power measures and dealing with and development of the control technology； 5.Research and development and constant development and self-adaptation of EDM intelligent technology of the comprehensive technological expert system of high performance control, fuzzy to control, many axle link, control, electrode exchange automatically, double-line switch over, prevent electrolytic function from and discharge energy distribution further development of technology automatically； 6. Mix powder person who process surface of the mirror bright development of process technology； 7.The development of very small EDM technology, including the numerical control electric spark in the very small outline of three-dimension mills and pares processing and very small electric spark to rub paring and very small electric spark process technology etc.； 8. The application of the artificial intelligence technology, silk system of leaving in WEDM and wearing the improvement of the silk technology, etc. 9. The electric spark mills and sharpens process technology, lathe and EDM machining center Including shaping machine and line cutting machine) be developed； 10. As the sustainable development strategy, green EDM new technology is the important development trend of future. The fast prototype is made (RPM) with making the mould (RT) fast Technology The greatest future competition factor of the mould is how to produce the mould that users need fast. RPM technology can be used in RT directly or indirectly. The goal of the fast manufacturing technology of the metal mould is making and can use for the high-accuracy durable metal die produced in industrialization directly. The key technology of the indirect legal system mould is to develop the short procedure craft, reduce precision losses, low-cost layers of accumulating and integration of the whole technology of good appearance. RPM technology and RT the combinations of technology is tradition last mould technology fast (such as in melting point alloy casting, sprayings low, electricity cast, not precise to cast, water layer, rubber firm) Direction that is further developed. Cast combining together accurately, has offered the new route for the fact that mould type cast the shape precisely with RPM technology and pottery type. Employ RPM/RT technology, to make, finish, traditional preparation method necessary 1/3 of time and cost 1/4 about only from conceptual design of mould, have broad development prospects. Further improve the competitiveness of RT technology, need data of developing and process data turn into easy, high precision, size, material limit a little one direct to make metal method of mould while being fast. Process ultra precision, process and compound the process technology very small. Develop with the mould toward accurate melting and maximization, ultra precision processing, very small processing and complex incorporating technology such as electricity, chemistry, supersonic wave, laser into an organic whole are processed and be developed. Has processed ultra precision at present and already reached the submicron grade steadily, precision ultra precision process technology of nanometer has been applied to production too. Such many kinds of process technologies as electric machining, electric chemical milling, bunch flow and process, become very small important component of process technology already, foreign useful wavelength only nanometer of radiation nanometer plastic mould that wave produced. Make the laser mill and pare on a lathe and mill and pare combining at a high speed, have already made the process technology of the mould receive the new development. Treatment technology of advanced surface Heat treatment of the mould and surface are dealt with, is the key to could give full play to mould material performance. Heat treatment of vacuum, deep cold treatment, including the gaseous phase of PVD and CVD technology is deposited (TiN, TiC etc.) The ion is permeated through, spraying of plasma and TRD surface treatment technology, kinds of diamond membrane cover technology, highly wear-resisting high-accuracy treatment technology, dip in, glue surface deal with technology employ make, in mould already, the good development prospect appears. Technology and other mould surface strengthening and recovery technique such as the surface laser heat treatment of the mould, welding, strengthening and repairing, will be further paid attention to too. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2008 年我国模具设计和加工技术发展方向 模具造技术包括设计和加工，本文从这两方面分析中国模具业的技术发展方向。 从技术角度来看，模具制造（包括设计和加工）技术大致可分为五个发展阶段：手工操作阶段、手工操作加机械化（普通通用机床与工具）阶段、数字控制阶段、计算机化阶段和 CAD/CAE/CAM信息网络技术一体化阶段。 模具设计技术的发展方向 模具设计长期以来依靠人的经验和机械制图来完成。自从二十世纪八十年代中国发展模具计算机辅助设计（ CAD）技术以来，这项技术已获得认可，并且得到来快的发展。九十年代开始发展的模具计算机辅助工程分析（ CAE）技术，现在也为许多企业应用，它对缩短模具制造周期及提高模具质量有显着的作用。一 些工业发达国家的模具企业应用 CAD 技术，已从二维设计发展到三维设计，三维设计已达 70%以上。中国大部分企业还停留在二维设计的水平上，能进行三维设计的企业还不到 20%。 CAE软件在国外应用已较普遍，国内应用还比较少，用于预测零件成形过程中可能发生缺陷的水平还比较低。 模具设计技术及 CAD和 CAE软件，今后应提高在下列几方面的水平： 1.模具设计资料库和知识库系统； 2.模具工程规划及方案设计； 3.模具材料和标准件的合理选用； 4.模具刚性、强度、流道及冷却通路的设计； 5.塑料模具塑料成形过程的各种模拟分析 （注塑成形，包括塑料充模、保压、冷却、翘曲、收缩、纤维取向等模拟分析）、热传导和冷却过程的分析、凝固及结构应力分析等。计算浇注系统及模腔的压力场、温度场、速度场、剪切应变速率场和剪切应力场的分布并分析其结果，是非常复杂和费时的。这一模拟技术已从中面流技术发展到双面流技术，不久即可发展到既正确又快速的实体流技术，产生满足塑料件虚拟制造要求的三维注塑流动模拟软件； 6.压模金属成形过程的模拟、起皱及破裂分析、应力应变和回弹分析等； 7.压铸模压铸件成形流动模拟、热传导及凝固分析等； 8.锻模锻件成形过程模 拟及金属流动和充填分析等； 9.提高设计和分析软件的快速性、智能化和集成化水平，并强化它们的功能，以适应模具的不断发展。 除了模具 CAD/CAE 技术之外，模具工艺设计也非常重要。计算机辅助工艺设计（ CAPP）技术已开始在中国模具企业中应用。由於大部分模具都是单件生产，其工艺规程有别於批量生产的产品，因此应用 CAPP技术难度较大，也难以有适合各类模具和不同模具企业的 CAPP软件。为了较好地应用 CAPP技术，模具企业必须做好开发和研究。虽然 CAPP 技术应用和推广的难度比 CAD 和CAE为高，但也必须重视这一发 展方向。 基于知识的工程（ KBE）技术是面向现代设计决策自动化的重要工具，已成为促进工程设计智能化的重要途径，近年来受到重视，将对模具的智能、优化设计产生重要的影响。 模具加工技术的发展方向 中国的模具分为 10大类 46小类。不同类型的模具有不同的加工方法，同类模具也可以用不同加工技术去完成。模具加工的工作主要集中在模具型面加工、表面加工和装配，加工方法主要有精密铸造、金属切削加工、电火花加工、电化学加工、激光及其他高能波束加工，以及集两种以上加工方法为一体的复合加工等。数控和计算机技术的不断发展，使它们在许 多模具加工方法中得到来广泛的应用。在工业产品品种多样化及个性化日益明显，产品更新换代来快，市场竞争来激烈的情况下，用户要求模具制造交货期短、精度高、质量好、价格低，带动模具加工技术向以下几方面发展。 高速铣削技术 近年来中国模具制造业一些骨干重点企业，先後引进高速铣床和高速加工中心，它们已在模具加工中发挥了很好的作用。当前国外高速加工机床主轴的最高转速已超过 100000r/min，快速进给速度可达 120m/min，加速度可达 1-2g，换刀时间可提高到 1-2s。这样可大幅度提高加工效率，并可获得 Ra 1的加工 表面粗糙度，可切削 60HRc 以上的高硬度材料，给电火花成形加工带来挑战。随主轴转速的提高