Motivation and Personality - 《英文》 动机,动力和人格个性与体育运动心理学.doc

Motivation and PersonalityThe aim of this lesson is to understand how an individuals personality affects their motivation.Some people are more naturally driven to achieve set goals than others. These people like to push and challenge themselves. What is it within this type of person that motivates them? And why do others not have this desire?It is thought that when it comes to motivation, there are two personality types:Need to Achieve (NACH)These are the people that thrive on a challenge. They are usually determined, quick workers who take risks and enjoy being assessed. Most sports people fall into this group.Need to Avoid Failure (NAF)These people tend to avoid challenges because they do not want to risk failing. They are slow workers who avoid responsibility, are easily dissuaded from taking part and do not like being assessed. Within those who compete in sports, there are those who are ego oriented and those who are task oriented.Ego oriented - measure their success on beating others and being the top competitorTask oriented - Measure their success by their own achievements such as running a p.b. Self-ConfidenceThe Canadian psychologist Albert Bandura identified a specific form of confidence, known as self-efficacy. This is not an overall self-confidence but varies within each situation we find ourselves in. Most people will choose to participate in sports at which they have a high self-efficacy or belief in their ability at the task in hand.Self-efficacy is affected by four factors:Performance accomplishments - Past achievements in the activity encourage a feeling of self-efficacyVicarious experiences - Seeing someone else, who you believe to be of the same or lower standard to yourself, complete the task well provides confidence that you too can achieveVerbal persuasion - Encouragement and positive words from those close to you can instil a sense of confidenceEmotional arousal - Control over arousal levels provides greater self-efficacyThese four factors can help athletes with low self-efficacy to boost their confidence and perform better by:Setting achievable goals and highlighting successesUsing a peer to demonstrate new techniquesPromoting support and encouragement from the athletes family and friendsUsing stress management techniques to aid relaxation Experience Past performances and experiences will influence an athletes confidence. Their lastperformance will affect the way the approach the next performance.Weiner related this to examinations and produced a 2D model. This was not thought to be specific enough to sports and so Roberts and Pascuzzi adapted the model in 1979. Successes are often attributed to internal causes whereas failure is often blamed on external factors such as equipment and officials! This is called a self-serving bias.Repeated failures or disappointments often lead to the b