切削液的绿色设计及应用毕业设计外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译

附 录 1 英文原文 THE GREEN DESIGN AND THE APPLICATION OF CUTTING FLUID ABSTRACT Cutting fluids are the important assist materials for machining. However； as applying cutting fluids as also brings about several environment problems. In order to realize green manufacturing, study on the green design and green application of the cutting fluids will be most effective way. The green design of fluids is design for the environment protection. It contains that the water-soluble cutting fluids will go instead of cutting oils, the vegetable oils and synthetic ester are substituted for mineral oil and the green additives are developed. The green application demands the cutting fluids doesnt harm operator and the pollution of environment is the lowest in metal cutting. The concrete step is to strengthen the cutting fluids management and safeguard, to spread the concentrated cooling and lubricating systems, to use the protecting device and to adopt the sealing cutting. Moreover, the new technologies of disposing waster cutting fluids will be widely spreaded and developed. 1 INTRODUCTION As developing industry leads to new material civilization it also brings about several environment problems. With the pollution more serious these problems of environment and natural resources have been generally realized. Consequently, many national governments have proclaimed a lot of mainstay of creating the wealth of the society； mechanical manufacturing industries are also the main source of the environment pollution. How to decrease or eliminate the manufacturing pollution becomes a new subject. Then, the green manufacturing is the important part of the sustained development strategy and is the modern manufacturing model of overall considering environment protection and natural resources utilization ratio. Seeking for the aim is that influence of products on environment pollution is the least and resource utilization ratio is the highest during the whole period from designing and manufacturing and using to scrapping of products. It is considered that the machining will have occupying the mechanical working amount over ninety percent in the 21st century. Cutting fluids are the important assist materials for machining. Applying cutting fluid rationally can markedly improve the machining quality and productivity； reduce the tool wear and the machining costs. In consequence, the cutting fluids are widely applied in the machining. With mans environment protection consciousness enhanced, reverse influence of applying cutting fluids was clearly recognized. The harm of cutting fluids is as follows: (1) endangering mans health. In as mach as cutting fluids include chemical ingredient pernicious to mans health, in applying the cutting fluids they made operators be harmed perhaps. Because of operators directly touching the cutting fluids, many kinds of skin disease may be caused to happen. Moreover, high temperature producing in the metal cutting fluid be heated, so that forming the vapor and the smell, may make operators respiratory tract and lung disease be infected. (2) Environment pollution. In metal cutting the leak and the spill over of the cutting fluids may pollute environment and affect safe production. To drain waste cutting fluids which were not disposed or didnt achieve the drain standard, considerably pollutes lend, river and lake and seriously influence the growth of animal and plant, and ecological environment and ecological balance were destroyed. Then, the cutting fluids are environment pollution resources in the machining. The way of realizing green manufacturing is to adopt dry cut and to develop a new type cutting fluids good for environment. The dry cut doesnt apply cutting fluids in the machining, but tools life is shortened, for the machining condition is bad the production costs is increased, the production efficiency is reduced and the surface quality machined worsened. Consequently, to develop green cutting fluid will benefit the machining and is an urgent task also. We hope the cutting fluid has the following properties: (1) Harmless for operators and environment. (2) Excellent cooling, lubrication, rust protection and cleaning ability. (3) The waste cutting fluid was disposed easily. In the following the green design and the green application of the cutting fluid will be considered. 2 THE GREEN DESIGN OF THE CUTTING FLUIDS The tradition design only considers the quality and cost so that it do harm to the operator and the environmental pollution and waste the resources, hampering the sustained development. The green design of the cutting fluid goes round the environment protection, and obeys following rules. (1) Nontoxic. This is most important. The green cutting fluid didnt contain the additives pernicious to mans health and to environment protection, and its ingredients were biologically dissociated and the waste fluid was easily disposed. (2) High function. The green cutting fluid possesses excellent cooling, lubrication and clean ability and it can satisfy the needs of modern machining. (3) Long life. The green cutting fluid can maintain excellent properties in the longer period of use, so that the efficacy of the cutting fluid can enough utilized and the drainage amount of waste fluid is reduced. (4) Good economy. In order that the green cutting fluid is widely applied to the machining the price of the green cutting fluid can be accepted. The task of the green design is as follows: 2.1 The water Soluble Cutting Fluids will Go Instead of the cutting Oils The cutting oils comprise mineral oils, rust inhibitors, biocides and bo undary lubricants. Its advantages are excellent lubricating ability, good wettability of surfaces, good rust protection, however, its limitations are higher cost, poor cooling ability, smoke generation, fire hazards, messiness and possible health hazard. Furthermore, mineral oil resources are becoming less and less and humanity will face that petroleum resource was exhausted. The advantages of water-soluble cutting fluid are lower cost, good heat removal, higher speed capability, cleanliness and freedom from oil mist. Consequently, the substitution of the water-soluble cutting fluids for cutting oils can meet the demands of humanity health and environment-friendly. Synthetic fluids and semi-synthetic fluids ought to be greatly developed. 2.2 The Substitution of Vegetable Oils and Synthetic Ester for Mineral Oil In cutting fluids the mineral oil is main component and play lubricant part, but its waste liquid biologically dissociated and make environment be pollution. Natural vegetable oils such as sunflower oil, rape oil, castor oil and Soya-bean oil etc. Have the advantages which are non-poison for humanity and environment, good biodegradation and reprocessing property, but the limitations are poor stability and high cost. Table 1 Base oils biodegradation Base oils Biodegradation ratio Mineral oils 0 40 Natural vegetable oils 90 100 Ester oils 90 100 Synthetic esters comprise polyatomic alcohol ester, binary and compound eater etc., and its advantages are non-poison, good high temperature property and oxidation resistance and lubricating ability, while its defects are high cost and poor hydrolysis stability. Then, the vegetable oils cooperate with synthetic esters is substituted for mineral oils, so that not only does the cutting fluid properties remain the same but the environment as well is not polluted. 2.3 Study on Green Additives Cutting fluids comprise mineral oil, extreme pressure lubricants, oilness agents, rust inhibitors, surfactants and biocides etc and the properties depend mainly on the function. Then, the study on the additives is the key of the green design. 2.3.1 Limiting Additives of use as Follows: The rust inhibitors namely sodium nitrite, phenol, phosphate, chromate, etc； The surfactants rather difficult to biodegrade for example polyether surfactants； Extreme pressure agents such as sulphide and chlorinated. 2.3.2 The Development of New Additives Boric acid esters are new additives, the advantages are to do not harm to people and environment and it possess excellent anti-wear property, good rust protection, anticorrosion and sterilization, but its limitations is poor hydrolysis stability. Borax is also a multifunctional additive to certain extent, and its application needs studying further. Such substances as molybdenates, citrates and borate etc are good rust inhibitors now. Study on their cooperating effect will greatly contribute to researching and producing new anti-rust complex compound. Copperish compounds that are formed from oleic, citric acid and stearic acid etc possess better sterilization. Boric acid esters are also good biocides, and combining with other germicide it may markedly raise fungicidal effectiveness. 3 THE GREEN APPLICATION OF CUTTING FLUIDS The green application of cutting fluids are that the operators are not harmed and the pollution of the environment is the lowest and the amount of waste cutting fluids is decreased to a minimum in the course of applying cutting fluids. In order to realize the green applying of cutting fluids, the user must adopt the following measures. 3.1 Using Protecting Device and adopting the Closed cutting In order to improve working conditions, the technical devices must be used, by which the cutting fluids doing harm to human health and environment can be reduced. The concrete steps are as follows: (1) operator must put on their boiler suit and face guard； (2) the devices for preventing the splash of cutting fluid are used； (3) the exhaust devices for purifying air are installed on the machine tools or in the workshop； (4) operator works on the machine tools of closed working area. 3.2 Spreading the Concentrated Cooling and Lubricating System The modern concentrated cooling and lubricating system is a system in which many alone cooling and lubricating systems are combined into one. The advantages are prolonging service life of cutting fluids, realizing automatic control easily on the performance index of cutting fluid, producing lower waster fluid amount, maintaining and managing easily, carrying and treating chip easily. 3.3 Strengthening Daily Management An effective channel of reducing the pollution of cutting fluid on environment is reducing the waste fluid amount of cutting fluid. The service life of the cutting fluids not only depends on primary quality of cutting fluids, but also is subjected to effect of the service conditions and maintenance method. Therefore, to strengthen daily management and maintenance of cutting fluids can restrain the growth of microbiology in cutting fluids, so that the service life of cutting fluid is prolonged and the waste fluid amount is reduced. The concrete measures are adopted as follows: Thoroughly clean sump, pipe work, machine and guards before the refilling； The water-based cutting fluids are made up using pure water； Keep the cutting fluid work under the fixed concentration and rational pH value conditions； Use the filters to remove timely chip and tramp oil； Regularly ass non-toxic bactericide in the cutting fluid； Timely circulate the cutting fluid when the machine tool is stopped long-term work； 3.4 Developing and Spreading the New Technologies of Disposing waste Fluids Preventing the public hazard and environment pollution and ensuring the safety and health of the operator is causing extreme attention in the whole society. The waste cutting fluids are an important pollution source. At present, the physical, chemical and biodegradation methods are adopted. In the water pollution control, monitoring the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) is often regarded as main means. As water-based cutting fluids contain large number of organic matter, namely, organic ammonia, nonionic surface-active agents and polyatomic alcohol etc., active carbon adsorption and active mire may be adopted in order to reduce COD and BOD of the waste disposal. These methods are economic and effective. The recent research shows that the effete of combining active carbon with active mire is still better in disposing waste cutting fluids. 2 中文翻译 切削液的绿色设计及应用 摘要： 切削液是机械加工中重要的协助材料。然而，切削液的使用也引起了多种环境问题。为了意识到绿色制造对绿色设计和切削液的绿色运用进行研究将是一种非常有效的方法。切削液的绿色设计是针对环保的设计。它包括水乳切削液将代替切削油、菜油和合成醋带头矿物油和绿色添加剂的发展。绿色适用性要求切削液不伤害操作者和在金属切削中对环境最低。具体的方法是加强切削液的运用管理和预防措施，发展延伸集中冷却和润滑系统，利用保护装置和采取密封切削。而且，处理废弃的切削 液的新技术将被广泛传播和发展。 1、序言 随着不断发展的工业导致新的材料文化，也带来了多种环境问题。随着污染变得更严重，这些环境和自然资源的问题已经被普遍认识到。因此，很多全球性组织已经颁布了许多法律和条规来防止环境污染和保护实验人员的安全和健康。作为创造社会财富的支柱，机械制造业是环境污染的主要来源。如何减小或消除制造污染变成了一个新的课题。然而，绿色制造是可持续发展战略的重要组成部分和综合考虑环境保护和自然资料利用率的现代制造典范。追求的目标是产品对环境污染的影响最低和从产品的设计到制造到废弃的整个过 程中的资源利用率最高。 在 21 世纪，机械被认为将占据机械行业的 90%之多。切削液是机械中最重要的辅助材料。合理地使用切削液可以显著地提高机械的质量和生产量，减少刀具的磨损和机械成本。因此，切削液被广泛使用于机械中。随着人们环境保护意识的提高，使用切削液的不利影响也被清楚的意识到，切削液的害处如下：（ 1）危害人类健康。大部分切削液当中含有对人类健康有害的化学成分，当使用切削液是有可能是操作者受到伤害。因为操作者直接接触切削液，有可能引起多种皮肤疾病。而且，在金属切割过程中产生的高温是得切削液被加热，从而形成的 蒸汽和气味，有可能是操作人员感染上呼吸和肺病。（ 2）环境污染。在金属切削过程当中切削液的泄漏和溢出将污染环境和影响安全生产。排出那些未经处理或者没有达到排放标准的切削液，极大地污染了土地，河流和湖泊也严重影响了动植物的生长，生态环境和生态平衡也被破坏了。因此，在机器加工中，切削液是环境污染源。达到“绿色”制造的方法是采用干切削和发展一种对环境有益的新的切削液。干切割是在加工过程中不采用切削液，但是刀具寿命短，因为加工条件和生产成本增加，所以生产效率降低了，加工表面质量也更差。因此，发展“绿色”切削液将有利于 加工而且也是一项重要的课题。我们希望这种切削液具有下列特性：（ 1）对操作人员和环境没有危害；（ 2）相当好的冷却、润滑、防锈和清洁功能；（ 3）废弃切削液容易处理。 接下来将介绍切削液的绿色设计和绿色使用。 2、切削液的绿色设计 传统的设计只是考虑切削液的数量和成本，所以它会危害操作人员的健康和污染环境和浪费资源，阻碍了持续的发展，切削液的“绿色”设计顺从了环境保护，也遵守以下规则：（ 1）无毒。这是最重要的。这些绿色切削液不包含对人类健康和环境保护有危害的添加物，它的成份能自然离体，废弃切削液也能容易被处理。（ 2）高效性。绿色切削液拥有优质的冷却性。润滑性和清洁功能，而且也能满足现代机械的需求。（ 3）长寿命。绿色切削液在长时间的使用过程中能够保持优秀的性能，从而切削。（ 4）良好的经济性。因为这个，这些切削液被广泛应用于机械中，绿色切削液的价格也能被人们接受。绿色设计的重点在于： 2.1 浮化切削液将取代切削油 切削油包括矿物油、防锈剂、杀生物剂和边界润滑剂。它的优点是优良的润滑性，良好的表面湿性和良好的防生锈特性。然而，它的缺点是高成本、差的冷却性、会产生烟雾、易起火、脏和可能的健康危害。更者，矿物油冷变得越来越少 而且人类将面临石油冷液的枯竭。乳化切削液的优点是低成本、良好的热传递、高速、干净和不具有油雾。 因此，用乳化切削液代替切削油可以满足人类健康和环境保护的需求。合成液和半合成液应该被广泛地发展。 2.2 菜油和合成醋代替矿物油 在切削液中矿物油是主要成分和起着润滑的作用，但是那些未被充分利用的液体自然